Variations in free radical scavenging activities and antioxidant responses in salivary glands of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum andHyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks

Research (Published online: 31-10-2014)

24. Variations in free radical scavenging activities and antioxidant responses in salivary glands of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum andHyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks - Mayukh Ghosh, Nirmal Sangwan and Arun K. Sangwan

Veterinary World, 7(10): 876-881

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.876-881

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Abstract

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Aim: Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Hyalomma dromedarii ticks are of major economic importance in the livestock sector as the vector of tropical theileriosis causing huge production loss, mostly in tropical countries. The release of different reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by exogenous and endogenous means can potentially induce oxidative damage to the ticks during their prolonged feeding on their vertebrate hosts. Hence, ticks need an effective free radical scavenging and antioxidant defense system for their successful feeding of a blood meal. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the interspecies variations in antioxidant response, free radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory activities in salivary gland extracts (SGE) of the two species as they differ considerably in relation to feeding behavior and host specificity.

Materials and Methods: Tick salivary glands were dissected out under ice from semi-fed female ticks of both the species and homogenized at low temperature to prepare SGE. SGE was stored at −40°C for analysis of free radical scavenging activities and antioxidant status.

Results: Significant depletion in reduced glutathione concentrations, malondialdehyde level and elevation in free radical scavenging activity, superoxide dismutase, anti-inflammatory activity were found in SGE of engorging female H. dromedarii ticks as compared to H. a. anatolicum.

Conclusion: Higher antioxidant status and free radical scavenging activities in H. dromedarii might have enabled these ticks to suck more blood from the host in spite of continuous host’s immune responses. These findings about tick biology will help in improving tick control strategies.

Keywords: anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, free radicals, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Hyalomma dromedarii.

Diagnosis of bovine foot and mouth disease virus by real-time polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing from outbreak herd samples in Ilesha Baruba, Kwara state, Nigeria

Research (Published online: 27-10-2014)

23. Diagnosis of bovine foot and mouth disease virus by real-time polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing from outbreak herd samples in Ilesha Baruba, Kwara state, Nigeria - Olatunde Hamza Olabode, Haruna Makajuola Kazeem and Mashood Abiola Raji

Veterinary World, 7(10): 868-875

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.868-875

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Abstract

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Aim: Molecular diagnosis of bovine foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) from outbreak herd in Bukaru-Rontuwa, Sinawu/Tumbunya ward of Ilesha Baruba, in Kwara state-Nigeria was conducted to establish the associated serotypes and disease control plan.

Materials and Methods: Purposive study was conducted in cattle outbreak herds during the dry season of January-March, 2011. Random sampling of blood and observed epithelial tissues was collected, stored in accordance with standard methods and subjected to RNA extraction and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Positive samples for FMDV were further subjected to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), nucleotide sequencing using sequence primers of serotypes O, A, SAT 1-3 and gel electrophoresis. Obtained data were interpreted based on NCBI BLASTN program.

Results: Foot and mouth disease (FMD)-RNA extract was not found in all the blood tested with beta-actin range of Ct = 30-34. rRT-PCR assay showed two positive samples with Ct values of 18.79 and 15.28. Gel electrophoresis identified sequenced PCR amplicons as serotype A and SAT 2 respectively. Direct product sequencing confirmed SAT 2 serotype was closely related to SAT 2 isolate LIB/7/2003. Cloned RT-PCR product in pGEM-T easy vector confirmed serotype A as closely related to sequence of A/NIG/21/2009, though multiple NIG/2009 sequences were also identified as closely related. Both isolates showed marked genetic homogeneity with >93% genetic identity in the VP1 region which confirmed heterogeneity and antigenic variation nature of FMDV.

Conclusion: Quasi species and subtypes of FMD serotypes A and SAT 2 similar to A/NIG/21/2009 and SAT 2/LIB/7/2003 respectively caused the reported FMD outbreaks in Fulani livestock herds investigated. A combined real-time and optimized RT-PCR protocols that would facilitate effective and timely FMD outbreak control plan based on identified serotypes is thus suggested.

Keywords: foot and mouth disease virus, Ilesha Baruba, Kwara State, molecular, outbreaks, phylogenetic.

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References

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6. Depa, P.M., Dimri, U., Sharma, M.C. and Tiwari, R. (2012) Update on epidemiology and control of foot and mouth disease - A menace to international trade and global animal enterprise. Vet. World., 5(11): 694-704. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2012.693-703

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8. Olabode, H.O.K. (2012) Foot and mouth disease in Nigeria: The current status and control efforts. A Paper presented at the global foot and mouth disease research alliance workshop organized by ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, held at Hazy-view, Kurger National Park, South Africa on the 17th-19th April, 2012. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/GFRA/presentations/Session3/3.4OlabodeFMD%20POWERPOINT.pdf.

9. Van Phan, L., Kwang-Nyeong, L., Tung, N., Su-Mi, K., In-Soo, C, Dinh, D.K, Nguyen, B.H., Dong, V.Q. and Jong-Hyeon, P. (2012) A rapid molecular strategy for early detection and characterization of foot and mouth disease virus serotypes A, O and Asia 1. J. Virol. Meth., 180(1-2): 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.11.028 PMid:22172973

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11. El-Shehawy, L., Azab, A.M.H., Mossad, W., El-Sayed, E., Ismail, A., and Deghady, W. (2012) Real time RT-PCR assay for detection of different serotypes of FMDV in Egypt. Vet. World., 5(12): 732-737. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2012.732-737

12. Megersa, B., Beyene, B., Abunna, F., Regassa, A., Amenu, K., and Rufael, T. (2009) Risk factors for foot and mouth disease seroprevalence in indigenous cattle in southern Ethiopia: The effect of production system. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 41(6): 891-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-008-9276-5 PMid:19052894

13. Olabode, H.O.K., Kazeem, H.M., Raji, M.A. and Ibrahim, N.D.G. (2014) Participatory appraisal of foot and mouth disease outbreaks in Ilesha Baruba, Kwara state-Nigeria. Alex. J. Vet. Sci. AJVS., 40: 132-138.

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21. Di Nardo, A., Knowles, N.J. and Paton, D.J. (2011) Combining livestock trade patterns with phylogenetics to help understand the spread of foot and mouth disease in sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Sci. Tech. Rev. Off. Int. Epiz., 30(1): 63-85.

22. Valdazo-González, B., Knowles, N.J., Hammond, J., and King, D.P. (2012) Genome sequences of SAT 2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses from Egypt and Palestinian autonomous territories (Gaza Strip). J. Virol., 86(16): 8901-8902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01231-12 PMid:22843860 PMCid:PMC3421706

23. Bastos, A.D.S., Haydon, D.T., Sangare, O., Boshoff, C.I., Edrich, J.L. and Thomson, G.R. (2003) The implications of virus diversity within the SAT 2 serotype for control of foot-and-mouth disease in sub-Saharan Africa. J. Gen. Virol., 84(6): 1595-1606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.18859-0 PMid:12771430

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27. Kitching, R.P. and Hughes, G.J. (2002) Clinical variation in foot and mouth disease: Sheep and goats. Sci. Tech. Rev., 21(3): 505-512.

Effect of selenium on the development of selected indicators of fertility in dairy cows

Effect of selenium on the development of selected indicators of fertility in dairy cows - A. Balicka-Ramisz and G. Jastrzębski

Veterinary World, 7(10): 863-867

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.863-867

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Abstract

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Aim: The aim of this study was to determine selenium (Se) concentration in the blood serum of dairy cows and to establish its influence on the level of production and reproduction traits.

Materials and Methods: The study was performed on the farm located in Western Pomerania - Poland and involved 120 cows, which were selected using the analog method on the basis of their physiological state, lactation number, milk yield, age, and genotype. The following indices were analyzed in individual groups: Calving interval, gestation interval, insemination index, standstill of placenta. Se concentration in the blood serum was determined with the spectrofluorometric method.

Results: The mean serum Se concentration was in cows 0.038 μg/ml. The use of Se preparations has raised fertility, which was documented statistically.

Conclusion: The study revealed that the problem of Se deficiency is still present in some dairy cattle herds in Western Pomerania - Poland.

Keywords: dairy cows, fertility rates, selenium, serum.

Chromosome analysis of arsenic affected cattle

Chromosome analysis of arsenic affected cattle - S. Shekhar, A. K. Sahoo, N. Dalai, P. Chaudhary, P. K. Praveen, R. Saikhom and R. Rai

Veterinary World, 7(10): 859-862

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.859-862

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Abstract

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Aim: The aim was to study the chromosome analysis of arsenic affected cattle.

Materials and Methods: 27 female cattle (21 arsenic affected and 6 normal) were selected for cytogenetical study. The blood samples were collected, incubated, and cultured using appropriate media and specific methods. The samples were analyzed for chromosome number and morphology, relative length of the chromosome, arm ratio, and centromere index of X chromosome and chromosomal abnormalities in arsenic affected cattle to that of normal ones.

Results: The diploid number of metaphase chromosomes in arsenic affected cattle as well as in normal cattle were all 2n=60, 58 being autosomes and 2 being sex chromosomes. From the centromeric position, karyotyping studies revealed that all the 29 pair of autosomes was found to be acrocentric or telocentric, and the sex chromosomes (XX) were submetacentric in both normal and arsenic affected cattle. The relative length of all the autosome pairs and sex chrosomosome pair was found to be higher in normal than that of arsenic affected cattle. The mean arm ratio of X-chromosome was higher in normal than that of arsenic affected cattle, but it is reverse in case of centromere index value of X-chromosome. There was no significant difference of arm ratio and centromere index of X-chromosomes between arsenic affected and normal cattle. No chromosomal abnormalities were found in arsenic affected cattle.

Conclusion: The chromosome analysis of arsenic affected cattle in West Bengal reported for the first time in this present study which may serve as a guideline for future studies in other species. These reference values will also help in comparison of cytological studies of arsenic affected cattle to that of various toxicants.

Keywords: arsenic, autosomes, karyotyping, metaphase chromosome.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in Mithun in Arunachal Pradesh

Research (Published online: 20-10-2014)

20. Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in Mithun in Arunachal Pradesh - S. Biswas, M. N. Tigga, R. K. Bauri and P. Biswas

Veterinary World, 7(10): 856-858

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.856-858

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Abstract

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Aim: The objective of this study was to know the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in Mithun in Arunachal Pradesh.

Materials and Methods: Approximately, 10 g of feces was collected from recently voided feces in airtight fecal collection vials (HiMedia, India). Fecal samples were subjected to the direct method and centrifuge flotation method for finding out parasitic ova. The ova were identified on the basis of morphological characters described by Soulsby, 1982.

Result: A total of 78 fecal samples were collected. Of 78, 44 (56.41%) samples were found positive. Most of the positive fecal sample showed mixed infection of different helminths parasites egg. Fasciola spp. and Amphistome spp. were the two predominant parasites among the flukes. In nematodes infection, Toxocara vitulorum was the least prevalent GI nematodes. In the case of cestodes Moniezia expansa was little higher (14%) in semi-intensive.

Conclusion: The present study reveals that Mithun is infected by several GI parasites. Among trematodes, Fasciola, and Amphistomes are predominantly spp. whereas, Strongyle and Trichuris are more prevalent spp. among nematodes and Moniezia among cestodes parasites.

Keywords: Arunachal Pradesh, gastrointestinal helminths, Mithun.

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References

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1. Shisode, M.G., Khanvilkar, A.V., Kulkarni, M.D., Samant, S.R., Yadav, G.B. and Bawaskar, M.S (2009) Mithun: The pride animal of North-Eastern hilly region of India. Vet. World, 2: 480-481.

2. Rajkhowa, S., Rajkhowa, C., Rahman, H. and Bujabaruah, K.M. (2004) Sero-prevalence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in Mithun in India. Rev. Sci. Tech., 23: 821-829. PMid:15861877

3. Simoons, F.J. (1984) Gayal or Mithun. In: Mason, I.L. editor. Evolution of Domesticated Animals. Longman, London. p34-38.

4. Lydekker, R. (1888-1890) . The New Natural History. Vol. 2. Printed by Order of the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. p179-181.

5. NRCM. (2010) National Research Centre on Mithun, Jharnapani, Medziphema, Nagaland, India. http://www.nrcmithun.res.in. Last accessed on 04-09-2014.

6. Rajkhowa, S., Rajkhowa, C. and Bujarbaruah, K.M. (2003) Diseases of Mithun (Bos frontalis) - A review. Vet. Bull., 73: 1R-6R.

7. Rajkhowa, S., Bujarbaruah, K.M., Rajkhowa, C. and Kapenlo, T. (2004) Incidence of intestinal parasitism in Mithun (Bos frontalis). J. Vet. Parasitol., 19: 39-41.

8. Rajkhowa, S., Bujarbaruah, K.M, Rajkhowa, C. and Kapenlo, T. (2005) Incidence of intestinal parasitism in Mithun (Bos frontalis). J. Vet. Parasitol., 19: 39-41.

9. Chamuah, J.K., Das, M., Islam, S., Rajkhowa, C. and Chakraborty, A. (2009) Studies on naturally acquired gastrointestinal helminth of Mithun (Bos frontalis). J. Vet. Parasitol., 23: 37-40.

10. Chamuah, J.K., Das, M., Rajkhowa, S., Islam, S. and Rajkhowa, C. (2009) Coccidiosis in Mithun (Bos frontalis). Indian Vet. J., 86: 419-420.

11. Tandon, V., Kar, P. K., Das, B., Sharma, B. and Dorjee, J. (2005) Preliminary survey of gastro-intestinal helminth infection in herbivorous livestock of mountainous regions of Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh. Zoos' Print J., 20(5): 1867-1868. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.1227.1867-8

12. Chamuah, J.K., Perumal, P., Singh, V., Mech, A, and Borkotoky, D. (2013) Helminth parasites of Mithun (Bos frontalis) - An overview. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 83: 235-237.

13. Soulsby, E.J.L. (1982) Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals. 7th ed. (ELBS) Bailiere Toindal, London.

14. Laha, R., Rajkhowa, C., Chamuah, J.K. and Goswami, A. (2013) Gastrointestinal parasitic infections in Mithun in organised farm. Indian J. Hill. Forming, 26(1): 45-46.

Assessment of genetic variability among Indian sheep breeds using mitochondrial DNA cytochrome-b region

Assessment of genetic variability among Indian sheep breeds using mitochondrial DNA cytochrome-b region - A. D. Sawaimul, M. G. Sahare, S. Z. Ali, A. R. Sirothia and Satish Kumar

Veterinary World, 7(10): 852-855

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.852-855

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Abstract

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Aim: The present study was conducted to estimate genetic distance, the phylogenetic relationship, and time of divergences using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).

Materials and Methods: The total 216 unrelated samples were collected from native breeding tract of six Indian sheep breeds. The genomic DNA was isolated and screened for restriction enzyme polymorphisms for cytochrome b (Cyt-b) region of mtDNA with seven restriction enzymes.

Results: The genetic distance among sheep breeds was ranging between 0.02833 and 0.0946. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that Malpura and Chokla were found closer relationship forming distinct cluster followed by Deccani individual were clustered with Nellore sheep, whereas Nali and Sonadi were distant to each other having separate cluster. Estimated divergence time among Indian sheep breeds were ranging about 1.41-4.73 million years ago (MYA) with an average of 3.063±0.27 MYA. It showed that Malpura and Sonadi sheep revealed highest divergence time as 4.73 MYA whereas Malpura and Chokla show the lowest as 1.41 MYA.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the restriction fragment length polymorphisms-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) of the Cyt-b region of mtDNA is suitable and cost effective tool for estimating the genetic variability, phylogenetic relationship, and time of divergence among Indian sheep breeds. These findings will help to formulate proper breeding strategies for conservation and utilization of sheep breeds.

Keywords: genetics-diversity, mitochondrial DNA, restriction fragment length polymorphisms-polymerase, chain reaction, sheep breed.

Polymerase chain reaction amplification and cloning of immunogenic protein NAD-dependent beta hydroxybutyryl CoA dehydrogenase gene of Clostridium chauvoei

Polymerase chain reaction amplification and cloning of immunogenic protein NAD-dependent beta hydroxybutyryl CoA dehydrogenase gene of Clostridium chauvoei - Saroj K. Dangi, Ajay P. Singh, Satyaveer S. Dangi, Prasad Thomas, Santosh K. Gupta, Rajesh K. Agarwal and K. N. Viswas

Veterinary World, 7(10): 848-851

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.848-851

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Abstract

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Aim: The present study was aimed at polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and cloning of NAD-dependent betahydroxybutyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (BHBD) gene of Clostridium chauvoei.

Materials and Methods: C. chauvoei was cultured and confirmed by 16-23S rDNA spacer region primers. The primers for nad-bhbd gene ofC. chauvoei were designed to aid in cloning into pRham-N-His SUMO-Kan vector, and nad-bhbd gene was amplified by PCR. The amplifiednad-bhbd gene was purified and cloned into pRham-N-His SUMO-Kan expression vector. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. cloni 10 G cells and the clone was confirmed by colony PCR using the pRham-SUMO-NAD-For and pRham-SUMO-NAD-Rev primers and also by sequencing.

Results: PCR amplification of nad-bhbd gene yielded a product length of 844 base pairs which was cloned into pRham-NHis SUMO-Kan vector followed by transformation into E. cloni 10G chemically competent cells. The recombinant clones were characterized by colony PCR, sequencing, followed by basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis to confirm the insert.

Conclusions: Immunogenic protein NAD- dependent BHBD of C. chauvoei was cloned and the recombinant clones were confirmed by colony PCR and sequencing analysis.

Keywords: black quarter, Clostridium chauvoei, NAD-beta-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase.