Calculate of withdrawal times of clenbuterol in goats to obtain safe times of slaughter

Research (Published online: 01-06-2018)

1. Calculate of withdrawal times of clenbuterol in goats to obtain safe times of slaughter

Lazuardi Mochamad, Bambang Hermanto and T. I. Restiadi

Veterinary World, 11(6): 731-738

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Clenbuterol as a β2-agonist drug was investigated according to the concentration of the drug available in the bodies of goats and according to the level of sensitivity of the instruments used for detection. The objective of the current study was to determine withdrawal times after giving a therapeutic dose that resulted in safe slaughters.

Materials and Methods: Five healthy male goats with a mean body weight of 20.64 kg were treated with a single dose of 5.10-3 mg/kg in the BW onto jugular vein. Whole blood samples of approximately 5 mL were taken in a time series at 5, 30, 60, 90, 150, 210, 270, 390, 510, 630, and 750 min. At 24 h posttreatment, all subjects were sacrificed, and 300 g samples of the liver were obtained. The plasma concentration and liver residue of the drug were observed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results: The drug reached a maximum concentration of 19.233±0.331 μg/mL at 5 min, and the elimination half-life was at 173.25 min. The limit detection was obtained at 0.053 μg/mL. A one-way analysis of variance between all goats showed that elimination of the clenbuterol in their bodies was similar (p=1.00), with a withdrawal time of 1,479.326 min and no residues in the liver (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Safe times for slaughter were determined to be at 2 days, 13 h, and 12 min as the 2nd safety factor (SF) time and 3 days, 1 h, and 58 min as the 3rd SF time with the liver organ free from residue.

Keywords: elimination half-life, new method for calculating withdrawal time, prescriptions for obtained β2-agonist, residues in liver.

Probiotic white cheese production using coculture with Lactobacillus species isolated from traditional cheeses

Research (Published online: 30-05-2018)

23. Probiotic white cheese production using coculture with Lactobacillus species isolated from traditional cheeses

A. Ehsani, M. Hashemi, A. Afshari and M. Aminzare

Veterinary World, 11(5): 726-730

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the viability of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional cheeses and cocultured in Iranian white cheese during ripening.

Materials and Methods: A total of 24 samples were isolated from 8 types of traditional cheeses in West Azerbaijan, Iran. Isolated species were cocultured with starter bacteria during the production of Iranian white cheese, and their viability was investigated up to 60 days of the refrigerated storage.

Results: Of 118 isolates of Lactobacillus, 73 isolates (62%) were confirmed as facultative heterofermentative and 45 isolates (38%) as obligate homofermentative. Of the facultative heterofermentatives, 28 isolates (24%) were Lactobacillus plantarum, 24 isolates (20%) were Lactobacillus casei, and 21 isolates (18%) were Lactobacillus agilis. Obligate homofermentatives were Lactobacillus delbrueckii (21%), Lactobacillus helveticus (14%), and Lactobacillus salivarius (3%). L. plantarum, L. casei and L. helveticus were found in high enough levels (106 CFU/g).

Conclusion: According to the obtained data, it is recommended that complex starters such as L. helveticus, L. plantarum, and L. casei can be used in industrial productions of cheese to obtain exclusive properties of traditional cheeses.

Keywords: heterofermentative, Lactobacillus, probiotic, starter, traditional cheeses.

The improvement of eggs quality of Mojosari duck (Anas javanica) with soybean husk fermentation using cellulolytic bacteria of Spodoptera litura

Research (Published online: 29-05-2018)

22. The improvement of eggs quality of Mojosari duck (Anas javanica) with soybean husk fermentation using cellulolytic bacteria of Spodoptera litura

Sri Hidanah, Dady Soegianto Nazar and Erma Safitri

Veterinary World, 11(5): 720-725

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study was aimed to improve the quality of the eggs of Mojosari duck (Anas javanica) through complete feeding containing soybean husk was fermented using cellulolytic bacteria of Spodoptera litura.

Materials and Methods: This study consisted of three stages: The first stages, isolation and identification of cellulolytic bacteria from S. litura; the second stage, the fermentation of soybean husk through the application of bacterial cellulolytic isolate from the first stage; and the third stage, the application of the best complete feed formulation from the second stage to Mojosari duck.

Results: There are four dominant bacteria: Bacillus sp., Cellulomonas sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Cytophaga sp. Furthermore, the best reduction of the crude fiber of soybean husks is the use of Cellulomonas sp. bacteria. The final of the study, the quality of the eggs of Anas javanica, was improved, as indicated by cholesterol decrease from the yolk without the decrease of egg weight and eggshell thickness, although the decrease in egg yolk color was inevitable.

Conclusion: Soy husk fermentation using cellulolytic bacteria of S. litura was added to complete feeding can be performed to improve the quality of the eggs of Mojosari duck.

Keywords: cellulolytic bacteria, eggs quality of duck, soybean husk fermentation, Spodoptera litura.

Effect of increasing levels of wasted date palm in concentrate diet on reproductive performance of Ouled Djellal breeding rams during flushing period

Research (Published online: 28-05-2018)

21. Effect of increasing levels of wasted date palm in concentrate diet on reproductive performance of Ouled Djellal breeding rams during flushing period

A. Allaoui, B. Safsaf, M. Tlidjane, I. Djaalab and H. Djaalab Mansour

Veterinary World, 11(5): 712-719

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of two levels of wasted date (WD) by replacing commercial concentrate on the reproductive performance of Ouled Djellal (OD) rams.

Materials and Methods: Eighteen mature (2-year-old) OD rams were equally allocated to three groups and fed during 11 weeks with one of three different experimental diets, that contained 0% (0 WD), 50% (50 WD), or 75% (75 WD) of WDs in concentrate diet. Live body weight (LBW), body condition scoring (BCS), scrotal circumference (SC), testicular weight (TW), sperm production and quality, plasma testosterone concentration (T), and sexual behavior (reaction time and number of mounts with ejaculation) were regularly recorded from every ram.

Results: LBW, SC, and TW changed significantly among diet groups and during the experimental period (p<0.001), the highest averages were recorded in (0 WD) group. LBW, BCS, SC, TW, semen volume, and percentage of the positive hypo-osmotic swelling test were (p<0.001) positively influenced by flushing period. Nevertheless, sperm concentration showed a significant (p<0.001) decrease at day 30, followed by a return to the initial values afterward. There were no differences (p>0.05) between diet groups for plasma testosterone concentration and semen attributes, except that (50 WD) group expressed the lowest overall value of semen concentration. Furthermore, neither time nor diet affected (p>0.05) sperm motility and reproductive behavior parameters.

Conclusion: It is possible to introduce WD as unconventional local feeding resources in flushing diet of breeding rams without disturbing their reproductive performance.

Keywords: body weight, flushing period, rams, semen, wasted date.

The study of effect of didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide on bacterial and viral decontamination for biosecurity in the animal farm

Research (Published online: 27-05-2018)

20. The study of effect of didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide on bacterial and viral decontamination for biosecurity in the animal farm

Tippawan Jantafong, Sakchai Ruenphet, Darsaniya Punyadarsaniya and Kazuaki Takehara

Veterinary World, 11(5): 706-711

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the fourth-generation quaternary ammonium compounds, didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (DDAB), on the efficacy of bacterial and viral decontamination against pathogens commonly found in livestock industry including Salmonella infantis (SI), Escherichia coli, and avian influenza virus (AIV).

Materials and Methods: The DDAB was prepared at 500, 250, and 125 parts per million (ppm) for absent and present organic material. Meanwhile, 5% of fetal bovine serum in DDAB solution sample was used to mimic the presence of organic material contamination. 400 μl of each DDAB concentration was mixed with 100 μl of each pathogen (SI, E. coli, and AIV) and then incubated at room temperature or 4°C at various time points (5 s, 30 s, 1 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, and 30 min). The activity of DDAB treatment was stopped using 500 μl of FBS. Each treatment sample was titrated on either deoxycholate hydrogen sulfide lactose agar plates or Madin-Darby canine kidney cells for bacteria and AIV, respectively. Each treatment was conducted in triplicates, and the pathogen inactivation was considered effective when the reduction factor was ≥ 3 log10.

Results: Our current study revealed that the DDAB inactivated SI, E. coli, and AIV under the various concentrations of DDAB, organic material conditions, exposure temperature, and exposure timing. In addition, the comparison of bactericidal and virucidal efficacy indicated that bacteria were more susceptible to be inactivated by DDAB as compared to viruses. However, DDAB showed marked inactivated differences in the absence or presence of organic materials.

Conclusion: The DDAB may be a potential disinfectant for inactivating bacteria and viruses, especially enveloped viruses, in livestock farms. It can be useful as a disinfectant for biosecurity enhancement on and around animal farm.

Keywords: bactericidal, didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, disinfectant, quaternary ammonium compound, virucidal.

Detection of species and molecular typing of Leishmania in suspected patients by targeting cytochrome b gene in Zahedan, southeast of Iran

Research (Published online: 26-05-2018)

19. Detection of species and molecular typing of Leishmania in suspected patients by targeting cytochrome b gene in Zahedan, southeast of Iran

Hadi Mirahmadi, Nasrin Rezaee, Ahmad Mehravaran, Peyman Heydarian and Saber Raeghi

Veterinary World, 11(5): 700-705

ABSTRACT

Aim: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most important health problems that are capable of involving both tropical and subtropical areas, especially in Iran. This cross-sectional study aimed to differentiate the species that are able to cause CL in Zahedan city by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method.

Materials and Methods: It was conducted on 145 suspected CL patients in Zahedan city between 2014 and 2016. The smears were initially prepared, air-dried, fixed with absolute methanol, and stained with 10% Giemsa. Then, we examined the stained samples by a light microscope under 1000× magnifications. PCR assay targeted cytochrome b (cyt b) gene using LCBF1 and LCBR2 primers and the products digested by Ssp1 enzymes.

Results: From 145 suspected CL patients, 76 (52.4%) were positive in microscopic examination. In addition, we detected gene of interest (cyt b) in 98 (67.5%). The results of PCR-RFLP indicated that 53/98 (54%) cases were Leishmania major and 45/98 (46%) were Leishmania tropica, and the main species in these areas was L. major.

Conclusion: We concluded that the microscopic examination is not sensitive enough and is not able to distinguish between different Leishmania species. Instead, molecular methods like PCR-RFLP can be appropriately used with promising results.

Keywords: cytochrome b, Leishmania major, Leishmania tropica, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Reproductive performances of the Borgou cow inseminated on natural or induced estrus with semen from Gir and Girolando at the Okpara Breeding Farm

Research (Published online: 25-05-2018)

18. Reproductive performances of the Borgou cow inseminated on natural or induced estrus with semen from Gir and Girolando at the Okpara Breeding Farm

Foukpe Zhairath Adambi Boukari, Ibrahim Traore Alkoiret, Soumanou Seibou Toleba, Athanase Ahissou, Fataou Zacharie Toure, Aliyassou Mama Yacoubou, Gabriel Assouan Bonou, Ignace Ogoudanan Dotche, Victoire Akpaki and Issaka Youssao Abdou Karim

Veterinary World, 11(5): 693-699

ABSTRACT

Aim: The current study aims to evaluate the reproductive performances of the Borgou cow inseminated on natural or induced estrus with semen from Gir and Girolando at the Okpara Breeding Farm.

Materials and Methods: Semen from exotic breeds was used to inseminate 70 Borgou cows on induced estrus with the norgestomet implant and 285 others on natural estrous. Data on the reproductive performances of inseminated cows were collected.

Results: In inseminated cows on induced estrus, the pregnancy rate was 30% and that of abortion was 9.52%. The fertility rate was 28.57% and those of live births and mortality were, respectively, 105.26% and 5% in these cows. As for inseminated cows on natural estrus, the pregnancy rate was 75.79% and the one of calving was 88.89%. The fertility rate recorded with natural estrous was 66.67% and was significantly higher than the one recorded with insemination on induced estrus. The live births and the birth-weaning mortality rates were, respectively, 98.96% and 11.58% in inseminated cows on natural estrus.

Conclusion: Reproductive performances are better in Borgou cows inseminated on natural estrus than in those inseminated on induced estrus.

Keywords: artificial insemination, Benin, cattle, reproductive performances.