Association between the swine production areas and the human population in Pinar del Río province, Cuba

Research (Published online: 18-07-2017)

6. Association between the swine production areas and the human population in Pinar del Río province, Cuba - Osvaldo Fonseca, Kleber Régis Santoro, Pastor Alfonso, Joel Ayala, María Antonia Abeledo, Octavio Fernández, Yosdany Centelles, Damarys de las Nieves Montano and María Irian Percedo

International Journal of One Health, 3: 36-41

  doi: 10.14202/IJOH.2017.36-41

Abstract

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Aim: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the association between high human population density and high pig production in the province of Pinar del Río, Cuba.

Materials and Methods: Records on pig movements at the district level in Pinar del Río province from July 2010 to December 2012 were used in the study. A network analysis was carried out considering districts, as nodes, and movements of pigs between them represented the edges. The in-degree parameter was calculated using R 3.1.3 software. Graphical representation of the network was done with Gephi 0.8.2, and ArcGIS 10.2. was used for the spatial analysis to detect clusters by the Getis-Ord Gi* method and visualize maps as well.

Results: Significant spatial clusters of high values (hot spots) and low values (cold spots) of in-degree were identified. A cluster of high values was located in the central area of the province, and a cluster of low values involving municipalities of the Western zone was detected. Logistic regression demonstrated that a higher human population density per district was associated (odds ratio=16.020, 95% confidence interval: 1.692-151.682, p=0.016) with areas of high pork production.

Conclusion: Hot spot of swine production in Pinar del Río is associated with human densely populated districts, which may suppose a risk of spillover of pathogens able to infect animals and humans. These results can be considered in strategy planning in terms of pork production increases and improvements of sanitary, commercial, and economic policies by decision-makers.

Keywords: cluster, Getis-Ord, logistic regression, network analysis, swine.

Alterations in lipid profile in neonatal calves affected by diarrhea

Research (Published online: 16-07-2017)

13. Alterations in lipid profile in neonatal calves affected by diarrhea

K. Bozukluhan, O. Merhan, H. I. Gokce, H. A. Deveci, G. Gokce, M. Ogun and S. Marasli

Veterinary World, 10(7): 786-789

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the alterations in the lipid profile, plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, total and direct bilirubin levels of neonatal calves with diarrhea.

Materials and Methods: A total of 25 calves with diarrhea as experimental group and 10 healthy calves as control group, 1-30 days old, were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein in tubes with anticoagulant agent to evaluate the concentration of triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), ALP, total and direct bilirubin. Very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were calculated according to the Friedewald formula.

Results: Significant increases in the plasma levels of ALP (p<0.05), total and direct bilirubin, triglycerides, and VLDL-C (p<0.01) were determined, whereas significant decreases in the levels of total cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C (p<0.01) were observed in neonatal calves with diarrhea.

Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, liver functions impaired and, therefore, lipid profile is affected negatively in neonatal calves with diarrhea.

Keywords: calves, cholesterol, diarrhea, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides.

Semen characteristics, extension, and cryopreservation of Rusa deer (Rusa timorensis)

Research (Published online: 15-07-2017)

12. Semen characteristics, extension, and cryopreservation of Rusa deer (Rusa timorensis)

Wan-Nor Fitri, Haron Wahid, Yusoff Rosnina, Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse, Zainal Abidin Aimi-Sarah, Mohd Lila Mohd-Azmi, Che' Amat Azlan, Muhammad Rashid Azrolharith, Innocent Damudu Peter and Falah Hasan Ali Baiee

Veterinary World, 10(7): 779-785

ABSTRACT

Aim: The objective of this research is to report parameters for breeding soundness evaluation, semen extension, and cryopreservation in Rusa timorensis.

Materials and Methods: Seven healthy stags were chosen for semen collection using an electroejaculator. The collections were performed twice in a breeding season between February and June 2016. Samples were collected between 2 and 3 weeks interval, collected twice for each animal. Semen was evaluated, extended, and cryopreserved using four different extenders; Andromed®, BioXcell®, Triladyl®, and a modified Tris-egg yolk combined with Eurycoma longifolia Jack.

Results: R. timorensis semen characteristics according to volume (ml), color, sperm concentration (106/ml), general motility (%), progressive motility (%), and % morphology of normal spermatozoa are 0.86±0.18 ml, thin milky to milky, 1194.2±346.1 106/ml, 82.9±2.8%, 76.1±4.8%, and 83.9±4.8%, respectively.

Conclusion: Semen characteristics of R. timorensis collected by electroejaculation is good allowing for cryopreservation and future artificial insemination work. The most suitable extender for Rusa deer semen is Andromed®.

Keywords: cryopreservation, electroejaculation, extension, Rusa deer, semen characteristics.

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli in diarrheic buffalo calves

Research (Published online: 13-07-2017)

11. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli in diarrheic 

buffalo calves

M. Srivani, Y. Narasimha Reddy, K. V. Subramanyam, M. Ramakoti Reddy and T. Srinivasa Rao

Veterinary World, 10(7): 774-778

ABSTRACT

Aim: Aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence, virulence gene profiles, and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) in diarrheic buffalo calves from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana States.

Materials and Methods: A total of 375 fecal samples from diarrheic buffalo calves of 1-7, 8-30, 31-60, and 61-90 days age were collected from which STEC were isolated, and virulence genes were detected using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The antimicrobial resistance of isolates was tested by disk diffusion method.

Results: The prevalence of E. coli associated diarrhea in buffalo calves was 85.04%, of which 35.01% was STEC origin. In STEC, the combination of eaeA and, hlyA virulence genes was highest (42.45%) followed by stx1(16.04%), stx1, stx2 and hlyA (13.21%), stx2 (12.64%), stx1, eae and hlyA (9.43%) and stx1 and hlyA (6.6%) genes were detected. Highest antimicrobial resistance was observed for tetracycline (63.21%) and ampicillin (48.11%), while chloramphenicol, gentamycin (96.33%) and imipenem (99.06%) antibiotics are susceptible. Multidrug resistance was detected in 69.81% of the STEC isolates from diarrheic buffalo calves.

Conclusion: Higher prevalence of eaeA and hlyA genes carrying isolates of STEC may be a serious zoonotic threat and increased prevalence of multidrug resistance in E. coli may necessitate stringent selection of appropriate antimicrobial agent in treating buffalo calf diarrhea cases.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, buffalo calf diarrheia, Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli, virulence genes.

Serotyping, antibiotic susceptibility, and virulence genes screening of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from diarrheic buffalo calves in Egyptian farms

Research (Published online: 11-07-2017)

10. Serotyping, antibiotic susceptibility, and virulence genes screening of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from diarrheic buffalo calves in Egyptian farms

Ashraf S. Hakim, Shimaa T. Omara, Sohier M. Syame and Ehab A. Fouad

Veterinary World, 10(7): 769-773

ABSTRACT

Aim: In Egypt as in many other countries, river water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is considered an important source of high-quality milk and meat supply. The objective of this study was to investigate serotypes, virulence genes, and antibiotic resistance determinants profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from buffalo at some places in Egypt; noticibly, this issue was not discussed in the country yet.

Materials and Methods: A number of 58 rectal samples were collected from diarrheic buffalo calves in different regions in Egypt, and bacteriological investigated for E. coli existence. The E. coli isolates were biochemically, serologicaly identified, tested for antibiotic susceptibility, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyzed for the presence of antibiotic resistance determinants and virulence genes.

Results: Overall 14 isolates typed as E. coli (24.1%); 6 were belonged to serogroup O78 (10.3%), followed by O125 (4 isolates, 6.9%), then O158 (3 isolates, 5.2%) and one isolate O8 (1.7%), among them, there were 5 E. coli isolates showed a picture of hemolysis (35.7%). The isolates exhibited a high resistance to β lactams over 60%, followed by sulfa (50%) and aminoglucoside (42.8%) group, in the same time the isolates were sensitive to quinolone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline (100%), and cephalosporine groups (71.4%). A multiplex PCR was applied to the 14 E. coli isolates revealed that all were carrying at least one gene, as 10 carried blaTEM (71.4%), 8 Sul1 (57.1%), and 6 aadB (42.8%), and 9 isolates could be considered multidrug resistant (MDR) by an incidence of 64.3%. A PCR survey was stratified for the most important E. coli virulence genes, and showed the presence of Shiga toxins in 9 isolates carried either one or the two Stx genes (64.3%), 5 isolates carried hylA gene (35.7%), and eae in 2 isolates only (14.3%), all isolates carried at least one virulence gene except two (85.7%).

Conclusion: The obtained data displayed that in Egypt, buffalo as well as other ruminants could be a potential source of MDR pathogenic E. coli variants which have a public health importance.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance determinants, buffalo, Egypt, Escherichia coli, virulence.

Effects of commonly used chemical fertilizers on development of free-living stages of Haemonchus contortus in experimentally infected pasture

Research (Published online: 10-07-2017)

9. Effects of commonly used chemical fertilizers on development of free-living stages of Haemonchus contortus in experimentally infected pasture

Tapas Kumar Roul, Mitra Rajan Panda, Bijayendranath Mohanty, Kautuk Kumar Sardar, Manaswini Dehuri, Ananta Hembram and Trilochan Mohapatra

Veterinary World, 10(7): 764-768

Abstract

Aim: The effects of N-P-K fertilizers in the form of urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash on development of free-living stages of Haemonchus contortus were studied.

Materials and Methods: Five parasite free experimental plots of 1 mx1 m area, each of paddy leaves (15-day-old) and an equal number of Cynodon dactylon grass were infested with about 10x10⁴ eggs/ml phosphate buffer saline along with the application of the calculated amount of fertilizers solution. On the 10th day of posttreatment, the pasture was cut, processed, larvae recovered by Baermann method and counted, which was expressed as number of L₃ per kg dry matter (DM) of pasture.

Results: The average recovered population of L₃ of H. contortus per kg DM varied significantly (p<0.05) between the paddy leaves (5933.57±22.718) and Cynodon grass (4861.00±22.718). When different doses of chemical fertilizer and their impact on different pasture were analyzed for control (T-1, 0-0-0 kg/ha N-P-K), the mean L₃ recovery per kg DM of paddy (19512.7±50.80) was more than that of Cynodon grass (16540.9±50.80). Larvae recovery per kg DM for different pastures under treatment were in decreasing order as follows: T-2 of paddy (6981.33±50.80, 35.77%), T-2 of Cynodon (5545.38±50.80, 33.52%), T-3 of paddy (317378±50.80, 16.26%), and T-3 of Cynodon (2218.72±50.80, 13.41%) which showed significant difference (p<0.05) among the treatments. In T-4 (paddy) and T-5 (Cynodon), the average number of recovery of larvae was nil implying no significant variation (p>0.05).

Conclusion: This study shown that when N-P-K fertilizers administered at recommended level, significantly reduced larval translation of H. contortus minimizing pasture infectivity for the free range grazing animals.

Keywords: Haemonchus contortus, larva, N-P-K fertilizer, pasture.

Evaluation of crude larval protein and recombinant somatic protein 26/23 (rHcp26/23) immunization against Haemonchus contortus in sheep

Research (Published online: 08-07-2017)

8. Evaluation of crude larval protein and recombinant somatic protein 26/23 (rHcp26/23) immunization against Haemonchus contortus in sheep

Omnia M. Kandil, Khaled A. Abdelrahman, Hatem A. Shalaby, Seham H. M. Hendawy, Nadia M. T. Abu El Ezz, Somia A. Nassar and James E. Miller

Veterinary World, 10(7): 758-763

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential possibility of crude larval and recombinant (rHcp26/23) antigens of Haemonchus contortus for immunization to control sheep hemonchosis.

Materials and Methods: A total of 21 lambs were divided into five groups. Lambs were immunized with larval and recombinant (rHcp26/23) proteins at day 0 and day 14 and after that challenged with 5000 infective larvae of H. contortus on day 42. An unvaccinated positive control group was challenged with L3 in the meantime. An unvaccinated negative control group was not challenged.

Results: Fecal egg count reduction taking after challenge for rHcp26/23 and larval antigens was 92.2% and 38.2%, respectively, compared with the positive control group. Vaccine incited protection in rHcp26/23 and larval immunization was reflected in significant (p<0.05) decreases in worm burden; 59.9% and 40.1%, respectively.

Conclusion: Recombinant rHcp26/23 vaccine induced a partial immune response and had immune-protective effect against sheep hemonchosis.

Keywords: antigen, Haemonchus contortus, immunization, larval, rHcp26/23, sheep.