Effects of dietary betaine on body temperature indices, performance, metabolism, and hematological variables of dairy heifer calves during hot summer conditions

Research (Published online: 14-07-2022)

8. Effects of dietary betaine on body temperature indices, performance, metabolism, and hematological variables of dairy heifer calves during hot summer conditions

Mohmmad Al-Qaisi, Mohamed A. Abedal-Majed, Mohannad Abuajamieh, Mufeed Alnimer, Abdur-Rahman A. Al-Fataftah, Rabie Irshaid, Hosam Titi and Anas Abdelqader

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1657-1664

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Heat stress (HS) can negatively impact farm animal productivity and adversely affect animal welfare worldwide, placing a major financial burden on global livestock producers. Dietary betaine (trimethylglycine) has been known to have several biological functions, which may aid in offering beneficial effects on livestock productivity during HS conditions. However, information on the role of dietary betaine in heat-stressed dairy heifer calves is yet to be documented. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of supplementing dietary betaine on body temperature indices, blood metabolites, productive performance, and complete blood count (CBC) (hematological indices) in hyperthermic dairy heifer calves.

Materials and Methods: In total, 14 Holstein heifer calves (4.0 ± 0.9 months old) were individually housed and randomly allocated to one of two dietary treatments: (1) a control diet (CON; n = 7) and (2) a control diet complemented with 21 g/d of natural betaine (BET; n = 7) top-dressed once daily. The experiment lasted for 28 d, during which all animals were subjected to natural cyclic HS conditions (26.1–39.2°C; 73.2–84.0 temperature–humidity index). Rectal temperature (RT) and respiration rate (RR) were measured twice daily (0700 and 1500 h), whereas dry matter intake (DMI) was measured once daily (0800 h). In addition, blood samples (collected from the jugular vein) were analyzed for metabolites and CBC on days 7, 14, 21, and 28.

Results: Relative to CON, BET supplementation was able to decrease RT on day 23 of the experiment (p = 0.04). Alternatively, RR was similar between the dietary treatments (p = 0.73). Feeding BET did not affect DMI compared with CON during HS conditions (p = 0.48). Furthermore, compared with CON, BET supplementation did not change leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and hematocrit levels during HS conditions (p ≥ 0.17). However, a post hoc analysis indicated that hematocrit levels were decreased in BET-fed calves on day 7 of the study compared with CON calves during HS conditions (p = 0.05). Moreover, circulating glucose, albumin, and triglycerides were found to be similar between dietary treatments (p ≥ 0.55).

Conclusion: BET supplementation slightly reduced RT and circulating hematocrit but did not affect other metrics in this HS experiment. More research into the effects of different doses of dietary BET on dairy heifer calves is needed.

Keywords: betaine, dairy calves, heat stress.

Identification of cellulolytic lactic acid bacteria from the intestines of laying hens given AKBISprob based on 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene analysis

Research (Published online: 14-07-2022)

7. Identification of cellulolytic lactic acid bacteria from the intestines of laying hens given AKBISprob based on 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene analysis

Nurliana Nurliana, Baharuddin Halim Siregar, Wahyu Eka Sari, Teuku Zahrial Helmi and Sugito Sugito

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1650-1656

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Supplementation of AKBISprob (developed in a previous study) in feed can improve production efficiency and poultry health, especially laying hens. In addition, it can also increase cellulolytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in chicken intestines, but these bacteria are still unknown; thus, they need to be identified. This study aimed to identify cellulolytic LAB in the intestines of laying hens administered AKBISprob based on 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) gene analysis.

Materials and Methods: The samples used in this study were 13 LAB isolates from the intestines of laying hens that were given AKBISprob 4%. Cellulolytic LAB DNA was isolated and 16S rRNA gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, followed by sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, and phylogenetic tree construction.

Results: From 10 cellulolytic LAB isolates with a clear zone of >6 mm, four were selected and their DNA was amplified with BaCF and UniB primers ∼1500 bp DNA fragments. Of these, the P31H62 isolate was genetically close to Enterococcus hirae strain 1-1X-16 with 92.90% maximum identity, the P33S52 isolate had homology with Enterococcus mundtii strain ZU 26 with 96.76% maximum identity, and the P33S62 isolate was closely related to E. hirae strain SJ3 with 72.96% maximum identity. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the cellulolytic LAB isolates P31H62 and P33S52 were in one cluster closely related to the genus Enterococcus.

Conclusion: This study suggests that the isolates P31H62, P33S62, and P33S52 from the intestines of laying hens administered 4% AKBISprob are cellulolytic LAB belonging to the genus Enterococcus.

Keywords: 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid, AKBISprob, Enterococcus, phylogenetic tree, polymerase chain reaction.

Assessment of selected molecular factors and 17-β estradiol dosage in response to Toxoplasma gondii infection in swine

Research (Published online: 13-07-2022)

6. Assessment of selected molecular factors and 17-β estradiol dosage in response to Toxoplasma gondii infection in swine

Annamaria Castello, Esterina Fazio, Tiziana Alfonzetti, Renato Paolo Giunta, Antonio Salvaggio, Alida Maria Ferlazzo, Cristina Cravana, Giuseppe Bruschetta, Pietro Medica and Anna Maria Fausta Marino

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1641-1649

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Toxoplasma gondii is a global zoonotic parasite infecting virtually all warm-blooded species, although a species-specific variability is evident referring to symptoms frame. Both the success of T. gondii and the outcome of infection depend on a delicate balance between host cellular pathways and the evasion or modulation strategies elicited by the parasite. The hormonal and molecular mechanisms involved in this delicate host-parasite balance are still unclear, especially when considering intermediate host species other than mouse. This study aimed to assess any correlation between T. gondii infection and selected molecular and hormonal factors involved in responses to infection in susceptible species such as swine. Moreover, blood counts and hematochemical assays (glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides dosage) were performed to evaluate the overall health condition of animals.

Materials and Methods: Toxoplasmosis was diagnosed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies determination and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for T. gondii DNA detection. Target genes coding for key factors of cell responses to T. gondii infection were selected, and their transcription was assessed in various tissues by quantitative RT-PCR. 17-β estradiol concentrations were assessed by fluorimetric enzyme-linked immunoassay and the AIA- 360 automated immunoassay analyzer. Blood count and hematochemical analyses were performed by a blood cell counter and a spectrophotometer, respectively.

Results: The present research highlighted significant differences among infected and uninfected swine (control group) for both transcription profiles of some of the molecular factors considered and 17-β estradiol concentrations. Referring to the assessed hematological and biochemical parameters, no statistically significant differences were observed in infected swine compared to the control group.

Conclusion: Our results contribute to the enrichment of data available about the subject and could be useful for a deeper knowledge of the interaction between this parasite and its hosts. However, more aspects are still unclear, such as the effective response of downstream molecules from the same pathways to the variation of factors observed in this study either assessing how the same factors respond to Toxoplasma gondii infection in other host speciesand further analyses should be performed on other host species.

Keywords: biomarkers, host-parasite interaction, swine, Toxoplasma gondii.

Effect of leptin C528T and leptin C73T polymorphisms and pregnancy on adipose tissue formation and carcass grade in Aberdeen Angus heifers and first-calf cows

Research (Published online: 08-07-2022)

5. Effect of leptin C528T and leptin C73T polymorphisms and pregnancy on adipose tissue formation and carcass grade in Aberdeen Angus heifers and first-calf cows

K. M. Dzhulamanov, S. V. Lebedev, Nikolay Gerasimov and V. I. Kolpakov

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1632-1640

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The leptin (LEP) gene plays a role in the regulation of the activity required to obtain food, energy metabolism, and fat deposition and affects the body composition of animals. Lipogenesis is an ineffective process. A lot of energy from feed is expended on the synthesis of adipose tissue. This study aimed to determine the effect of LEP C528T and LEP C73T polymorphisms and pregnancy on adipose tissue formation and carcass grade in Aberdeen Angus heifers and first-calf cows.

Materials and Methods: Heifers (n = 49) and first-calf cows (n = 30) were grouped according to their genotype for LEP C528T and LEP C73T polymorphisms at the age of 24 months. DNA samples were isolated from whole blood. Experimental animals were slaughtered at the age of 24 months, and a chemical analysis of samples of longissimus dorsi muscle and ground beef was performed.

Results: The maximum internal fat weight, back-fat thickness, and fat content of the longissimus dorsi muscle and ground beef were determined in heifers heterozygous for both LEP C528T and LEP C73T polymorphisms. The ranking of genotypes in terms of adipose tissue formation did not change in first-calf cows compared to heifers carrying the same LEP gene variants. Pregnancy had a more significant (p < 0.05–0.001) effect on slaughter parameters and lipogenesis in animals of different genotypes than studied polymorphisms. Heterozygosity of the LEP gene was much more strongly expressed in the carcass grade of heifers. "Prime" grades were assigned to 66.7% of carcasses heterozygous for LEP C528T and "Top Choice" to 58.8% of carcasses with LEP C73T nucleotide substitutions.

Conclusion: LEP C528T and LEP C73T polymorphisms were shown to affect the extent of fat formation in Aberdeen Angus heifers and first-calf cows. Animals with heterozygous genotypes exhibited the maximum development of internal fat, back-fat, and intramuscular fat. Pregnancy had a more significant effect on slaughter parameters and adipose tissue formation than studied polymorphisms. First-calf cows had a significantly lower fat content in carcasses than heifers. These results can aid in the production of efficient mature herds of Aberdeen Angus cattle.

Keywords: Aberdeen Angus, beef cattle, genotyping, leptin, polymorphism.

First report of three novel Bartonella species isolated in rodents and shrews from nine provinces of Thailand

Research (Published online: 08-07-2022)

4. First report of three novel Bartonella species isolated in rodents and shrews from nine provinces of Thailand

Decha Pangjai, Burin Nimsuphan, Wimol Petkanchanapong, Wattanapong Wootta, Maskiet Boonyareth, Wuttikon Rodkvamtook and Sumalee Boonmar

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1624-1631

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Bartonella spp. are Gram-negative zoonotic bacteria that are transmitted to humans by several types of animal hosts, including rodents. Several studies have been conducted on the prevalence of Bartonella infections in rodents. However, the risk of rodent-associated Bartonella spp. infection in humans remains unclear. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and genetic heterogeneity of Bartonella spp. in rodents and shrews from nine provinces of Thailand using culture and molecular techniques.

Materials and Methods: A total of 860 blood samples from rodents and shrews across nine provinces of Thailand were collected from January 2013 to June 2016. Bartonella spp. were isolated from all samples using conventional culture techniques and polymerase chain reaction. Phylogenetic tree analysis was used to align the Bartonella sequences obtained from this study.

Results: The prevalence of Bartonella spp. in rodents and shrews was 11.5% (99/860, 95% confidence interval: 9.38–13.64%). The following nine species of Bartonella were detected: Bartonella tribocorum, Bartonella rattimassiliensis, Bartonella queenslandensis, Bartonella elizabethae, Bartonella chanthaburi spp. nov., Bartonella satun spp. nov., Bartonella coopersplainsensis, Bartonella ranong spp. nov., and Bartonella henselae. The prevalence of Bartonella-positive animals differed significantly among provinces.

Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, the three novel Bartonella spp. isolated from rodents and shrews across Thailand were detected for the first time in this study. Further studies on the epidemiology of Bartonella infection in rodents and its interaction with human health should be conducted in accordance with the Thai government's "One Health" approach to humans, animals, and the environment.

Keywords: Bartonella spp., phylogenetic analysis, polymerase chain reaction, rodents.

Immunogenicity of a newly developed vaccine against Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin in rabbits and cattle

Research (Published online: 07-07-2022)

3. Immunogenicity of a newly developed vaccine against Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin in rabbits and cattle

Mohamed J. Saadh, Feras F. Lafi, Adnan A. Dahadha and Mohamed S. Albannan

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1617-1623

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Clostridium perfringens type A is an anaerobic bacterium that produces four major toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon, and iota) that cause various diseases. Most of the important C. perfringens-associated diseases of farm animals are caused by alpha-toxin. This study aimed to produce a vaccine against alpha-toxin using C. perfringens type A (ATCC 13124) and investigate its potency, stability, and safety.

Materials and Methods: The vaccine was formulated of its constituents for 1 h. Each milliliter of the final vaccine product contained alpha toxoid 15 lecithovitellinase activity (Lv) by adding (0.375 mL containing 40 Lv) and approximately 0.2 mL from 3% concentrated aluminum hydroxide gel, <0.001% W/V thiomersal, <0.05% W/V formaldehyde, and nearly 0.425 mL phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2). The vaccine efficacy was evaluated in rabbits and cattle by performing potency, stability, and safety tests.

Results: The vaccine produced approximately 8.8 and 4.9 IU/mL neutralizing antibodies in rabbits and cattle, respectively. These concentrations were higher than the lowest concentration recommended by various international protocols and the United States Department of Agriculture by 2.20-fold in rabbits and 1.23-fold in cattle. Interestingly, the formulated vaccine enhanced immune responses by 1.80-fold in rabbits compared with that in cattle; the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). The vaccine was stable for 30 months. In vaccinated rabbits, the body temperature slightly increased temporarily during the first 10 h of vaccination; however, the temperature difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: This study describes a manufacturing process to obtain sufficient amounts of a vaccine against C. perfringens alpha-toxin. The formulated vaccine effectively elicited a higher level of neutralizing antibody response than the international standards. Furthermore, the vaccine was found to be stable, safe, and effective in preventing C. perfringens-related diseases in rabbits and cattle. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of this vaccine in other farm animals.

Keywords: alpha-toxin, Clostridium perfringens A, potency, safety, stability, toxoid.

Analysis of peste des petits ruminants virus spread and the risk of its introduction into the territory of the Russian Federation

Research (Published online: 07-07-2022)

2. Analysis of peste des petits ruminants virus spread and the risk of its introduction into the territory of the Russian Federation

Valeriy Alexandrovich Agoltsov, Dmitry Vasilievich Podshibyakin, Larisa Pavlovna Padilo, Oleg Yurievich Chernykh, Olga Mikhailovna Popova, Lyudmila Victorovna Stupina and Nataliya Victorovna Solotova

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1610-1616

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study examines methods to effectively control peste des petits ruminants (PPR), an emerging, highly contagious, transboundary disease that has been designated as a highly dangerous disease by the World Organization for Animal Health. Mathematical modeling was used as a predictive and preventive tool to assess the risk of PPR virus spread in the model area and the probability of its introduction into the territory of the Russian Federation.

Materials and Methods: PPR risk assessment was performed by modeling the pathogen's ecological niche by performing linear regression analysis in the geographic information system ESRI ArcGIS Desktop and maximum entropy methods using MaxEnt software. The territories of Bangladesh, China, and Algeria were used as model countries because they have the highest number of confirmed PPR outbreaks, as reported by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations from 2009 to 2020. The prepared global model of the PPR pathogen's ecological niche was extrapolated onto the territory of the Far Eastern regions of the Russian Federation to assess the probability of virus introduction in that region.

Results: Global model analysis showed that two factors exerted the highest influence on the spread of the PPR pathogen on a global scale: The minimum temperature of the coldest month of the year and the density of roads per unit area, which reflect the overall economic activity within a region. The highest risk of PPR spread was observed in areas with a minimum annual temperature of 16°C and road density of 5000 m/km2.

Conclusion: According to the model, areas with a dominant subtropical climate, where small livestock breeding is performed and where the average daily air temperature is >0°C throughout the year, are at the highest risk of PPR outbreaks. The risk of PPR spreading outside these areas is significantly reduced. Local extrapolation of the PPR ecological niche model demonstrates that the probability of epizootic development does not exceed 3–4% within the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation adjacent to Mongolia and China.

Keywords: ecological niche, environmental factors, goat, linear regression model, maximum entropy model, peste des petits ruminants, sheep, species distribution.

Risk factors and clinical and laboratory findings associated with feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus infections in Bangkok, Thailand

Research (Published online: 05-07-2022)

1. Risk factors and clinical and laboratory findings associated with feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus infections in Bangkok, Thailand

Oumaporn Rungsuriyawiboon, Thitichai Jarudecha, Supa Hannongbua, Kiattawee Choowongkomon, Chaiwat Boonkaewwan and Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn

Veterinary World, 15(7): 1601-1609

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are retroviruses associated with chronic and neoplastic diseases in domestic and non-domestic cats. There has been increasing interest in the clinical importance of feline retroviruses in Thailand and the identification of associated risk factors in domestic cats. To prevent the spread of retroviral diseases and improve the management of retrovirus-infected cats, risk factors and associated clinical laboratory data must be clearly understood. This study aimed to identify the influence of household, lifestyle, health status, sterilization, clinical presentations, and laboratory findings on FIV- and FeLV-infected cats in Bangkok, Thailand.

Materials and Methods: A total of 480 cats were evaluated for FeLV p27 antigen and FIV antibodies using Witness FeLV-FIV Rapid Test and SNAP FIV/FeLV Combo Test at a veterinary hospital service.

Results: Of the 480 cats tested, 113 were positivefor virus infection, including 60 for FeLV (12.5%), 40 for FIV (8.3%), and 13 for both FeLV and FIV (2.7%). The findings revealed that the risk factors for cats infected with FeLV, FIV, or both FeLV and FIV were significantly different compared with those for non-infected cats (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that multi-cat ownership is a risk factor for the high prevalence of feline retrovirus infection, as multi-cat households exhibited a higher prevalence of infection than single-cat households. Anemic and sick cats were also at a greater risk of testing positive for specific retrovirus infections. FeLV-infected cats had a higher risk of anemia and low erythrocyte and thrombocyte counts (p ≤ 0.0001), whereas FIV-infected cats were more likely to have anemia and leukocytopenia than controls.

Conclusion: Knowledge of the risk factors for retroviral diseases and associated clinical and laboratory findings can be used to develop strategies to reduce FIV and FeLV infections in cats.

Keywords: feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, hematology, risk factors, serum biochemistry.

Cystatin C assay validation using the immunoturbidimetric method to evaluate the renal function of healthy dogs and dogs with acute renal injury

Research (Published online: 30-06-2022)

25. Cystatin C assay validation using the immunoturbidimetric method to evaluate the renal function of healthy dogs and dogs with acute renal injury

Fabiola de Oliveira Paes-Leme, Eliana Matias de Souza, Mariah Gois Ceregatti, Marco Túlio Gomes Campos, Patricia Donado Vaz de Melo and Adriane Pimenta da Costa-Val

Veterinary World, 15(6): 1595-1600

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with a grave prognosis. A clinical assessment of kidney function can be performed based on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Cystatin C (CysC) can indicate the GFR or kidney function and its measurement is currently performed using immunological methods such as nephelometry, immunoturbidimetry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in human medicine. However, these techniques are not specific for use in veterinary medicine. This study aimed to validate an immunoturbidimetric assay for serum CysC (sCy) in dogs, determine the sCy reference intervals for healthy dogs, evaluate sCy stability in serum samples, and compare sCy with serum creatinine (sCr) in healthy dogs and dogs with AKI.

Materials and Methods: Forty-three dogs were divided into a control group (n = 19) and an AKI group (n = 24). An immunoturbidimetric method including commercially available human CysC calibrated with canine CysC was used to evaluate canine serum samples.

Results: An average recovery of 97% was observed for canine serum samples. The reference interval for CysC in healthy dogs was 0.57–1.29 mg/L. The sCy concentration in dogs with AKI was significantly higher (2.82 ± 1.46 mg/L) than in healthy dogs (0.93 ± 0.18 mg/L). Statistical analysis confirmed a strong correlation between sCy and sCr (r = 0.94; p < 0.05) in dogs with AKI.

Conclusion: The immunoturbidimetric method of evaluating sCy yielded satisfactory results and can be used for canine samples when a species-specific calibrator is used. Furthermore, sCy is a reliable marker of renal dysfunction in dogs. It is best to store samples for sCy evaluation at temperatures between 4°C and 8°C.

Keywords: canine, immunoturbidimetry, kidney.

Seroprevalence and risk factors of bluetongue virus in sheep of Chattogram, Bangladesh

Research (Published online: 30-06-2022)

24. Seroprevalence and risk factors of bluetongue virus in sheep of Chattogram, Bangladesh

Tahura Khanam Munmun, Shariful Islam, Shafayat Zamil, Md. Ashiqur Rahman, Josefina Abedin, Abdul Ahad and Ariful Islam

Veterinary World, 15(6): 1589-1594

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contagious, infectious disease of wild and domestic ruminant animals caused by the BT virus (BTV). Bangladesh having a border with a BTV-endemic country, India and a substantial number of susceptible animals. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate BTV seroprevalence and potential risk factors.

Materials and Methods: We collected 150 serum samples from indigenous sheep from Chattogram, Bangladesh. We screened the serum samples using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting BTV-specific immunoglobulin.

Results: We detected antibodies against BTV in 39.3% (59/150; 95% confidence interval: 31.5–47.6) of all sampled sheep. Factors like sampling site, sheep rearing location, rearing sheep with other farm species, and body condition score had a significant (p < 0.05) influence on the seroprevalence of BTV.

Conclusion: The findings show that indigenous sheep have a higher BTV seroprevalence, necessitating sustained surveillance for early diagnosis and a better understanding of virus epidemiology in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Bangladesh, bluetongue virus, risk factors, seroprevalence, sheep.

Molecular identification of lactic acid bacteria SR6 strain and evaluation of its activity as an anticancer in T47D cell line

Research (Published online: 29-06-2022)

23. Molecular identification of lactic acid bacteria SR6 strain and evaluation of its activity as an anticancer in T47D cell line

Ida Bagus Ngurah Swacita, I. Wayan Suardana, I. Gusti Ngurah Sudisma and Hevi Wihadmadyatami

Veterinary World, 15(6): 1583-1588

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women because it attacks the productive age. Preliminary studies showed that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strain SR6 from the Bali cattle colon has the potential to act as a superior probiotic. It is also assumed that its bacteriocin structure is specific and has a strong relationship with the specificity of the ligand and its biological activity at a receptor. Therefore, this study aims to assess the use of local LAB strains, which produce bacteriocins as anticancer agents, as well as to identify the bacteria as potent producers molecularly.

Materials and Methods: The study was initiated by cultivating LAB SR6 strain from stock isolates on De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (Oxoid, CM 0369, England) broth media. It was then confirmed molecularly through analysis of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene. Subsequently, its anticancer activity was tested by assessing the cytotoxic activity in T47D cell culture using the 3-(4, 5 dimetiltiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (Invitrogen M6494, US) method.

Results: The results showed that the LAB strain SR6 was identified molecularly as Pediococcus pentosaceus. Furthermore, it had a toxic effect on T47D cells, which was indicated by the number of deaths after treatment with the extracellular protein of the strain, especially at the 50% total cell volume level.

Conclusion: Based on the toxic effect of the strain on human T47D cells, the LAB SR6 isolate, which was identified as P. pentosaceus has the potential to be developed as a good anticancer drug against breast cancer. However, there is a need to carry out an integrated study to fully explore the suitability of bacteriocins as in vivo therapeutics against the disease completely.

Keywords: apoptosis, breast cancer, lactic acid bacteria SR6 strain, necrosis.

Health comparison between guinea pigs raised in uncontrolled and controlled environments

Research (Published online: 29-06-2022)

22. Health comparison between guinea pigs raised in uncontrolled and controlled environments

Laksmindra Fitria, Nastiti Wijayanti, Tuty Arisuryanti and Siti Isrina Oktavia Salasia

Veterinary World, 15(6): 1575-1582

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Guinea pigs (GPs) (Cavia porcellus) are not only kept as pets but also widely used in biological and biomedical research. At present, GPs are also used as a species for animal-assisted therapy (AAT). Consequently, assessing their health status is vital to determining their quality of life, usability for research, and prevention of spread of potential zoonotic diseases to patients using them for AAT. GPs are mainly sourced from animal markets supplied by traditional farms, where environmental factors and sanitation are not properly controlled. This study aimed to compare health status between GPs raised in uncontrolled (conventional farm) and controlled (animal facility) environments.

Materials and Methods: Sample animals were obtained from a local animal market and transported to an animal facility. After 1 week of acclimatization, the health status of the animals, including general health condition, body weight, body temperature, complete blood count, liver function (alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin), renal function (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine), and presence of ectoparasites and endoparasites, was assessed. Then, the animals were maintained in the animal facility following the standard procedure for laboratory animals. After 2 months, the animals' health status was re-examined, assessing the same parameters.

Results: Based on the evaluated parameters, GPs raised in an uncontrolled environment were found to have poorer health status than those raised in a controlled environment. There were significant differences in almost all parameters between GPs raised in controlled and uncontrolled environments. We found that the populations of two ectoparasites, Gyropus ovalis and Gliricola porcelli, and one endoparasite, Eimeria caviae>, decreased significantly following the movement of the animals from an uncontrolled to a controlled environment.

Conclusion: GPs raised in an uncontrolled environment have poor health status. However, a controlled environment with better care management can improve the health status of GPs.

Keywords: clinical biochemistry, environment, guinea pig, health status, hematology, parasites.

Using bioelectrical impedance analysis for modeling regression and predicting body fat accumulation in dogs in East Thailand

Research (Published online: 28-06-2022)

21. Using bioelectrical impedance analysis for modeling regression and predicting body fat accumulation in dogs in East Thailand

Peera Arreesrisom, Thanmaporn Phichitrasilp, Nattakarn Naimon, Supochana Charoensin, Worawut Rerkamnuaychoke, Jumrueang Panpiansil and Thitichai Jarudecha

Veterinary World, 15(6): 1566-1574

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Obesity in dogs leads to several health problems, such as premature death, and contributes to other diseases. Recently, body fat percentage has been considered to represent the body condition of dogs, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is the most effective method for accurately measuring body fat in dogs. In Thailand, information on the body condition of dogs is limited, and there is no standard body fat level for Thai or mongrel dogs. This study was designed to evaluate and analyze the body fat percentage in dogs through BIA using a handheld instrument. The results of this study can help enhance the quality of life and health of dogs and aid in setting a standard body fat level for Thai or mongrel dogs.

Materials and Methods: The body fat percentage of 340 Thai and mongrel dogs in East Thailand was measured in the standing position, and the body condition score (BCS) (range, 1–5), sex, sterilization status, age, type of diet, and lifestyle were recorded. A linear regression model was developed to compare the variables and the predicted body fat percentage, and multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the factors for body fat increment.

Results: The linear regression model used to estimate the percentage of body fat (y) for each BCS (x) was y = 0.84 + 8.36x (R2 = 0.7219; p < 0.0001); the average body fat percentage was 27.52% for all studied dogs; specifically, 24.83% for the Thai Bangkaew, 26.42% for the Thai Ridgeback, and 27.65% for mongrels. The median body fat percentage was significantly higher in female than in male dogs. We found that as age increases, body fat percentage also increases; this increasing trend begins at the age of 5 years. However, increasing the level of activity and decreasing meal frequency leads to an increase in body fat percentage in neutered male dogs.

Conclusion: The average body fat percentage of dogs in East Thailand is 27.52% and this value is expected to increase when these dogs reach the age of 5 years. BIA is a valid and effective measurement tool for detecting the body fat percentage in dogs.

Keywords: bioelectric impedance analysis, body fat, dog, Thailand.

First report of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Infantis in broiler litter in Tolima, Colombia

Research (Published online: 28-06-2022)

20. First report of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Infantis in broiler litter in Tolima, Colombia

Mayra A. Bonilla-Caballero, María P. Lozano-Puentes, María A. Ospina and Maryeimy Varón-López

Veterinary World, 15(6): 1557-1565

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Salmonella has been identified as one of the most widely distributed zoonotic pathogens in broiler litter. Multidrug-resistant strains have been isolated from salmonellosis outbreaks, compromising the success of their treatment. This study aimed to isolate and identify Salmonella spp. serovars in healthy broiler litter in Tolima (Colombia), determine their resistance to different antimicrobials, and detect genes associated with β-lactam resistance that could be useful to control Salmonella spp. in poultry.

Materials and Methods: In total, 45 broiler litter samples were collected. Salmonella spp. was isolated and identified using selective and differential culture media and biochemical tests. Molecular confirmation of the pathogen was performed with the invA gene and serotyping by Kauffman–White scheme. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 15 antibiotics was determined by Kirby–Bauer method. In cefotaxime-resistant strains, blaCTX-M-F, blaCTX-M-1, blaCMY, and blaTEM genes were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results: In total, 817 presumptive strains were obtained from xylose lysine deoxycholate and Salmonella Shigella agars and subcultured on xylose-lysine-tergitol 4 and MacConkey agars, from which 150 strains were isolated; 29 of these strains were presumptive for Salmonella spp. after performing biochemical tests and 16 were confirmed by PCR as Salmonella Infantis (15) and Gallinarum (1). All strains were found to be multiresistant to antibiotics, showing three different profiles and isolates resistant to cefotaxime, and the blaCTX-M gene was detected.

Conclusion: This is the first study to isolate S. Infantis from broiler litter in Colombia. All isolates exhibited resistance to the evaluated antimicrobials, suggesting the misuse of antimicrobials in small- and medium-sized poultry farms. The presence of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis is a public health problem. Thus, regular monitoring of poultry litter is recommended, as these bacteria can be transmitted to humans through animal products or contaminated environments.

Keywords: antibiotics, cefotaxime, poultry, Salmonella.

Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine herpesvirus 1 in dairy herds of Colombia

Research (Published online: 27-06-2022)

19. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine herpesvirus 1 in dairy herds of Colombia

Aura Daniela Ortiz-González, H. Alexander Lopez Buitrago, Diana María Bulla-Castañeda, D. Johana Lancheros-Buitrago, Diego Jose Garcia-Corredor, Adriana Maria Díaz-Anaya, Julio Cesar Tobón-Torreglosa, Diego Ortiz-Ortega and Martín Orlando Pulido-Medellín

Veterinary World, 15(6): 1550-1556

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is an infectious disease widely distributed globally and is considered the main cause of various reproductive and respiratory tract diseases in cattle and buffaloes. This study aimed to estimate seroprevalence and determine risk factors associated with the presentation of IBR in the municipality of Sotaquirá, Boyacá (Colombia).

Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study with simple random sampling was performed, and the sample size was 1,000 cattle. Blood samples were obtained by coccygeal venipuncture and processed through indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the Synbiotics® kit (Zoetis, New Jersey, USA) with a sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 98%, respectively. Data were processed using the statistical program EpiInfo® (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, Georgia).

Results: A high seroprevalence of 57.5% was established. Seroprevalence was the highest in cattle >4 years of age (65.0% apparent seroprevalence [AS]; 67% true seroprevalence [TS]) and in the Holstein breed (65.5% AS; 67.8% TS). The breed and age of the animals were significantly associated with each other. The Holstein breed, age group >4 years, uncertified semen, and fetal death were established as risk factors for IBR. In comparison, the age groups of <1 and 1–2 years and the Normande breed were established as protective factors against the bovine herpesvirus-1 virus.

Conclusion: Management factors, such as livestock from other owners and animal purchases, which affect disease presentation, are evident. The implementation and development of novel prevention and control measures for IBR at the national level are necessary.

Keywords: cattle, cattle diseases, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.

Hygienic quality of raw and fermented cow milk in the local milk sector of the Liptako-Gourma area in Niger

Research (Published online: 25-06-2022)

18. Hygienic quality of raw and fermented cow milk in the local milk sector of the Liptako-Gourma area in Niger

Mariama Hima Gagara, Philippe Sessou, François S. P. Dossa, Paulin Azokpota, Issaka A. K. Youssao, Soumana Abdoulaye Gouro and Souaibou Farougou

Veterinary World, 15(6): 1541-1549

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Milk is a food of high nutritional value, which occupies an undeniable place in the human food ration, but is an ideal medium for microbial growth. This study aims to assess the hygienic quality of local raw and fermented milk from the Liptako-Gourma region in Niger.

Materials and Methods: We performed physical and bacteriological analyses on 330 samples of bovine milk from local breeds, including 110 individual milk samples (per cow), 110 fermented milk samples, and 110 blended milk samples. The microbiological parameters were determined using standard methods.

Results: The physical analysis revealed temperatures during sample collection for all milk types between 35.2°C and 37.8°C. The average pH of fermented milk varied between 3.16 and 4.92 and those of individual and blended raw milks between 5.42 and 6.98. The titratable acidity varied from 15° to 18.1°D for raw milk and between 59° and 122°D for fermented milk. The average density of individual and blended milks ranged between 1.028 and 1.035. Regionally, milk samples from Tillaberi had a significantly higher aerobic mesophilic germ (GAM) load (7.42 ± 0.53 × 107 Colony-forming unit/mL; p = 0.0025) compared to the Dosso and Niamey regions. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. were 86.36%, 12.73%, and 20.91%, respectively, in fermented milk. Phenotypic identification pointed toward three genera: E. coli (30.76% ± 0.25%), S. aureus (20.58% ± 0.14%), and Salmonella spp. (2.74 ± 0.04%).

Conclusion: The present data suggest that milk samples collected from three regions in Liptako-Gourma had low quality; further, some of the bacteria identified (E. coli, S. aureus, and Salmonella spp.) could be potential foodborne pathogens.

Keywords: bovine, fermented milk, microbiological quality, milk, physical parameters.

Effects of farrowing induction using cloprostenol on sow farrowing characteristics

Research (Published online: 25-06-2022)

17. Effects of farrowing induction using cloprostenol on sow farrowing characteristics

Nguyen Hoai Nam, Bui Tran Anh Dao and Peerapol Sukon

Veterinary World, 15(6): 1535-1540

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Previous findings regarding the effects of farrowing induction on the farrowing characteristics of sows are controversial. This study aimed to investigate the effects of farrowing induction on the following characteristics: (1) Proportion of sows that farrowed during working hours, (2) stillbirth rate, (3) number of stillbirths per farrow, (4) dystocia rate per farrow, (5) dystocia rate (the proportion of farrowings that had at least one dystocia event), (6) number of dystocia events per farrow, (6) farrowing duration, (7) birth interval, and (8) birth weight.

Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight Landrace x Yorkshire sows were randomly allocated into two groups; the control group and the treatment group. In the control group (n = 18), sows farrowed spontaneously. In the treatment group (n = 20), farrowing was induced approximately 2 days earlier than the herd's average length of gestation (7:00 am on day 114) by injecting cloprostenol into the perivulval region. All sows were supervised throughout their farrowing. We recorded the interval between induction and farrowing; total number of births; number of live, stillborn, and mummified piglet births; number of dystocia events; birth interval; farrowing duration; and birth weight. A generalized linear mixed model, a linear mixed-effects model, the Chi-squared test, and Student's t-test were used to compare outcomes between the two groups.

Results: Farrowing induction did not influence the percentage of sows that farrowed during working hours (7 am–5 pm), stillbirth rate, birth weight, and number of dystocia events per farrow. Farrowing induction led to an increase in birth interval, dystocia rate, dystocia per farrow (p < 0.05) and in addition to the percentage of sows that farrowed on the day following induction (60% vs. 27.8%; p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Farrowing induction using a single dose of cloprostenol 2 days before the expected farrowing date can be performed with care to concentrate farrowing into a short interval. This can enhance the optimization of cross-fostering and the practice of an all-in-all-out strategy in the swine breeding industry.

Keywords: birth interval, cloprostenol, dystocia, stillbirth.

Reduction of the nematode egg reappearance period in horses after anthelmintic therapy

Research (Published online: 24-06-2022)

16. Reduction of the nematode egg reappearance period in horses after anthelmintic therapy

Maria V. Baranova, Olga A. Panova, Daria N. Polukhina and Daria S. Panova

Veterinary World, 15(6): 1530-1534

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Anthelmintics are used to control equine nematodes. However, helminth resistance to regularly used drugs is a well-known challenge. Among tests to assess effective control and monitor resistance, the most common is the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). In the absence of reliable FECRT results, the nematode egg reappearance period (ERP) is taken into account. This study aimed to examine horses from farms around the Moscow Region to assess nematode resistance through ERP after therapy.

Materials and Methods: In the first stage, fecal samples from 280 horses were examined by the flotation method with a sodium nitrate solution. The eggs per gram (EPG) in feces were counted using the modified McMaster technique. One hundred and forty out of 280 horses were selected for further work. Five groups were formed: Two groups of horses infected with strongyles (n = 50) and three groups with Parascaris equorum (n = 90). Therapy against strongyles was performed with albendazole and ivermectin. Therapy for parascaridosis was performed with fenbendazole, ivermectin, and aversectin C. Samples from the horses in each group were taken on the 14th day (2 weeks), 28th day (4 weeks), 42nd day (6 weeks), 56th day (8 weeks), and 84th day (12 weeks) after treatment, and the amount of EPG in each sample was determined.

Results: Overall, nematodes were found in 65% of the horses examined. P. equorum was most frequently recorded (42.1%) followed by Strongylidae gen. spp. (27.9%). The strongyles ERP after therapy with albendazole and ivermectin was estimated on 42 days (6 weeks). The growth of P. equorum eggs in the feces was observed from the 56th day (8 weeks) after therapy with fenbendazole, from the 42nd day (6 weeks) after therapy with ivermectin, and was observed from the 84th day (12 weeks) after the use of aversectin.

Conclusion: Our study shows widespread reductions in nematode ERPs across the Moscow Region after ivermectin therapy in horses, suggesting that additional monitoring of these farms is needed for effective control of anthelmintic resistance.

Keywords: anthelmintic resistance, eggs reappearance period, horse parasitic nematodes, Parascaris equorum, strongyles.