Chromosome analysis of arsenic affected cattle

Chromosome analysis of arsenic affected cattle - S. Shekhar, A. K. Sahoo, N. Dalai, P. Chaudhary, P. K. Praveen, R. Saikhom and R. Rai

Veterinary World, 7(10): 859-862

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.859-862

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Abstract

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Aim: The aim was to study the chromosome analysis of arsenic affected cattle.

Materials and Methods: 27 female cattle (21 arsenic affected and 6 normal) were selected for cytogenetical study. The blood samples were collected, incubated, and cultured using appropriate media and specific methods. The samples were analyzed for chromosome number and morphology, relative length of the chromosome, arm ratio, and centromere index of X chromosome and chromosomal abnormalities in arsenic affected cattle to that of normal ones.

Results: The diploid number of metaphase chromosomes in arsenic affected cattle as well as in normal cattle were all 2n=60, 58 being autosomes and 2 being sex chromosomes. From the centromeric position, karyotyping studies revealed that all the 29 pair of autosomes was found to be acrocentric or telocentric, and the sex chromosomes (XX) were submetacentric in both normal and arsenic affected cattle. The relative length of all the autosome pairs and sex chrosomosome pair was found to be higher in normal than that of arsenic affected cattle. The mean arm ratio of X-chromosome was higher in normal than that of arsenic affected cattle, but it is reverse in case of centromere index value of X-chromosome. There was no significant difference of arm ratio and centromere index of X-chromosomes between arsenic affected and normal cattle. No chromosomal abnormalities were found in arsenic affected cattle.

Conclusion: The chromosome analysis of arsenic affected cattle in West Bengal reported for the first time in this present study which may serve as a guideline for future studies in other species. These reference values will also help in comparison of cytological studies of arsenic affected cattle to that of various toxicants.

Keywords: arsenic, autosomes, karyotyping, metaphase chromosome.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in Mithun in Arunachal Pradesh

Research (Published online: 20-10-2014)

20. Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in Mithun in Arunachal Pradesh - S. Biswas, M. N. Tigga, R. K. Bauri and P. Biswas

Veterinary World, 7(10): 856-858

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.856-858

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Abstract

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Aim: The objective of this study was to know the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in Mithun in Arunachal Pradesh.

Materials and Methods: Approximately, 10 g of feces was collected from recently voided feces in airtight fecal collection vials (HiMedia, India). Fecal samples were subjected to the direct method and centrifuge flotation method for finding out parasitic ova. The ova were identified on the basis of morphological characters described by Soulsby, 1982.

Result: A total of 78 fecal samples were collected. Of 78, 44 (56.41%) samples were found positive. Most of the positive fecal sample showed mixed infection of different helminths parasites egg. Fasciola spp. and Amphistome spp. were the two predominant parasites among the flukes. In nematodes infection, Toxocara vitulorum was the least prevalent GI nematodes. In the case of cestodes Moniezia expansa was little higher (14%) in semi-intensive.

Conclusion: The present study reveals that Mithun is infected by several GI parasites. Among trematodes, Fasciola, and Amphistomes are predominantly spp. whereas, Strongyle and Trichuris are more prevalent spp. among nematodes and Moniezia among cestodes parasites.

Keywords: Arunachal Pradesh, gastrointestinal helminths, Mithun.

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References

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1. Shisode, M.G., Khanvilkar, A.V., Kulkarni, M.D., Samant, S.R., Yadav, G.B. and Bawaskar, M.S (2009) Mithun: The pride animal of North-Eastern hilly region of India. Vet. World, 2: 480-481.

2. Rajkhowa, S., Rajkhowa, C., Rahman, H. and Bujabaruah, K.M. (2004) Sero-prevalence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in Mithun in India. Rev. Sci. Tech., 23: 821-829. PMid:15861877

3. Simoons, F.J. (1984) Gayal or Mithun. In: Mason, I.L. editor. Evolution of Domesticated Animals. Longman, London. p34-38.

4. Lydekker, R. (1888-1890) . The New Natural History. Vol. 2. Printed by Order of the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. p179-181.

5. NRCM. (2010) National Research Centre on Mithun, Jharnapani, Medziphema, Nagaland, India. http://www.nrcmithun.res.in. Last accessed on 04-09-2014.

6. Rajkhowa, S., Rajkhowa, C. and Bujarbaruah, K.M. (2003) Diseases of Mithun (Bos frontalis) - A review. Vet. Bull., 73: 1R-6R.

7. Rajkhowa, S., Bujarbaruah, K.M., Rajkhowa, C. and Kapenlo, T. (2004) Incidence of intestinal parasitism in Mithun (Bos frontalis). J. Vet. Parasitol., 19: 39-41.

8. Rajkhowa, S., Bujarbaruah, K.M, Rajkhowa, C. and Kapenlo, T. (2005) Incidence of intestinal parasitism in Mithun (Bos frontalis). J. Vet. Parasitol., 19: 39-41.

9. Chamuah, J.K., Das, M., Islam, S., Rajkhowa, C. and Chakraborty, A. (2009) Studies on naturally acquired gastrointestinal helminth of Mithun (Bos frontalis). J. Vet. Parasitol., 23: 37-40.

10. Chamuah, J.K., Das, M., Rajkhowa, S., Islam, S. and Rajkhowa, C. (2009) Coccidiosis in Mithun (Bos frontalis). Indian Vet. J., 86: 419-420.

11. Tandon, V., Kar, P. K., Das, B., Sharma, B. and Dorjee, J. (2005) Preliminary survey of gastro-intestinal helminth infection in herbivorous livestock of mountainous regions of Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh. Zoos' Print J., 20(5): 1867-1868. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.1227.1867-8

12. Chamuah, J.K., Perumal, P., Singh, V., Mech, A, and Borkotoky, D. (2013) Helminth parasites of Mithun (Bos frontalis) - An overview. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 83: 235-237.

13. Soulsby, E.J.L. (1982) Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals. 7th ed. (ELBS) Bailiere Toindal, London.

14. Laha, R., Rajkhowa, C., Chamuah, J.K. and Goswami, A. (2013) Gastrointestinal parasitic infections in Mithun in organised farm. Indian J. Hill. Forming, 26(1): 45-46.

Assessment of genetic variability among Indian sheep breeds using mitochondrial DNA cytochrome-b region

Assessment of genetic variability among Indian sheep breeds using mitochondrial DNA cytochrome-b region - A. D. Sawaimul, M. G. Sahare, S. Z. Ali, A. R. Sirothia and Satish Kumar

Veterinary World, 7(10): 852-855

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.852-855

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Abstract

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Aim: The present study was conducted to estimate genetic distance, the phylogenetic relationship, and time of divergences using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).

Materials and Methods: The total 216 unrelated samples were collected from native breeding tract of six Indian sheep breeds. The genomic DNA was isolated and screened for restriction enzyme polymorphisms for cytochrome b (Cyt-b) region of mtDNA with seven restriction enzymes.

Results: The genetic distance among sheep breeds was ranging between 0.02833 and 0.0946. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that Malpura and Chokla were found closer relationship forming distinct cluster followed by Deccani individual were clustered with Nellore sheep, whereas Nali and Sonadi were distant to each other having separate cluster. Estimated divergence time among Indian sheep breeds were ranging about 1.41-4.73 million years ago (MYA) with an average of 3.063±0.27 MYA. It showed that Malpura and Sonadi sheep revealed highest divergence time as 4.73 MYA whereas Malpura and Chokla show the lowest as 1.41 MYA.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the restriction fragment length polymorphisms-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) of the Cyt-b region of mtDNA is suitable and cost effective tool for estimating the genetic variability, phylogenetic relationship, and time of divergence among Indian sheep breeds. These findings will help to formulate proper breeding strategies for conservation and utilization of sheep breeds.

Keywords: genetics-diversity, mitochondrial DNA, restriction fragment length polymorphisms-polymerase, chain reaction, sheep breed.

Polymerase chain reaction amplification and cloning of immunogenic protein NAD-dependent beta hydroxybutyryl CoA dehydrogenase gene of Clostridium chauvoei

Polymerase chain reaction amplification and cloning of immunogenic protein NAD-dependent beta hydroxybutyryl CoA dehydrogenase gene of Clostridium chauvoei - Saroj K. Dangi, Ajay P. Singh, Satyaveer S. Dangi, Prasad Thomas, Santosh K. Gupta, Rajesh K. Agarwal and K. N. Viswas

Veterinary World, 7(10): 848-851

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.848-851

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Abstract

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Aim: The present study was aimed at polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and cloning of NAD-dependent betahydroxybutyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (BHBD) gene of Clostridium chauvoei.

Materials and Methods: C. chauvoei was cultured and confirmed by 16-23S rDNA spacer region primers. The primers for nad-bhbd gene ofC. chauvoei were designed to aid in cloning into pRham-N-His SUMO-Kan vector, and nad-bhbd gene was amplified by PCR. The amplifiednad-bhbd gene was purified and cloned into pRham-N-His SUMO-Kan expression vector. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. cloni 10 G cells and the clone was confirmed by colony PCR using the pRham-SUMO-NAD-For and pRham-SUMO-NAD-Rev primers and also by sequencing.

Results: PCR amplification of nad-bhbd gene yielded a product length of 844 base pairs which was cloned into pRham-NHis SUMO-Kan vector followed by transformation into E. cloni 10G chemically competent cells. The recombinant clones were characterized by colony PCR, sequencing, followed by basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis to confirm the insert.

Conclusions: Immunogenic protein NAD- dependent BHBD of C. chauvoei was cloned and the recombinant clones were confirmed by colony PCR and sequencing analysis.

Keywords: black quarter, Clostridium chauvoei, NAD-beta-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase.

Age and lactation specific disposal pattern in Sahiwal cattle and influence of various genetic and non-genetic factors

Age and lactation specific disposal pattern in Sahiwal cattle and influence of various genetic and non-genetic factors - A. Upadhyay, D. K. Sadana, A. K. Gupta, A. K. Chakravarty, S. Dash, M. K. Das, Anushree M. and P. R. Shivahre

Veterinary World, 7(10): 842-847

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.842-847

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Abstract

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Premature disposal of female calves before reaching milch herd and undesirable disposal of lactating cows are the major constraints in achieving larger herd size. During the early lactations, younger cows are supposed to give higher milk yield and undesirable disposal of early calvers, thereby, greatly hampers profitability of a dairy farm. Knowledge of the incidence of disposal along with reasons in various age groups and at various parities is essential to identify which age group or parity is more vulnerable for disposal. Moreover, knowledge of various genetic and non-genetic factors associated with disposal of animals may also be helpful in developing breeding and management strategies to reduce the incidence of disposal. In most of the studies, it was found that major reasons of disposal of dairy cattle were mortality among female calves and involuntary culling among adult lactating cows. Maximum mortality in female calves was observed during earlier ages and pneumonia, gastro-enteritis and debility were major reasons of female calf mortality. Whereas, most of the adult cows left the herd, due to teat and udder and reproductive problems. Moreover, indigenous breeds were found to be more adapted to Indian tropical climatic conditions in comparison to crossbred and exotic cattle breeds.

Keywords: culling, disposal pattern, heritability estimates, mortality, Sahiwal cattle.

Electrocardiographic and hemato-biochemical effects of two balanced anesthetic protocols in dogs

Electrocardiographic and hemato-biochemical effects of two balanced anesthetic protocols in dogs - Anubhav Khurana, Adarsh Kumar, Sandeep Kumar Sharma and Amit Kumar

Veterinary World, 7(10): 835-841

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.835-841

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Abstract

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the electrocardiographic (ECG), hematological and clinico-biochemical effects of two balanced anesthetic protocols in dogs.

Materials and Methods: A total of 20 clinical cases of dogs, randomly divided into two groups of 10 animals each were made part of study. All dogs were premedicated with injection atropine sulfate @ 0.04 mg/kg body weight (b. wt.) subcutaneously followed 15 min later with injection butorphanol tartarate @ 0.2 mg/kg b. wt. intravenous (IV). Subsequently after 10 min premedicated with injection diazepam @ 0.5 mg/kg b. wt. IV (Group DP) or injection acepromazine maleate @ 0.015 mg/kg b. wt. IV (Group AP) followed by injection propofol “till effect” IV for induction of surgical anesthesia. The animals were immediately transferred to halothane in oxygen. Observations recorded in dogs included ECG recordings, hematological and clinico-biochemical observations at various time intervals.

Results: No arrhythmia was observed in any animal pre-operatively and intra-operatively in any of the groups. Significant fall in packed cell volume (PCV) and total erythrocyte count occurred in DP group in early phase, whereas only PCV decreased significantly in AP group. Biochemical parameters were non-significant in both the groups.

Conclusion: Both diazepam-butorphanol-propofol-halothane and acepromazine-butorphanol-propofol-halothane are safe with respect to their ECG, hematological and biochemical effects in clinical cases.

Keywords: acepromazine, butorphanol, diazepam, dog, propofol.

Comparison of standard lactation curve models using fortnightly milk records in Frieswal cattle

Comparison of standard lactation curve models using fortnightly milk records in Frieswal cattle - Amit Kumar Dohare, B. Singh, Med Ram Verma, Bangkeng Perme, Vijay Bahadur Sharma, Neha Gupta and Shashank Kshandakar

Veterinary World, 7(10): 831-834

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.831-834

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Abstract

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Aim: The aim was to compare standard lactation curve models using fortnightly milk records in Frieswal cattle.

Materials and Methods: A total of 2904 fortnightly milk yield (FMY) records from 132 Frieswal cattle maintained at Military Farm, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh were taken for study. The Wood (WD), Morant and Gnanasakthy (MG), Mitscherlich x Exponential (ME), and Wilmink (WK) models were fitted on average FMY (AFMY) by nonlinear regression using statistical package SAS 9.3 version. The goodness of fit of models was judged by the adjusted coefficient of determination (Adj. R2) and root mean square error.

Results: The AFMY ranges from 127.09 kg (first fortnight) to 110.04 kg (last fortnight) with peak fortnight yield of 189.51 kg and peak period at fourth fortnight. Predicted peak yield by different models ranges from 182.7 to 190.2 kg. The herd average milk yield was predicted with a high degree of accuracy (Adj. R2>92%) by all models with the maximum accuracy (Adj. R2=99.20%) obtained by ME model followed by MG (Adj. R2=98.8%) and WK model (Adj. R2=96.0%).

Conclusion: The ME model provided best fit for FMY data in Frieswal cattle followed by WK and MG model, whereas WD model fitted least.

Keywords: Frieswal cattle, fortnightly milk yield, lactation curve model, peak yield.