Estimation of metabolic heat production and methane emission in Sahiwal and Karan Fries heifers under different feeding regimes

Research (Published online: 24-05-2016)

11. Estimation of metabolic heat production and methane emission in Sahiwal and Karan Fries heifers under different feeding regimes -Sunil Kumar, S. V. Singh, Priyanka Pandey, Narendra Kumar and O. K. Hooda

Veterinary World, 9(5): 496-500

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.496-500

Abstract

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Aim: The objective of this study was designed to estimate the metabolic heat production and methane emission in Sahiwal and Karan Fries (Holstein-Friesian X Tharparkar) heifers under two different feeding regimes, i.e., feeding regime-1 as per the National Research Council (NRC) (2001) and feeding regime-2 having 15% higher energy (supplementation of molasses) than NRC (2001).

Materials and Methods: Six (n = 6) healthy heifers of Sahiwal and Karan Fries with 18-24 months of age were selected from Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal. An initial 15 days was maintained under feeding regime-1 and feeding regime-2 as adaptation period; actual experiment was conducted from 16^th day onward for next 15 days. At the end of feeding regimes (on day 15^th and 16^th), expired air and volume were collected in Douglas bag for two consecutive days (morning [6:00 am] and evening [4:00 pm]). The fraction of methane and expired air volume were measured by methane analyzer and wet test meter, respectively. The oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured by iWorx LabScribe2.

Results: The heat production (kcal/day) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in feeding regime-2 as compared to feeding regimen-1 in both breeds. The heat production per unit metabolic body weight was numerically higher in feeding regime-1 than feeding regime-2; however, the values were found statistically non-significant (p>0.05). The energy loss as methane (%) from total heat production was significantly (p<0.05) higher in feeding regime-1. The body weight (kg), metabolic body weight (W^0.75), and basal metabolic rate (kcal/kg^0.75) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in feeding regime-2 in both breeds.

Conclusions: This study indicates that higher energy diet by supplementing molasses may reduce energy loss as methane and enhance the growth of Sahiwal and Karan Fries heifers.

Keywords: feeding regimes, heat production, Karan Fries, methane emission, Sahiwal.

Important hemoprotozoan diseases of livestock: Challenges in current diagnostics and therapeutics: An update

Review (Published online: 20-05-2016)

10. Important hemoprotozoan diseases of livestock: Challenges in current diagnostics and therapeutics: An update - Biswa Ranjan Maharana, Anup Kumar Tewari, Buddhi Chandrasekaran Saravanan and Naduvanahalli Rajanna Sudhakar

Veterinary World, 9(5): 487-495

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.487-495

Abstract

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Hemoprotozoan parasites pose a serious threat to the livestock population in terms of mortality, reduced milk yield and lowered draft power. Diagnosis of these diseases often poses a challenging task. Needless to say that impact of disease in health and productivity is huge though a fair economic assessment on the quantum of economic loss associated is yet to be worked out from India. The diagnosis of hemoprotozoan infections largely depends on various laboratory-based diagnostic methods as the clinical manifestations are often inconspicuous and non-specific. Traditional diagnostic methods rely on microscopical demonstration of infective stages in blood or tissue fluids. However, it is laborious, lesser sensitive, and cannot differentiate between morphologically similar organisms. Recent development in the technologies has opened new avenues for improvement in the accurate diagnosis of parasitic infections. Serological tests are simple, fast but lack specificity. With advent of molecular techniques, as DNA hybridization assays, polymerase chain reaction and its modifications ensure the detection of infection in the latent phase of the disease. Nucleic acid-based assays are highly sensitive, free from immunocompetence and can differentiate between morphologically similar parasites. With the advent of newer diagnostics complemented with traditional ones will be of huge help for targeted selective treatment with better chemotherapeutic agents.

Keywords: Anaplasma, Babesia, chemotherapy, hemoprotozoa, molecular diagnosis, Theileria, Trypanosoma.

Subjective and objective observation of skin graft recovery on Indonesian local cat with different periods of transplantation time

Research (Published online: 15-05-2016)

9. Subjective and objective observation of skin graft recovery on Indonesian local cat with different periods of transplantation time -Erwin, Gunanti, Ekowati Handharyani and Deni Noviana

Veterinary World, 9(5): 481-486

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.481-486

Abstract

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Aim: The success of a skin graft in a cat is highly dependent on the granulation formed by the base of recipient bed. Granulation by the base of recipient bed will form after several days after injury. This research aimed to observe subjective and objective profile of skin graft recovery on forelimb of cats with different periods of donor skin placement.

Materials and Methods: Nine male Indonesian local cats aged 1-2 years old, weighing 3-4 kg were divided into three groups. The first surgery for creating defect wound of 2 cm×2 cm in size was performed in the whole group. The wound was left for several days with the respective interval for each group, respectively: Group I (for 2 days), Group II (for 4 days), and Group III (for 6 days). In the whole group, the second surgery was done by the harvesting skin of thoracic area which then applied on recipient bed of respective groups.

Result: The donor skin on Group II was accepted faster compared to Group I and Group III. The donor skin did not show color differences compared to surrounding skin, painless, bright red in bleeding test had faster both hair growth and drug absorption. Test toward the size of donor skin and the effect of drugs did not show a significant difference between each group.

Conclusion: The observe subjective and objective profile of skin graft recovery on forelimb of cats on Group II were accepted faster compared to Group I and III.

Keywords: auto skin graft, cats, observation.

Clinical and ultrasonographic observations of functional and mechanical intestinal obstruction in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

Research (Published online: 14-05-2016)

8. Clinical and ultrasonographic observations of functional and mechanical intestinal obstruction in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) - Arafat Khalphallah, Nasr-Eldin M. Aref, Enas Elmeligy and Sayed F. El-Hawari

Veterinary World, 9(5): 475-480

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.475-480

Abstract

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Aim: This study was designed for clinical and laboratory evaluation of intestinal obstruction (IO) in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) with special emphasis on the diagnostic value of ultrasonographic findings.

Materials and Methods: A total number of 30 buffaloes were included in the study and divided into 2 groups: Healthy (n=10) and diseased group (n=20). Diseased buffaloes were admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Assiut University, Egypt, with a history of anorexia, abdominal pain, various degrees of abdominal distention, and absence or presence of scanty mucoid faces. These animals were subjected to clinical and ultrasonographic as well as laboratory examinations.

Results: Based on ultrasonographic findings, various forms of IO were diagnosed. Functional obstruction, paralytic ileus, was diagnosed in 17 cases (85%) while mechanical IO was diagnosed only in 3 cases (15%). Out of 17 cases of paralytic ileus, both proximal and distal ileuses were successfully imaged in 8 and 9 cases, respectively. Proximal ileus was imaged from the right dorsal flank region as a single dilated loop of diameter >6 cm, while distal ileus was imaged as multiple dilated loops of diameter <6 cm. Mechanical obstruction due to duodenal intussusception was visualized as two concentric rings with outer echogenic wall and hypoechoic lumen. All cases of IO showed leukocytosis, hypoproteinemia, and increased activity of alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase.

Conclusion: Ultrasonography proved to be an essential tool for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of various forms of IO in buffaloes.

Keywords: buffalo, ileus, intestine, intussusception, ultrasonography.

Influence of combinations of fenugreek, garlic, and black pepper powder on production traits of the broilers

Research (Published online: 11-05-2016)

7. Influence of combinations of fenugreek, garlic, and black pepper powder on production traits of the broilers - A. Kirubakaran, M. Moorthy, R. Chitra and G. Prabakar

Veterinary World, 9(5): 470-474

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.470-474

Abstract

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Aim: To study the effects of combinations of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), garlic (Allium sativum), and black pepper (Piper nigrum) powder supplementation on production traits of broiler chickens.

Materials and Methods: A total of 288 commercial broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 1-9 groups with 4 replicates each. An experiment was conducted in broilers with different feed formulations; control feed, with no added fenugreek, garlic, and black pepper powder; and 8 treatment groups receiving feed supplemented with different combinations of fenugreek, garlic, and black pepper powder. The individual broilers’ body weight and feed consumption were recorded and calculate the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR).

Results: Broiler’s weight gain and FCR were significantly higher in groups receiving feed supplemented with garlic and black pepper powder combinations (p<0.01). Cumulative feed consumption was significantly higher in groups receiving feed supplemented with garlic and black pepper powder combinations (p<0.01).

Conclusion: The combination of garlic and black pepper powder supplemented broiler feed fed groups showed higher production performance. The 5 g/kg garlic powder+1 g/kg black pepper powder and 10 g/kg garlic powder+2 g/kg black pepper powder significantly improved the weight gain and FCR.

Keywords: black pepper, body weight, feed conversion ratio, fenugreek, garlic.

Loop mediated isothermal amplification: An innovative gene amplification technique for animal diseases

Review (Published online: 11-05-2016)

6. Loop mediated isothermal amplification: An innovative gene amplification technique for animal diseases - Pravas Ranjan Sahoo, Kamadev Sethy, Swagat Mohapatra and Debasis Panda

Veterinary World, 9(5): 465-469

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.465-469

Abstract

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India being a developing country mainly depends on livestock sector for its economy. However, nowadays, there is emergence and reemergence of more transboundary animal diseases. The existing diagnostic techniques are not so quick and with less specificity. To reduce the economy loss, there should be a development of rapid, reliable, robust diagnostic technique, which can work with high degree of sensitivity and specificity. Loop mediated isothermal amplification assay is a rapid gene amplification technique that amplifies nucleic acid under an isothermal condition with a set of designed primers spanning eight distinct sequences of the target. This assay can be used as an emerging powerful, innovative gene amplification diagnostic tool against various pathogens of livestock diseases. This review is to highlight the basic concept and methodology of this assay in livestock disease.

Keywords: designed primers, loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay, transboundary animal diseases.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in toll-like receptor genes and case-control association studies with bovine tuberculosis

Research (Published online: 09-05-2016)

5. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in toll-like receptor genes and case-control association studies with bovine tuberculosis - Ashish Bhaladhare, Deepak Sharma, Amit Kumar, Arvind Sonwane, Anuj Chauhan, Ranvir Singh, Pushpendra Kumar, Ramji Yadav, Mohd Baqir, Bharat Bhushan and Om Prakash

Veterinary World, 9(5): 458-464

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.458-464

Abstract

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Aim: Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 genes play critical roles in host recognition of Mycobacterium bovis infection and initiation of innate and adaptive immune response. The present study was aimed at exploring the association of seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR2 and TLR4 genes with susceptibility/resistance against bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infection in cattle.

Materials and Methods: A case-control resource population of 35 positive and 45 negative animals was developed after screening with single intradermal tuberculin test for bTB. Resource population was screened for SNPs in TLR2 and TLR4 genes using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The PROC LOGISTIC procedure of SAS 9.3 was used to find an association of allelic and genotypic frequencies with bTB.

Results: In TLR2 gene, two of SNPs under study (rs55617172 and rs68268253) revealed polymorphism while in the case of TLR4 gene all four SNPs under investigation (rs8193041, rs207836014, rs8193060, and rs8193069) were found to be polymorphic in case-control population. SNP locus rs55617172 in TLR2 gene was found significantly (p<0.01) associated with susceptibility/resistance to TB in cattle.

Conclusion: These findings indicate the presence of SNPs in TLR2 and TLR4 genes in our resource population. Upon validation in independent, large resource population and following biological characterization, SNP rs55617172 can be incorporated in marker panel for selection of animals with greater resistance to bTB.

Keywords: bovine tuberculosis, immune response, resistance, single nucleotide polymorphisms, toll-like receptors.