Use of proposed systolic and myocardial performance indices derived from simultaneous ECG and PCG recordings to assess cardiac function in healthy Beagles

Research (Published online: 25-07-2022)

25. Use of proposed systolic and myocardial performance indices derived from simultaneous ECG and PCG recordings to assess cardiac function in healthy Beagles

Karlo Romano B. Gicana, Chirutchaya Pinidmontree, Kitchanan Kosalathip, Siraphop Sirirut, Siripen Komolvanich, Sariya Asawakarn, Walasinee Sakcamduang, Phornphop Naiyanetr and Kittipong Tachampa

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1785-1797

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Cardiac time intervals (CTIs) can provide important information on the electrical and mechanical properties of the heart. We hypothesized that cardiac function can be described using the combined power of electrocardiography (ECG) and phonocardiography (PCG) signals. This study aimed to (1) validate a novel custom device in measuring CTI parameters; (2) compare CTI parameters with a commercially available device and standard transthoracic echocardiography (STE); and (3) compare calculated systolic performance index (SPI) and myocardial performance index (MPI) with Tei index from the STE.

Materials and Methods: This study determined CTIs based on simultaneous ECG and PCG recordings in 14 healthy Beagle dogs using the custom-built device. These CTI parameters were compared with a commercially available device (Eko DUO ECG + Digital Stethoscope; Eko DUO) and the STE. Agreement of CTI parameters between the custom device and the commercially available device or STE was evaluated. Calculated SPI and MPI based on Wigger's diagram were proposed, compared with SPI and Tei index, and correlated with STE parameters.

Results: We found that the ECG and PCG parameters measured from the custom-built device did not differ from the commercially available device and the STE. By combining ECG and PCG signals, we established CTI parameters in healthy dogs including indices for systolic function (SPI: QS1/S1S2) and global cardiac function {F1 ([QS1+S2]/S1S2), F2 ([RS1+S2]/S1S2), and F3 (RS1 + [QS2-QT]/S1S2)}. The SPI, F2, and F3 were comparable with echocardiographic parameters describing systolic (Pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time [LVET]) and Tei index ([MCOdur-LVET]/ LVET), respectively. Only SPI and F3 were correlated significantly with MCOdur and heart rate, respectively.

Conclusion: We have validated the use of the custom-built device to describe CTIs that are comparable to the commercially available device and STE in healthy Beagles. The proposed SPI and MPI derived from CTI parameters can be useful in clinical practice to describe the cardiac function, especially in areas where access to STE is constrained.

Keywords: cardiac time intervals, dogs, electrocardiography, healthy, phonocardiography.

Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats in Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand

Research (Published online: 25-07-2022)

24. Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats in Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand

Natthika Lakhamsen, Chalipa Chaisongkhram, Yanika Pattarasuplerk, Arayaporn Macotpet, Suvaluk Seesupa, Nitiwadee Lertitthikul, Pattaraanong Bupata and Panisara Kunkitti

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1779-1784

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Cats are known to be the definitive hosts that can excrete these environmentally resistant oocysts. Other mammals, avians, and even humans can serve as the intermediate host. T. gondii infection is often asymptomatic in healthy individuals; however, it could result in serious health problems in immunocompromised and pregnant individuals. This study investigated the occurrence of T. gondii infection in cats in Khao Suan Kwang and Mueang Khon Kaen.

Materials and Methods: In total, 100 serum samples from cats, that is, 62 owned cats (31 males and 31 females) and 38 adopted stray cats (21 males and 17 females), were examined for antibodies against T. gondii through rapid immunochromatographic tests (ICT). Owners were asked to sign a consent form and answer the questionnaires before sample collection. Demographic information about the cats and their owners was also recorded.

Results: The overall seroprevalence of cats positive for T. gondii antibodies was found to be 5%. Notably, the Toxoplasma antibody prevalence was significantly higher in the adopted stray cats (10.53% [4/38]) that roamed the zoo than in the owned cats (1.61% [1/62]) (p > 0.05). No significant difference was observed between male (8.33%) and female (1.92%) cats. The cat owners' questionnaire revealed that more than half had never heard of toxoplasmosis before (67.7%), whereas 30.6% knew nothing about the disease transmission routes.

Conclusion: This study presented a low seroprevalence of antibodies to T. gondii in owned cats from the Mueang Khon Kaen District, whereas high seroprevalence was detected in the adopted stray cats from Khao Suan Kwang. Adopted stray cats can have a higher potential for T. gondii infection; thus, they could be a source of toxoplasmosis transmission to humans. Therefore, it is essential to control the number of stray cats, and a screening test for antitoxoplasmosis could be recommended before adoption. Although the total seroprevalence was noted to be low, the zoonotic disease was present. Therefore, raising the community's awareness and knowledge might reduce the disease transmission from animals to humans.

Keywords: adopted stray cat, feline, Khon Kaen, toxoplasmosis, zoonoses.

Comparison of ITS-1 and TBR-1/2 primer sensitivity for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi local isolates in experimental rats using a polymerase chain reaction

Research (Published online: 24-07-2022)

23. Comparison of ITS-1 and TBR-1/2 primer sensitivity for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi local isolates in experimental rats using a polymerase chain reaction

Endang Suprihati, Lucia Tri Suwanti, Aditya Yudhana and Andika Indra Kusumaningrum

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1772-1778

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Surra is caused by Trypanosoma evansi. The detection method using conventional parasitological tests has not always shown positive results in blood parasite detection, although the livestock has presented with clinical signs. Therefore, a fast and accurate diagnosis is necessary to prevent the disease predominately in field isolates. This study aimed to investigate the sensitivity of molecular detection method using two different specific primers, namely, Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS-1) and Trypanosoma brucei repeat 1/2 (TBR-1/2) against T. evansi field isolates from Banten Province, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: The isolates of T. evansi used in this study were collected from Banten Province and cultured and preserved by the National Research Center for Veterinary Science, Indonesia. Eighteen experimental rats were divided into three equal groups, which were categorized as control, 1 × 101, and 1 × 104 infective doses. The isolates were injected into all experimental albino rats intraperitoneally. All samples were tested using conventional blood smear, card agglutination test (CATT), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.

Results: The results of the CATT examination in all treatments showed negative results. However, PCR results showed that two different primers, namely, ITS-1 and TBR-1/2 had been successfully detected T. evansi from infected experimental rats, proven by positive PCR band appeared in 480 base pairs (bp) and 164 bp, respectively.

Conclusion: Based on the molecular diagnostic test using PCR method, TBR-1/2 primer is more sensitive to detect T. evansi compared to ITS-1 primer. The present finding provides preliminary data for studying the efficiency of different primers if practically applied as a standard diagnostic test for trypanosomiasis, especially in Indonesian livestock.

Keywords: infectious disease, ITS-1, surra, TBR-1/2, tropical disease.

Cellular immune response of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B in Balb/c mice through intranasal infection

Research (Published online: 24-07-2022)

22. Cellular immune response of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B in Balb/c mice through intranasal infection

Hidayatun Nisa Purwanasari, Amanda Tri Utami Permatasari, Fajar Budi Lestari, Madarina Wasissa, Khusnan Zaini and Siti Isrina Oktavia Salasia

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1765-1771

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus produces various superantigen exotoxins, including staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). It causes fatal anaphylactic reactions and toxic shock. This study aimed to evaluate the reaction of leukocytes and histopathological changes in the respiratory organs of Balb/c mice after intranasal infection with enterotoxigenic S. aureus (SEB).

Materials and Methods: The presence of the seb gene in S. aureus was established in this study using polymerase chain reaction-specific primer. Two groups of 8-week-old male Balb-c mice consist of six mice in each group. The treated group was infected with 50 μL and 100 μL of SEB intranasal on days 1 and 14, respectively. NaCl was administered in the second group and was considered as a control group. Blood samples were collected through the retro-orbital plexus on days 1, 4, 7, 14, and 22 after infections. Total cell counts were analyzed with an independent sample t-test and compared using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 (IBM Corp., NY, USA). The infected tissues of the respiratory organ were observed descriptively and compared to the control group.

Results: The seb gene with a molecular size of 478 bp, indicating the SEB strain, is present in S. aureus used in this study. Intranasal administration of SEB showed increased leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils on day 22 post-infection. Significant leukocytosis was seen on days 6 and 14; lymphocytosis on days 1, 4, 6, and 16; and eosinophilia on days 6, 14, and 22 compared with the control group (p > 0.05). In contrast, the neutrophil decreased after an increase of immature band cells compared to the control group, indicating a severe acute infection with SEB. The lungs and trachea of the test group had an inflammatory cell accumulation in the respiratory organ.

Conclusion: Intranasal route infection of S. aureus containing seb gene significantly induced the cellular immune response and caused pathological changes in the respiratory tissues of the Balb/c mice model. The hematological changes were aligned with marked pathological changes in the respiratory tract. Balb/c mice could be an excellent experimental model to study toxic and anaphylactic shock against SEB to define the future therapeutic agents.

Keywords: enterotoxin B, hematology, histopathology, intranasal, Staphylococcus aureus.

Aerolysin gene characterization and antimicrobial resistance profile of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from milkfish (Chanos chanos) in Gresik, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 23-07-2022)

21. Aerolysin gene characterization and antimicrobial resistance profile of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from milkfish (Chanos chanos) in Gresik, Indonesia

Faisal Fikri, Dhandy Koesoemo Wardhana, Agus Purnomo, Shafia Khairani, Shekhar Chhetri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1759-1764

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Motile Aeromonas septicemia is a crucial disease in freshwater fish. Aeromonas hydrophila is a disease agent associated with sporadic fish mortality, food safety, and public health. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and the presence of the aerolysin gene and antimicrobial resistance profile of A. hydrophila isolated from milkfish in Gresik, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: A total of 153 milkfish gill samples were collected from 16 locations in Gresik and then cultured and identified using biochemical tests. The aerolysin gene was investigated using a polymerase chain reaction, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of the recovered isolates were investigated.

Results: Of the 153 examined samples, 35 (22.9%) were confirmed positive for A. hydrophila and 22 (62.9%) presented the aerolysin gene. The recovered isolates were resistant to the following antibiotics: Amoxicillin (62.9%), tetracycline (60%), streptomycin (54.3%), cefotaxime (51.4%), gentamycin (31.4%), kanamycin (28.6%), erythromycin (25.7%), chloramphenicol (20%), and trimethoprim (14.3%). Meanwhile, only ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and imipenem were indicated as susceptible.

Conclusion: The presence of the aerolysin gene is vital in determining the virulence of A. hydrophila. The study results indicated a high aerolysin gene prevalence. In addition, this study emphasized antibiotic use monitoring, food safety improvement, and negative impact reduction on human health and the environment.

Keywords: aerolysin gene, Aeromonas hydrophila, antimicrobial resistance, milkfish, public health.

Bio-efficacy of Mangifera leaf extracts on mortality of Aedes aegypti and inhibition of egg hatching

Research (Published online: 23-07-2022)

20. Bio-efficacy of Mangifera leaf extracts on mortality of Aedes aegypti and inhibition of egg hatching

Nur Mahdi, Muhammad Rasyid Ridha, Deni Setiawan, Muhammad Riki Shindi Praristiya, Nita Rahayu and Bayu Purnama Atmaja

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1753-1758

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: To develop an environmentally friendly alternative to mosquito larvicides for vegetables, leaf extracts of Mangifera laurina, Mangifera casturi, Mangifera indica, Mangifera odorata, Mangifera caesia, and Mangifera foetida were prepared. This study aimed to determine the biological efficacy of several Mangifera leaf extracts on the mortality of Aedes aegypti mosquito and the inhibition of egg hatching.

Materials and Methods: Extraction was performed in an organic solvent (methanol) using a Soxhlet extractor. The larvicidal potential of six leaves of Mangifera essential oil was evaluated against the third instar larvae of A. aegypti at concentrations of 1500, 2000, 3000, and 5000 ppm using the World Health Organization protocol. After Probit analysis, the 48 h LC50 and LC90 values of the essential oils were determined. The inhibitory effect on egg hatching was also tested at 160, 320, 480, and 640 ppm.

Results: The extraction of essential oils from several Mangifera species had excellent larvicidal activity and inhibitory activity against A. aegypti egg hatching. The LC50/LC90 values were: M. casturi, 241/1964 ppm; M. laurina, 2739/4035 ppm; and M. caesia, 1831/2618 ppm. The inhibitory effect on hatching was 78% for M. foetida, 70% for M. caesia, and 59% for M. casturi.

Conclusion: The test results indicate the potential of some Mangifera species for use as larvicides and inhibitors of egg hatching; thus, they have the potential to control A. aegypti in the early stages of development.

Keywords: Aedes aegypti, bio-efficacy, leaf extracts, Mangifera.

Silver nanoparticle-conjugated antibiotics inhibit in vitro growth of Brucella melitensis

Research (Published online: 22-07-2022)

19. Silver nanoparticle-conjugated antibiotics inhibit in vitro growth of Brucella melitensis

Mohamed J. Saadh

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1749-1752

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Brucellosis is a contagious livestock disease with a significant economic impact. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of antibiotics used alone or in combination with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against Brucella melitensis Rev 1 in vitro.

Materials and Methods: AgNps conjugated with ciprofloxacin was synthesized and thoroughly characterized by ultraviolet visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis). The antimicrobial effect of ciprofloxacin alone and ciprofloxacin conjugated with AgNPs against B. melitensis Rev 1 was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the erythrocyte hemolytic assay determined the capability of conjugation to cause hemolysis in human erythrocyte.

Results: The UV-vis spectra of both silver-drug nanoconjugates showed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance band at 420 nm. The MIC assays showed that AgNPs conjugation to antibiotics enhanced the antibacterial potential of the selected antibiotics against B. melitensis Rev 1 relative to non-conjugated antibiotics. The results show that low concentrations of AgNPs can kill B. melitensis Rev 1. The MICs of ciprofloxacin and ciprofloxacin–AgNPs were 0.75 and 0.05 μM, respectively.

Conclusion: The conjugation of ciprofloxacin with AgNPs enhanced the antibacterial effects against B. melitensis Rev 1. In addition, this conjugation appears to inhibit the capability of this bacterium to adapt to the presence of antibiotics, thereby inhibiting bacterial resistance. Further studies are required to examine its potential as an in vivo treatment.

Keywords: antimicrobial activity, Brucella melitensis Rev 1, minimum inhibitory concentrations, silver nanoparticles.

Effect of housefly (Musca domestica) larvae on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of local chickens in Niger

Research (Published online: 22-07-2022)

18. Effect of housefly (Musca domestica) larvae on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of local chickens in Niger

Bachir Hamani, Nassim Moula, Adamou Guisso Taffa, Idriss Hamidou Leyo, Chaibou Mahamadou, Johann Detilleux and Quynh Chau Dang Van

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1738-1748

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The meat supply of local poultry for human consumption is greater than that of fast-growing poultry in Niger. However, meeting the protein needs of these local chickens is a major challenge due to the availability of protein sources and their cost. Nowadays, insect larvae such as houseflies are used and even recommended as animal feed; hence, the need to evaluate the effect of housefly (Musca domestica) larvae on the growth performance of local chickens. This study investigated the feeding effects of housefly larvae on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of local Nigerien chickens and determined the rate of fish meal substitution, in fresh or dry larvae form, whichever would be preferable.

Materials and Methods: A total of 165 3-week-old local unsexed chickens of the salmon variety, weighing 120.3 ± 15.43 g, were used to evaluate the effect of housefly (M. domestica) larvae on their growth performance and carcass yield (CY). The experiment consisted of five treatments with three replicates, that is, 15 batches of 11 animals each. Five iso-protein-caloric diets were developed with 25%, and then 50% fish meal substitution with fresh and dried housefly larvae. The chicks were reared together during the first 3 weeks for their adaptation, during which they were fed an imported starter commercial feed, ad libitum. After that, they were weighed weekly for 12 weeks. Next, the body weights (BWs) were taken weekly for all chicks, feed daily intake and mortality were recorded daily, and average daily gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and viability rate were calculated. In the end, four chickens (two males and two females) per batch were slaughtered for the CY evaluation, breast meat, drumstick and tight (legs), and wings. Statistical analyses were performed using a linear mixed model for repeated data.

Results: The weight, FCR, and carcass traits were unaffected by either the rate or larvae state. Conversely, the growth rate was improved, and feed consumption was increased. Notably, the chickens consumed more feed but grew faster with fresh larvae and at a higher substitution rate.

Conclusion: This study reported that 50% fresh or dried housefly larvae substituted into the fish meal in growing local chicken's diets had no effect on their BW, FCR, and carcass traits but increased the growth rate and feed consumption.

Keywords: alternative feeds stuff, animals feeding, carcass, indigenous chicken, insect larvae, poultry diets, zootechny.

Assessing farm biosecurity and farmers' knowledge and practices concerning antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in poultry and pig farms in Southern Togo

Research (Published online: 21-07-2022)

17. Assessing farm biosecurity and farmers' knowledge and practices concerning antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in poultry and pig farms in Southern Togo

Andre Pouwedeou Bedekelabou, Essodina Talaki, Koffi Francois-Xavier Dzogbema, Malibida Dolou, Madi Savadogo, Malik Orou Seko and Rianatou Bada Alambedji

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1727-1737

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Several factors contribute to the unusual incidence of antibiotic resistance, which is now a primary public health concern. However, failure in managing preventive and therapeutic antibiotic use on farms is one of the most crucial factors. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the biosecurity of farms, farmers' competence, and practices related to antibiotics and their resistance in poultry and pig rearing in Togo.

Materials and Methods: Through a cross-sectional survey, 121 commercial poultry farmers and 97 commercial pig farmers were questioned to evaluate the biosecurity of farms and farmers' competence and practices related to antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Descriptive analyses, including the evaluation of proportions, were carried out. In addition, results from qualitative factors were evaluated in a defined grid and totaled up to assess cleanliness measures, awareness, and behavior regarding antibiotics and their resistance.

Results: The results demonstrated that most farmers working on poultry farms had a university education, while most working on pig farms had secondary education. Most poultry (69%) and pig (44%) farms were of small sizes (<1000 animals in poultry and <10 animals in pig farming). The footbaths were used in just 51% of poultry farms and 4% of pig farms, respectively, with 37% and 82% of poultry and pig farms having inadequate levels of hygiene. In poultry farms, respiratory issues and periodic decline in egg-laying were the main problems. Simultaneously, skin disorders (scabies) and plagues (African swine fever) were the primary health constraints in pig farming. Tetracycline is the most commonly used antibiotic by farmers. However, in poultry and pig farms, 21% and 67% of farmers were unaware of antibiotics. In addition, 39% and 57% were unaware of antibiotic resistance. Poultry and pig farmers' competence were substantially linked to their education level. Poultry farmers demonstrated better practices, including procuring antibiotics based on veterinary prescriptions (63%) and they knew where antibiotics should be bought (90%). Nevertheless, 43% of farmers asserted unpleasant activities – no application for laboratory testing (93%) and use of antibiotics for prevention (82%). In pig farming, most farmers (69%) reported inadequate incidents of the use of antibiotics.

Conclusion: This study identified a crucial non-compliance with biosecurity measures and good practices toward antibiotic use on many farms. Therefore, training of farmers is mandatory for safe livestock products.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance, antibiotics, biosecurity, knowledge, pig, poultry, practice.

Predicting body weight of Kalahari Red goats from linear body measurements using data mining algorithms

Research (Published online: 21-07-2022)

16. Predicting body weight of Kalahari Red goats from linear body measurements using data mining algorithms

Kwena Mokoena, Kagisho Madikadike Molabe, Mmakosha Cynthia Sekgota and Thobela Louis Tyasi

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1719-1726

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The Kalahari Red goat breed is the finest meat-producing species in South Africa, and its coat color ranges from light to dark red-brown. A practical approach to estimating their body weight (BW) using linear body measurements is still scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the best data mining technique among classification and regression trees (CART), Chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID), and exhaustive CHAID (Ex-CHAID) for predicting the BW of Kalahari Red goats.

Materials and Methods: This study included 50 Kalahari Red goats (does = 42 and bucks = 8) aged 3–5 years. Body length (BL), heart girth (HG), rump height (RH), height at withers (WH), sex, and age were the essential indicators to estimate BW. The best model was chosen based on the goodness of fit, such as adjusted coefficient of determination (Adj. R2), coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), standard deviation ratio (SD ratio), mean absolute percentage error, Akaike information criteria, relative approximation error, and coefficient of variation.

Results: The SD values of the ratio ranged from 0.32 (CART) to 0.40 (Ex-CHAID). The greatest R2 (%) was established for CART (89.23), followed by CHAID (81.99), and the lowest was established for Ex-CHAID (81.70). CART was established as the preferred algorithm with BL, HG, and WH as critical predictors. The heaviest BW (73.50 kg) was established in four goats with BL higher than 92.5 cm.

Conclusion: This study reveals that CART is the optimum model with BL, HG, and WH as the essential linear body measurements for estimating BW for Kalahari Red goats. The updated records will assist the rural farmers in making precise judgments for various objectives, such as marketing, breeding, feeding, and veterinary services in remote areas where weighing scales are unavailable.

Keywords: body length, data mining algorithms, heart girth, rump height, withers height.

In vitro effectiveness of pomegranate extract present in pet oral hygiene products against canine oral bacterial species

Research (Published online: 20-07-2022)

15. In vitro effectiveness of pomegranate extract present in pet oral hygiene products against canine oral bacterial species

Abish S. Stephen, Celine S. Nicolas, Fanny Lloret and Robert P. Allaker

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1714-1718

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Pomegranate is known to possess antibacterial properties, partly because of its punicalagin content. However, its effect on canine oral bacterial species has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the effect of pomegranate extract present in pet dental products on the growth and survival of five canine oral bacterial species in biofilms.

Materials and Methods: Five bacterial species, Neisseria shayeganii, Neisseria canis, Porphyromonas gulae, Porphyromonas macacae, and Porphyromonas crevioricanis, were individually cultured for biofilm formation and exposed to pomegranate extract (or control) for 15 min. Cell survival was analyzed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and was compared between different conditions using a student's t-test. In addition, the individual strains were grown in planktonic suspensions and exposed to serial dilutions of the extract to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration.

Results: At a concentration of 0.035% w/v, the extract significantly reduced the survival of P. gulae (–39%, p < 0.001) and N. canis (–28%, p = 0.08) in biofilms. At similar concentrations, the extract also completely or partially inhibited the growth of N. canis and Porphyromonas spp. in planktonic suspensions, respectively.

Conclusion: The pomegranate extract found in some pet dental products can limit bacterial growth and survival in the biofilms formed by N. canis and P. gulae in vitro. As P. gulae is involved in periodontal disease progression, limiting its proliferation using products containing pomegranate extract could contribute to disease prevention. Further studies on dogs receiving such products are necessary to confirm these effects.

Keywords: dental biofilm, dogs, Neisseria canis, oral hygiene, pomegranate, Porphyromonas gulae.

Effects of intranasal and intramuscular dexmedetomidine in cats receiving total intravenous propofol anesthesia

Research (Published online: 20-07-2022)

14. Effects of intranasal and intramuscular dexmedetomidine in cats receiving total intravenous propofol anesthesia

Kewvaree Hommuang, Panpicha Sattasathuchana and Naris Thengchaisri

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1706-1713

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The efficacy of intranasal (IN) dexmedetomidine in cats as a premedication remains elusive. Thus, this study aimed to compare the perioperative and sparing effects of IN and intramuscular (IM) dexmedetomidine administration on propofol requirements for anesthetic induction in cats.

Materials and Methods: This study randomly assigned 16 cats into two groups of IN or IM dexmedetomidine at 20 μg/kg. Sedation scores and side effects were recorded at time points of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after the dexmedetomidine administration. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous (IV) 1% propofol by titrating a bolus of 2 mg every 45 s and the total dose of the administered IV propofol to achieve endotracheal intubation was recorded.

Results: Cats receiving IM dexmedetomidine were significantly associated with higher sedation scores. All cats were sedated at 20 min after premedication; however, the average composite sedation scores in the IN group were significantly lower than those in the IM group during premedication. Pre-operative side effects, including vomiting, were more frequently observed in the IN group (5 cats, 62.5%) than in the IM group (3 cats, 37.5%; p < 0.05). Higher body temperature (>1°F compared to baseline) was more frequently observed in the IN group (6 cats, 75.0%) than in the IM group (1 cat, 12.5%; p < 0.05). The dosage of required propofol in the IN group was significantly higher (1.1 ± 0.3 mg/kg) than that in the IM group (0.7 ± 0.2 mg/kg; p < 0.05). The duration of general anesthesia was comparable between the groups.

Conclusion: IN dexmedetomidine produces moderate sedation and cats may have side effects, including vomiting and higher body temperature. Higher sparing effects of propofol were identified in the IM group compared with the IN group. Nonetheless, IN administration of dexmedetomidine provides a noninvasive alternative to the IM route.

Keywords: cats, dexmedetomidine, intranasal, propofol, sedative.

Prevalence of Ehrlichia-, Babesia-, and Hepatozoon-infected brown dog ticks in Khon Kaen Province, Northeast Thailand

Research (Published online: 20-07-2022)

13. Prevalence of Ehrlichia-, Babesia-, and Hepatozoon-infected brown dog ticks in Khon Kaen Province, Northeast Thailand

Chatanun Eamudomkarn, Opal Pitaksakulrat, Parichart Boueroy, Sirikanda Thanasuwan, Nattaya Watwiengkam, Atchara Artchayasawat and Thidarut Boonmars

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1699-1705

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, is the most common tick found on domestic dogs in Southeast Asia, including Thailand. Canine tick-borne pathogens are a public health concern worldwide. Tick-borne diseases are diagnosed by identifying pathogens based on the morphological or molecular analyses of dog blood samples. However, the collection of ticks, a non-invasive procedure, is easier than drawing blood. This study aimed to demonstrate the usefulness of collecting brown dog ticks for the diagnosis of tick-borne diseases and for estimating the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens among companion dogs in Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand.

Materials and Methods: Seventy brown dog ticks from 70 companion dogs in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand, were evaluated for molecular evidence of tick-borne pathogens, including Babesia spp., Ehrlichia canis, and Hepatozoon canis. Ticks were collected from dogs at a private animal hospital based on the presence of at least one of the three inclusion criteria: fever, anorexia, or lethargy. Molecular diagnosis was performed using conventional polymerase chain reaction for the detection of pathogens.

Results: Of the 70 ticks collected from 70 sick dogs, 55 (78.57%) were positive for tick-borne pathogens. The most common infection was a single infection with H. canis (65.71%) followed by Babesia spp. (31.43%) and E. canis (30.00%). Coinfection was observed in 14 ticks (20.00%), and coinfection with Babesia spp. and E. canis was the most prevalent double infection (n = 6). The prevalence of coinfection was identical for H. canis mixed with Babesia spp. and H. canis mixed with E. canis (n = 4).

Conclusion: The present study showed that tick-borne pathogens are highly prevalent among companion dogs in Khon Kaen Province. Therefore, we encourage an increase in tick control or the reduction and prevention of tick-borne diseases in this region. Furthermore, this study revealed that ticks are valuable samples for the molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens.

Keywords: brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, tick-borne diseases, tick-borne pathogens.

Determination of multidrug-resistant populations and molecular characterization of complex Klebsiella spp. in wild animals by multilocus sequence typing

Research (Published online: 19-07-2022)

12. Determination of multidrug-resistant populations and molecular characterization of complex Klebsiella spp. in wild animals by multilocus sequence typing

Alessandra Tammy Hayakawa Ito de Sousa, Marco Túlio dos Santos Costa, Stefhano Luis Cândido, Herica Makino, Thais Oliveira Morgado, Lucas Avelino Dandolini Pavelegini, Edson Moleta Colodel, Luciano Nakazato and Valéria Dutra

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1691-1698

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: One of the most significant public health concerns is multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms. Klebsiella spp. have been at the forefront of causing different types of infections such as bacteremia, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, enteritis, and sepsis in humans as well as animals. This study aimed to determine the genomic similarity between Klebsiella spp. isolated from wild animal samples and those described in the Institut Pasteur genomic database to verify the spread of resistant clones regionally in the state of Mato Grosso, and to compare the epidemiological data in different regions of Brazil and the world.

Materials and Methods: Isolates from various sites of injury in wild animals were identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method to verify the resistance profile, and then, multilocus sequence typing was performed to verify the population structure and compare the isolates from other regions of Brazil and the world.

Results: Twenty-three sequence types (STs) were observed; of these, 11 were new STs, as new alleles were detected. There was no predominant ST among the isolates. All isolates were MDR, with high rates of resistance to sulfonamides, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and nitrofurantoin and low resistance to meropenem, imipenem, and amikacin.

Conclusion: Improving our understanding of the population structure of Klebsiella spp. in wild animals may help determine the source of infection during outbreaks in humans or animals, as the One Health concept emphasizes the interlinks between humans, animals, and environmental health.

Keywords: antimicrobial, Klebsiella, multidrug resistance, multilocus sequence typing, susceptibility, wild animals.

Surveillance of the spread of avian influenza virus type A in live bird markets in Tripoli, Libya, and determination of the associated risk factors

Research (Published online: 16-07-2022)

11. Surveillance of the spread of avian influenza virus type A in live bird markets in Tripoli, Libya, and determination of the associated risk factors

Abdulwahab Kammon, Mosbah Doghman and Ibrahim Eldaghayes

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1684-1690

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Studies on avian influenza virus (AIV) in Libya are few and limited. This study aimed to determine the presence of AIV in live bird markets (LBMs) in Tripoli and determine the risk factors associated with AIV spread.

Materials and Methods: In total, 269 cloacal swabs were randomly collected from different bird species in 9 LBMs located in Tripoli and its surrounding regions. The target species were ducks, geese, local chickens, Australian chickens, Brahma chickens, turkeys, pigeons, quails, peacock broiler chicks, and pet birds. Total RNA was extracted from the swab samples and used for real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect AIV type A.

Results: Of the 269 samples, 28 (10.41% of total samples) were positive for AIV type A. The LBMs with positive samples were Souq Aljumaa, Souq Alkhamees, Souq Althulatha, and Souq Tajoura. The highest percentage (35.71%) of AIV was recorded in Souq Aljumaa. Positive results for AIV type A were obtained primarily in three species of birds: Ducks (14/65; highest percentage: 21.5%), local chickens (12/98; 12.24%), and geese (2/28; 7.14%). Furthermore, the following three risk factors associated with the spread of AIV type A were identified: Time spent by breeders/vendors at the market (odds ratio [OR] = 11.181; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.827–32.669), methods used for disposing dead birds (OR = 2.356; 95% CI = 1.005–5.521), and last visited LBM (OR = 0.740; 95% CI = 0.580–0.944). Restricting the movement of poultry vendors from one market to another may protect against AIV spread.

Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate the high risk of AIV spread in LBMs and highlight the need for continuous surveillance of LBMs across the country.

Keywords: avian influenza, live birds market, risk factors, Tripoli.

First study on response of astrocytes in alevines of red-bellied pacu (Piaractus brachypomus) to subchronic exposure to chlorpyrifos and trichlorfon

Research (Published online: 14-07-2022)

10. First study on response of astrocytes in alevines of red-bellied pacu (Piaractus brachypomus) to subchronic exposure to chlorpyrifos and trichlorfon

Gisella Karina Holguín-Céspedes, Ángel Enrique Céspedes-Rubio and Iang S. Rondón-Barragán

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1676-1683

Background and Aim: Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) used in agricultural production pose environmental and public health risks whenever non-target organisms are exposed to them. Oxon-type OPs, such as trichlorfon (TCF) and chlorpyrifos (CPF), are frequently used in Colombia and have been detected in water bodies in the vicinity of croplands; however, their effect on aquatic organisms, especially fish, is largely unknown. The neurotoxicity of OPs includes inhibition of esterase enzymes, neuronal damage, and increased glial reactivity. This study aimed to assess the astrocytic response in the brain tissue of juvenile red-bellied pacu (Piaractus brachypomus) exposed to TCF and CPF.

Materials and Methods: A 25-day subchronic assay was conducted in which juvenile red-bellied pacu were exposed to CPF and TCF. After 25 days of exposure, the fish were killed and brain samples were collected and processed for immunohistochemistry to assess the morphology and reactivity of astrocytes; glial acidic fibrillary protein was used as a biomarker.

Results: The brain samples from animals under subchronic exposure to OPs for 25 days showed higher cellular density as well as changes in astrocyte phenotype characterized by shortening of cytoplasmic projections, hypertrophy, and ameboid morphology compared to those from nonexposed animals. Similarly, astrocyte hyperreactivity was detected in the optic tectum and medial longitudinal fasciculus of the exposed group.

Conclusion: Immunoreactivity of brain glial cells under subchronic exposure to OPs measured through immunohistochemical tests as well as OPs-induced neuropathology may be useful as a biomarker for monitoring environmental pollution. The results also indicate that P. brachypomus is a suitable biomonitoring model for studying neurotoxicological and neurodegenerative diseases.

Keywords: astrocytes, fish, neurotoxicity, organophosphates, toxicity biomarkers.

Effect of estrous cycle phases on gene expression in bovine oviduct epithelial cells

Research (Published online: 14-07-2022)

9. Effect of estrous cycle phases on gene expression in bovine oviduct epithelial cells

Ricaurte Lopera-Vásquez, Fabián Uribe-García and Iang Rondón-Barragán

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1665-1675

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The oviduct environment is of particular importance because it is the site of fertilization and early embryo development. The oviduct, as a component of the reproductive system, responds to ovarian hormone (estradiol [E2] and progesterone [P4]) stimuli depending on the estrous cycle phase. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of estrous cycle phases (follicular and early and late luteal phases) on gene expression patterns in bovine oviduct epithelial cells (BOECs).

Materials and Methods: Oviducts were obtained from healthy slaughterhouse animals, corresponding to ipsilateral ovaries with dominant follicles or corpus luteum during early and late luteal phases. BOECs were recovered from the isthmus (IST) and ampulla (AMP), and the expression patterns of genes related to cytokinesis and mitosis mechanisms (rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase and cellular communication network factor 2 [CCN2]), growth factors (insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3, epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR], vascular endothelial growth factor A, and EGFR), antioxidant mechanisms (glutathione peroxidase 4 [GPX4]), apoptosis (B-cell lymphoma 2), complement component (C3), energy metabolism (aldose reductase gene family 1-member b1 [AKRIB1] and solute carrier family 2), hormone receptors (estrogen receptor 1 and luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor), and specific glycoproteins (oviductal glycoprotein 1) were analyzed.

Results: High P4 levels (late luteal phase) affected the expression of important genes related to antioxidant mechanisms (GPX4), energy metabolism (AKRIB1), growth factors (IGBP3 and EGFR), and cell growth regulation (CCN2) in the AMP. Low P4 levels (early luteal phase) affected the expression of AKR1B1, IGBP3, and CCN2. In addition, estrogen likely had an effect on OVPGP expression in the cattle oviduct.

Conclusion: Differential gene expression patterns of BOECs in the AMP during the luteal phase (antioxidant mechanisms, energy metabolism, growth factors, and immunological regulators) and in the IST during the follicular phase (glycoproteins) may influence their renewal and population proportions, modulating the oviduct environment as well as gamete and embryo physiology.

Keywords: bovine oviduct epithelial cells, estrus phase, follicular, gene expression, luteal, oviduct.