Thursday, 21 August 2014

Featured Veterinary Medicine Books

Here is the list of some Veterinary Medicine books found at http://www.bookdepository.com/category/1458/Veterinary-Medicine

Top Student Books

Anatomy & Physiology Pre-Clinical Clinical Vet Nursing
Showing items 1 to 4 of 9

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2. Prevalence and pathology of oviduct impaction in commercial white leghorn layer chicken in Namakkal region of India

2.  Prevalence and pathology of oviduct impaction in commercial white leghorn layer chicken in Namakkal region of India - P. Srinivasan, G. A. Balasubramaniam, T. R. Gopala Krishna Murthy and P. Balachandran
Veterinary World, 7(8): 553-558


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.553-558


P. Srinivasan: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India;srinipat2004@yahoo.com
G. A. Balasubramaniam: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India;
gabalasubramaniam@gmail.com
T. R. Gopala Krishna Murthy: Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Namakkal, India; gkmurthy_in@yahoo.com
P. Balachandran: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India;balaavg@yahoo.co.in

Received: 25-04-2014, Revised: 21-06-2014, Accepted: 27-06-2014, Published online: 02-08-2014

Corresponding author: P. Srinivasan, email: srinipat2004@yahoo.com
Abstract
Aim: The avian oviduct is a tubular organ responsible for fertilization, secretion of the components surrounding the yolk and transport of egg in the reproductive tract. Disorders of oviduct may have a great bearing on production potential and incur a heavy loss. A study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and pathological changes of impacted oviduct in commercial white leghorn layer chicken in Namakkal region of India for a period of four years from 2006 to 2009.
Materials and Methods: A total of 5145 carcasses of white leghorn layers, above 20 weeks age from 255 flocks were examined for various oviduct abnormalities. Heart blood, liver and oviduct swabs collected upon necropsy from 45 layer chicken from six flocks with oviduct impaction were screened for bacterial agents. Pooled tissue (trachea, lung, spleen, caecal tonsil, kidney and oviduct) samples from impacted oviduct cases were screened for viral agents. Serum samples collected from affected flocks were screened for Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and egg drop syndrome – 76 (EDS-76) virus by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) and Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms) by ELISA. Flock details and pathological changes were recorded in affected flocks to assess the prevalence and impact of oviduct impaction on commercial layer chicken.
Results: The results of the present investigation indicated that the oviduct impaction was responsible for 0.87 % cent of the reproductive tract abnormalities in commercial layers between 21 and 80 wk of age. Egg production drop, morbidity and mortality recorded in the affected flocks were varied from 3 to 8, 0.4 to 1.2 and 0.2 to 0.5 % respectively. The oviduct impaction was commonly noticed above 40 wk old layers and predominantly during colder months. Serum samples collected from three flocks with oviduct impaction were found positive for Mg and Ms infection in ELISA test. Escherichia coli was isolated as a pure culture in 29 birds and concurrent with other bacterial agents in 16 birds. Serotyping of E. coli isolates revealed that O144, O54 and O109 were the predominant types. Necropsy examination of carcasses with impacted oviduct showed emaciation, peritonitis, regression of ovarian follicles and distension of oviduct commonly in the infundibulum and magnum region. The exudate was either large mass with concentric layering on cut section or numerous caesous masses with varying size and shape often mixed with creamy or serosangunious fluid. Histopathological examination of oviduct revealed the presence of lymphoid foci in the epithelial layer with marked atrophy and degeneration of mucosal folds.
Conclusions: Impacted oviduct constituted 0.87 % of oviduct abnormality in commercial layer chicken with an overall mortality of 0.5 %. The findings of this study showed that the oviduct impaction might be caused by E.coli in concurrence with Proteous spp., Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp. and Mycoplasma.
Keywords: E. coli, layer chicken, mycoplasma, oviduct impaction, pathology, prevalence.
References

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2. Srinivasan, P., Balasubramaniam, G.A., Gopala Krishna Murthy, T.R. and Balachandran, P. (2014) Prevalence of oviduct abnormalities in commercial layer chicken in Namakkal zone, India. Indian Vet. J., 91: 32-35.
 
3. Solomon, S.E. (2002) The oviduct in chaos. World's Poult Sci. J., 58: 41-48.
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4. Srinivasan, P. and Balasubramaniam, G.A. (2011) Cystic dilatation of right oviduct in layer chicken. Tamil nadu J Vet Anim Sci., 7: 218-220.
 
5. Srinivasan, P., Balasubramaniam, G.A., Gopala Krishna Murthy, T.R. and Balachandran, P. (2012) Pathology of oviduct in suboptimally producing commercial layer chicken. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 11: 577-581.
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6. Srinivasan, P., Balasubramaniam, G.A., Dorairajan, N. and Manickavaska Dinakaran, A. (2011) Persistent right oviduct in layer chicken. Indian Vet. J., 88: 69-70.
 
7. Joyner, K. L. (1994) Theriogenology. In: Ritchie, B. W., G. J. Harrison, and L. R. Harrison. editors. Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. Wingers Publishing Inc. Lake Worth, Florida, p748–804.
 
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10. Chauhan, H.V.S. and Roy, S. (2007) Poultry disease diagnosis and treatment. 3rd ed, New Age International (P) Limited Publication, New Delhi, pp203 -208.
 
11. Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Leonard, F.C., Fitzpatrick, E.S., Fanning, S. and Hartigen, P.J. (2011) Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease, 2nd edition. Wiley Blackwell, USA, p263-286.
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12. Alexander, D.J. and Senne, D.A. (2008) Newcastle disease and other avian paramyxoviruses. In: Dufour-Zavala, L., Swayne, D.E., Glisson, J.R., Pearson, J.E., Reed, W.M., Jackwood, M.W. and Woolcock, P.R. Editors. A laboratory manual for the isolation, identification and characterization of avian pathogens. 5th edition. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Athens, GA, p135–141.
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13. Mohammad, M.H., Zabid, A.A.H., Kadham, L.I. and Hasoon, M.F. (2013) Conventional and molecular detection of Newcastle disease and Infectious bursal disease in chicken. J. World's Poult. Res., 3: 05-12.
 
14. Villarreal, L.Y.B. (2010) Diagnosis of infectious bronchitis virus: An overview of concepts and tools. Rev Bras Cienc Avic., 12: 111-114.
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15. Alam, J., Mamun, M.A., Samad, M.A., Rahamat, U.M., Giasuddin, M. and Taimur M.J.F.A. (2009) Outbreak of egg drop syndrome in Bangladesh. Int. J. Biol., 1: 56-64.
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16. Srinivasan, P., Balasubramaniam, G.A., Gopala Krishna Murthy, T.R. and Balachandran, P. (2014) Spontaneously occurring mycoplasmal salpingitis in commercial layer chicken with special reference to pathological features. Indian Vet. J., 91: 21-24.
 
17. Trawinska, B., Tymczyna, L. and Saba, L. (2003) Immunological status of reproductive hens at a poultry farm. Med Weter., 59: 243-246.
 
18. Calnek, B.W. (1978) Haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies against an Adenovirus (virus-127) in white pekin ducks in the united states. Avian Dis., 22: 798-801.
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19. Srinivasan, P., Balasubramaniam, G.A., Gopala Krishna Murthy, T.R. and Balachandran, P. (2013) Bacteriological and Pathological studies of egg peritonitis in commercial layer chicken in Namakkal area. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 3: 988-994.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60191-4
 
20. Gross, W.B. and Siegel, P.B. (1959) Coliform peritonitis of chickens. Avian Dis., 3: 370–373.
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21. Jones, H.G.R. and Owen, D.M. (1981) Reproductive tract lesions of the laying fowl with particular reference to bacterial infection. Vet. Rec., 108: 36–37.
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22. Barnes, H.J., Fletcher, O.J. and Abdul-Aziz, T. (2008) Reproductive system. In Fletcher, O.J. and Abdul-Aziz, T. editors. Avian histopathology. 3rd edition. The American Association of Avian Pathologists: Kennett Square, PA. p349–391.
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23. Trampel, D.W., Wannemuehler, Y. and Nolan, L.K. (2007) Characterization of Escherichia coli isolates from peritonitis lesions in commercial laying hens. Avian Dis., 51: 840–844.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/7797-111906-REGR1.1
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24. Srinivasan, P., Sudhakar Rao, G.V. and Titus George, V. (2002) Pathology of Escherichia coli and concurrent infection of IBDV with Escherichia coli in chicken. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 72: 967-970.
 
25. Domermuth, C.H., Gross W.B. and Dubose, R.T. (1967) Mycoplasmal salpingitis of chickens and turkeys. Avian Dis., 11 : 393 - 398.
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26. Srinivasan, P., Sudhakar Rao, G.V. and Titus George, V. (2003) Serotyping of Escherichia coli isolated from natural cases of Colibacillosis in and around Namakkal. Indian Vet J., 80: 192-193.
 
27. Salehi, M. and Ghanbarpour, R. (2010) Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolates from Commercial Layer Hens with Salpingitis. Am J Anim Vet Sci., 5 : 208-214.
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28. Barnes, H.J., Nolan, L.K. and Vaillancourt, J.P. (2008) Colibacillosis. In: Saif, Y.M., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, J.R., McDougald, L.R., Swayne, D.E., Nolan, L.K. editors. Diseases of Poultry, 12th edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. p691–738.
 
29. Bandyopadyay, P.K. and Dhawedkar, R.G. (1984) Escherichia coli salpingio peritonitis in poultry. Indian Vet. J., 60 : 348 - 349.
 
30. Srinivasan, P., Balasubramaniam, G.A., Gopala Krishna Murthy, T.R. and Balachandran, P. (2014) Bacteriological and pathological studies of salpingitis in layer chicken. Indian Vet. J., 91: 28-32.
 
31. Bonia, R., Phangcho, C.V., Mukit, A. and Saikia, G.K. (2010) Incidence and pathological conditions in chicken of Kalinga Brown breed in Guwahati, Assam. Indian J. Vet. Pathol., 34: 43-45.
 
32. Valsala, K.V. and Sivadas, C.G. (1970) Developmental and functional defects of the reproductive system of the hen. Kerala J. Vet. Sci., 1: 34-38.
 
33. Keymer, J.F. (1980) Disorders of the avian female reproductive system. Avian Pathol., 9: 405-419.
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34. Kinde, H., Shivaprasad, H.L., Daft, B.M., Read, D.H., Ardans, A., Breitmeyer, R., Rajashera, G., Nagaraja, K.V. and Gardner, I.A. (2000) Pathologic and bacteriologic findings in 27-week-old commercial laying hens experimentally infected with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4. Avian Dis., 44: 239–248.
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35. Jordan, F.T., Williams, N.J., Wattret, A., Jones, T. (2005) Observations on salpingitis, peritonitis and salpingo- peritonitis in a layer breeder flock. Vet. Rec., 157: 573–577.
PMid:16272543
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1. A comparative evaluation of avidin-biotin ELISA and micro SNT for detection of antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cattle population of Odisha, India - Priyaranjan Das, Nihar Nalini Mohanty, S. Ranganatha, Siddharth Ranabijuli, Laxmi Narayan Sarangi and Hemant Kumar Panda
Veterinary World, 7(8): 548-552


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.548-552


Priyaranjan Das: Orissa Biological Products Institute (SatelliteUnit), Berhampur, Odisha, India; drpriya.vety@gmail.com
Nihar Nalini Mohanty: Clinical Bacteriology Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India;nihar.mohanty13@gmail.com
S. Ranganatha: National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Hebbal, Bengaluru-560024, Karnataka, India;srangavetco@gmail.com
Siddharth Ranabijuli: Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sakhigopal, Odisha, India; drsidhu.vet@gmail.com
Laxmi Narayan Sarangi: Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India; laxmisarangi@gmail.com
Hemant Kumar Panda: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India; drpanda.hk@gmail.com

Received: 09-04-2014, Revised: 17-06-2014, Accepted: 24-06-2014, Published online: 02-08-2014

Corresponding author: Nihar Nalini Mohanty, email: nihar.mohanty13@gmail.com
Abstract
Aim: The present study was undertaken to serologically detect Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) in the cattle population of Odisha, India using micro-Serum neutralization test (micro SNT) and Avidin-Biotin Enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (AB ELISA) and finding out their comparative efficacy to serve as a suitable diagnostic tool in field condition.
Materials and Methods: The study was carried out using serum samples (n=180) collected randomly from cattle populations of nine districts of Odisha. Similarly vaginal swabs (n=26) from cattle having history of repeat breeding, abortion, vulvo-vaginitis and nasal swabs (n=8) from calves with respiratory symptoms and nasal discharge were collected aseptically, to ascertain the circulation of virus among the cattle population.
Results: Virus isolation by cell culture and subsequent confirmation by polymerase chain reaction confirmed four isolates. Screening of serum samples revealed 9.44% and 12.22% samples positive for IBR antibodies in micro SNT and AB ELISA respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of AB ELISA test was found to be 88.23% and 95.70% respectively taking micro SNT as gold standard and the kappa value between the two tests was 0.75.
Conclusion: Screening of serum samples revealed 9.44% and 12.22% samples positive for IBR antibodies in micro SNT and AB ELISA respectively, thus highlighting the circulation of virus among the livestock population of Odisha and that AB ELISA could be more efficiently applied for the sero-diagnosis of IBR virus infections at field conditions, with demand for more study on faster, efficient and large scale screening of the infected animals.
Keywords: avidin-biotin ELISA, bovine herpes virus -1, cattle, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, isolation, serum neutralization test, Odisha.
References

1. MacLachlan, N. J and Dubovi, E. J. (2011) Fenner's Veterinary Virology. 4th Edn. Academic Press, London. p180.
 
2. Biswas S., Bandyopadhyay S., Dimri U and Patra P.H. (2013) Bovine herpesvirus-1(BHV-1) a re-emerging concern in livestock: a revisit to its biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prophylaxis. Vet Qurt., 33(2):68-81.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2013.799301
PMid:23802762
 
3. Bandyopadhaya, S., Chakraborty, D., Sarkar, T., Pal, B., Sasmal, D., Biswas, T.K., Ghosh, M.K. and Sarkar, M. (2009) A serological survey of antibodies against bovine herpes virus-1 in yak (Poephagus grunniens) in Arunachal Pradesh in India. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 28 (3):1045- 1050.
 
4. Ganguly, S., Mukhopadhya, S. K. and Paul, I. (2008) Studies on seroprevalence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cattle population of West Bengal. Indian J. Comp.Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. Dis., 29(1-2): 12-16.
 
5. Kiran K. K., Ravi, P. and Prabhudas, K. (2005) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis- National survey of IBR antibodies by AB-ELISA kit. Annual Report of Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance. ICAR, Bangalore. p7-10.
 
6. Reed, L. J. and Muench, H. (1938) A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints. Amer. J. Hyg. 27: 493.
 
7. Tongaonkar, S. S., Singh, B. K. and Rama, K. (1986) Comparative prevalence of the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, Bluetongue, Chlamydia and Brucella antibodies in dairy animals. Indian J. Comp. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. Dis.,7: 139-143.
 
8. Suresh, K. B., Sudharshana, K. J and Rajasekhar, M. (1999). Seroprevalence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in India. Indian Vet. J., 76: 5-9.
 
9. Gungor, A. B and Ozkul, A. (2007). Dynamics of natural bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) infection in a dairy herd. Trop Anim Health Prod., 39: 13–20.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-006-4411-7
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10. Chandranaik, B. M., Chethana, S., Kumar, S and Renukaprasad, C. (2010) Isolation of BHV-1 from bovine semen and application of real-time PCR for diagnosis of IBR/IPV from clinical samples. Vet. Arhiv., 80: 467-475.
 
11. Nisavic, J., Milic, N., Aleksandra, K and Tanja, J. (2010) The application of polymerase chain reaction in detection of bovine herpes virus 1 in clinical samples. Acta Vet., 60 (1): 39-48.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/AVB1001039N
 
12. Singh, B. K., Sreenivasan, M. A., Tongaonkar, S. S., Mukherjee, F and Shrivastava, P. K. (1989) Isolation of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis from two out breaks of respiratory tract infections in cattle. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 59 (6): 644-646.
 
13. Ross, C., Riquelme, M.E., Ohman, F. K. and Belak, S. (1999) Improved detection of five closely related ruminant alphaherpesviruses by specific amplification of viral genome sequences. J. Virol. Methods., 83: 55–65.
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14. Smits C.B., Van Maanen C., Glas R.D, De Gee A.L., Dijkstrab T., Van Oirschot J.T. and Rijisewijk F.A. (2000). Comparison of three polymerase chain reaction methods for routine detection of bovine herpesvirus 1 DNA in fresh bull semen. J. Virol. Methods, 85, 65–73.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00153-6
 
15. Anita, D., Anita, A. and Savuta, G.(2010). Detection of Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 by PCR Assay. Bulletin UASVM, Veterinary Medicine., 67(2):23-27.
 
16. Kumar, M., Manohar, M. and Nandi, S.(2011). A rapid PCR for detection of BHV-1 genomic DNA in semen samples. Indian Vet. J., 88(6):14-16.
 
17. Bauer, K., Gerbermann, J. H., Schmittodiet, E. and Winteroll, G. (1980) Serological investigation into the distribution of IBR/IPV in cattle in Bavaria. Tierarztl Umschau, 35(9): 599- 600.
 
18. Wiyong, A. (1993) Study on the prevalence of antibody to infectious rhinotracheitis virus in sentinel Bali cattle and their calves in Lampung. Penyakit-Hewan, 25: 7-10.
 
19. Ceylan, A., Tan, M.T., Dagalp,S. B., Yildirim, Y. and Serin, I. (2009) Seroprevalence of IBR/IPV in dairy cows with reproductive problems. Indian Vet. J., 86 (1): 7-9.
 
20. Nandi, S., Kumar, M., Yadav, V and Chander, V. (2011) Serological evidences of bovine herpesvirus-1 infection in bovines of organized farms in India. Transbound Emerg Dis., 58: 105–109.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01185.x
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21. Pandey, A. B., Mehrotra, M. L., Verma, R. P and Pati, U. S. (2000) Investigation of an outbreak of infectious pustular balanoposthitis in breeding bulls. Indian J. Vet. Res., 9: 27-37.
 
22. Renukaradhya, G. J., Rajasekhar, M. and Raghavan, R. (1996) Prevalence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in Southern India. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz., 15: 1021-1028.
 
23. Singh, A., Sinha, B. K. and Jayachandran, C. (2010) Seroprevalence of IBR in normal and diseased bovines. Indian Vet. J., 87 (4): 393-394.
 
24. Trangadia, B. J., Rana, S. K., Nagmani, K. and Srinivasan, V. A. (2012) Serological Investigation of Bovine Brucellosis, Johne's disease and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis in Two States of India. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 2: 38-41.
 
25. Sharma, M., Katoch, R. C. and Dhar, P. (2006) Seroprevalance of IBR among cattle in Himachal Pradesh. Indian Vet. J., 83: 1-3.
 
26. Shome, B. R., Rajeswari, S. and Shrivastava, N. (1997) Sero- prevalence of antibodies to BHV-1 in cattle of Andaman. Indian Vet. J., 74: 734-736.
 
27. Dhand, N. K., Singh, G., Sharma, D. R. and Sandhu, K. S. (2002) Seroprevalence of IBR in Punjab. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 72: 850-852.
 
28. Boelaert, F., Biront, F., Soumare, B., Dispas, M., Vanopdenbosch, E., Vermeersch, J. P., Raskin, A., Dufey, J., Berkvens, D. (2000) Prevalence of bovine herpesvirus-1 in the Belgian cattle population. Prev Vet Med., 45: 285-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(00)00128-8
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18. The comparative analysis of infection pattern and oocyst output in Eimeria tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina in young broiler chicken - Myung-Jo You
Veterinary World, 7(7): 542-547


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.542-547


Myung-Jo You: Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-safety Research Centre, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea; tick@chonbuk.ac.kr, Phone no. +82 63 270 3887, Fax. +82 63 270 3780.

Received: 25-04-2014, Revised: 21-06-2014, Accepted: 27-06-2014, Published online: 31-07-2014

Corresponding author: Myung-Jo You, email: tick@chonbuk.ac.kr
Abstract

Aim: To assess the pattern of infection pattern by artificially infected Eimeria strains of Korean isolates and assessed the degree of sporulating oocysts at different temperature.
Materials and Methods: Birds were orally inoculated with oocysts of Eimeria tenella, Eimeria maxima and Eimeri acervulina. Oocyst count, oocyst isolation and sporulation were evaluated from the fourth to the tenth day post infection. Histopathological studies also made in the caecum and intestinal to comparative lesions.
Results: Mean oocyst counts of these species increased more quickly on the day of 5th to 6th of post-infection. E. acervulina reached its highest infection level on the 6th day while both E. tenella and E. maxima had peak on the 7th day. The prepatent period of oocyst output in the E. acervulina started 120 h and ended on the 10th day after inoculation, whereas the E. maxima started oocyst output at 144 h and E. tenella oocyst output at 168 h respectively. The best temperature for optimum sporulation was found to be at 250C at sporulation rate of 88.91%, while at 200C sporulated 88.03%, and at 300C sporulated 82.44%.
Conclusion: Current study represent the pattern of infection, pathogenesis and optimum sporulation temperature and our results suggested that 250C is optimum for sporulated oocyst of Korean isolates of E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina.

Keywords: broiler chick, Eimeria, oocyst, pathogen.
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Protecting bees to safeguard our future

Beekeeping is an integral part of farming in every region of the world, as either a core or side-line business. Often it is small-scale and, in many countries, bees are farmed traditionally. The size of beekeeping operations depends on socio-economic factors: in some countries, 20 bee colonies are enough to support an entire family, while in others a single operation might comprise as many as 2,000 hives.
Honey and royal jelly are just two of the valuable foods derived from honey bees. As bees are the main pollinators of wild and cultivated plants, they render a vital service to ecosystems by contributing to their sustainability and to maintaining biodiversity. Humans therefore have bees to thank for our bountiful harvests of fruit and vegetables, which bolster world food security.
The loss of these key pollinators, either bred or wild, would be a biological, agricultural, environmental and economic disaster. Maintaining healthy populations of these pollinating insects (of which more than 17,000 known species exist) is a critical health challenge deserving the full attention of the global community.
It is very difficult to diagnose and control diseases of honey bees as they live only in highly socialised colonies. More than for any other species in the animal kingdom, the sound clinical observation and diagnosis of bee diseases requires a great deal of expertise.
Even though bees play such a vital role, beekeeping is given less attention than other livestock sectors, despite the major problems it currently faces.
Changes in agricultural practices are impacting on populations of bees and wild insect pollinators. In almost all cases, bee diseases merely serve to exacerbate existing factors contributing to colony collapse, such as irresponsible use of pesticides. Growth in the acreage requiring pollination leads to more intensive use of migratory beekeeping, rendering disease control even more difficult and encouraging disease transmission among colonies. Increased use of monoculture impoverishes cultivated plant species, reducing the nutrients available to colonies. Environmental pollution from all sources is also poisonous to bees and weakens colonies.
All this is compounded by the indifference of pharmaceutical companies, resulting in limited treatment options, and by widespread lack of training among beekeepers whose enthusiasm and empiricism does not always make up for insufficient knowledge. Not only does this severely inhibit the ability to detect early signs of disease and implement appropriate biosecurity measures within apiaries, it also encourages misuse of therapeutics.
To counter this alarming situation and in line with its mandate to improve animal health and welfare worldwide – and so help to fight poverty and hunger – the OIE recently reaffirmed its commitment to the sector by making bee mortality and diseases one of the priorities of its Strategic Plan 2011-2015. However, bee health is no new concern for the OIE: the Delegates of its Member Countries adopted their first resolution on bees back in 1947.
Apart from addressing the high-profile collapse of honey bee colonies in North America, Europe and Japan in recent years, the OIE has been doing substantive work to provide Veterinary Services around the world with consistent, science-based recommendations on bee diseases and precautions for avoiding transboundary spread.
Indeed, bee diseases have become globalised mainly because of the failure by public administrations to control cross-border trade in breeding stock, genetic material and agricultural products. Yet most bee mortality is due to common diseases, including the six main infestations listed by the OIE, caused by Acarapis woodi, Paenibacillus larvae,Melissococcus plutonius, Aethina tumida, Tropilaelaps spp and Varroa spp. The Varroa mite, a small arthropod causing varroosis, has already invaded virtually the entire planet and, alone or in combination with other viral or chemical factors, inflicts serious damage on bees worldwide.
In response, the OIE develops international animal health standards on these bee diseases, which are considered and adopted democratically by the 178 Member Countries. This culminates in official certification that provides reliable guarantees for trade in breeding stock, genetic material and hive products.
By holding annual training seminars and making its network of expertise available to Member Countries on request, the OIE works to build national Veterinary Services’ capacity to improve apiary surveillance and observations in the field.
OIE Member Countries have a statutory obligation to report animal disease events. Transparent animal health information is an important prerequisite for disease management because of the high risk of disease spread posed by migratory beekeeping and by regional and international trade in live bees, genetic material, beekeeping equipment and hive products. Online and mail-order sales of breeding stock, eggs and other items have been instrumental in the globalisation of bee diseases.
The OIE also contributes to the global dissemination of technical and scientific information by making online publications available free of charge.
Preserving the health of bees, both bred and wild, is an integral part of good environmental management, food security and enhanced global agriculture. Neglecting bee health and allowing our planet’s bee populations to collapse would have a far-reaching impact on the environment, agriculture and the economy.
The international community should pay utmost attention to harmonising bee health management because, by protecting bees, we are also safeguarding our future.

Contact : media@oie.int
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