Influence of first colostrum pasteurization on serum immunoglobulin G, iron, and activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase in newborn dairy calves

Research (Published online: 29-08-2021)

37. Influence of first colostrum pasteurization on serum immunoglobulin G, iron, and activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase in newborn dairy calves

Sebastian Ganz, Klaus Failing, Abdulwahed Ahmed Hassan, Michael Bülte and Axel Wehrend

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2267-2272

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Colostrum pasteurization is an established procedure in dairy farms in developed countries. This practice can improve the health status of the offspring by reducing several pathogens. This study aimed to focus on the pasteurization of bovine first colostrum and its influence on certain important bioactive components.

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in Holstein-Friesian bull calves, which were randomly divided into two groups and fed with 6 L of untreated (UT, n=10) or 6 L of heat-treated (HT, 63.5°C for 30 min, n=10) colostrum from their own dam within the first 12 h after birth. Blood samples were taken before, 24 h, and 48 h after first colostrum intake to determine the concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and iron and the activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in the serum.

Results: The level of IgG was not affected by pasteurization (p=0.19). However, a slower increase in GGT activity (p<0.05) and a lower serum iron concentration (p=0.04) were observed in the HT group.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that pasteurization influences the absorption of colostrum components and therefore, the passive transfer of immunity, although the level of IgG was not affected by pasteurization in this study.

Keywords: calf, first colostrum, heat treatment, immunoglobulin G, iron deficiency anemia.

The first report on internal transcribed spacer region-based characterization of microfilaria in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Thailand

Research (Published online: 28-08-2021)

36. The first report on internal transcribed spacer region-based characterization of microfilaria in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Thailand

Choenkwan Pabutta, Nuttapon Bangkaew, Pratthana Inthawong, Pannarai Mahadthai, Waleemas Jairak, Nantana Soda, Manakorn Sukmak and Supaphen Sripiboon

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2260-2266

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Filarial infections can significantly impact the health of both humans and animals. In elephants, filariasis has been associated with cutaneous dermatitis and skin nodules. However, molecular evidence for such infections is limited in Thailand. This study aimed to identify the morphological and molecular characteristics of microfilaria in captive Asian elephants in Thailand.

Materials and Methods: Whole blood collected from the ear vein of 129 captive Asian elephants was hematologically analyzed, and the blood parasites were evaluated using three standard techniques: The microcapillary test, thin blood smears, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results: Conventional PCR revealed that approximately 17% (22/129) of the sampled elephants were positive for microfilaria. Microscopy revealed that microfilariae are large, unsheathed, with extended nuclei, a short headspace, and a curved tail tapering at the end. Results of internal transcribed spacer region analysis show that the elephant microfilariae are closely related to Onchocerca spp. All of the elephants positive for microfilaria presented with neither skin lesion nor anemic signs. Microfilaria infection was not associated with age; however, microfilariae were more likely to be detected in male elephants due to differences in management systems.

Conclusion: This is the first study to provide both morphological and molecular evidence of microfilaria in Thai elephants. There is an urgent need to investigate the long-term and large-scale effects of microfilaria on the health of elephants.

Keywords: Asian elephant, genotype, internal transcribed spacer, microfilaria, Thailand.

Assessment of wound area reduction on chronic wounds in dogs with photobiomodulation therapy: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Research (Published online: 28-08-2021)

35. Assessment of wound area reduction on chronic wounds in dogs with photobiomodulation therapy: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Somphong Hoisang, Naruepon Kampa, Suvaluk Seesupa and Supranee Jitpean

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2251-2259

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Chronic wounds are a clinical problem and require intensive standard wound care. However, this is sometimes insufficient to promote healing. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) can be used as an adjunctive therapy to improve wound healing. Various PBMT devices with different properties and parameter settings as well as different animal species can influence a variety of clinical outcomes. This study aims to assess the use of 830 nm PBMT or simultaneous superpulsed and multiple wavelengths (SPMW; 660, 875, and 905 nm) PBMT on chronic wounds in client-owned dogs.

Materials and Methods: This study included 21 client-owned dogs with chronic wounds allocated into three groups: (1) Control group (C) treated with irrigated saline and without PBMT (n=7); (2) L1 group treated with irrigated saline together with the radiation of 830 nm PBMT (n=7); and (3) L2 group treated with irrigated saline together with the radiation of simultaneous SPMW-PBMT (n=7). Wound healing was assessed on the basis of wound size reduction as a percentage of wound area every 2nd day for 15 days using image analysis software (ImageJ software®, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA).

Results: A significant difference in the percentage of wound area reduction was noted between the C and PBMT groups (L1 and L2; p<0.05). The average percentages of wound area reduction at the end of the study (15 days) were 42.39±20.58, 56.98±24.82, and 61.81±27.18 in the C, L1, and L2 groups, respectively. A steady decrease in wound size was noted in both PBMT and non-PBMT groups, and coefficients were 7.77, 8.95, and 10.01 in the C, L1, and L2 groups, respectively. The percentage of wound area reduction was found to be significantly different between the PBMT and non-BPMT groups on day 7 (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Based on the results of the current study, using either 830 nm PBMT or simultaneous SPMW-PBMT can accelerate the chronic wound healing process in dogs with a significant reduction in wound area. Therefore, it can be used as an adjunctive therapy to improve wound healing in dogs with reduced treatment duration.

Keywords: canine, chronic wound, combined wavelength photobiomodulation therapy, low-intensity laser therapy, photobiomodulation therapy.

Immunomodulatory, behavioral, and nutritional response of tryptophan application on poultry

Review (Published online: 28-08-2021)

34. Immunomodulatory, behavioral, and nutritional response of tryptophan application on poultry

Nguyen Thuy Linh, Budi Guntoro and Nguyen Hoang Qui

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2244-2250

ABSTRACT

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid for all animals that was discovered through casein hydrolysis. The use of tryptophan as feed additives has been attracting the attention of many nutritionists because it cannot be synthesized enough in an animal's body. Tryptophan or precursor to the vitamin niacin in the diet is important, and its supplementation for poultry is determined to improve the amino acid balance and promote the poultry's growth performance through enhancing appetite, feed efficiency, and protein synthesis. Moreover, poultry in different growth phases, breeding, and conditions require various amounts of tryptophan. In addition, supplemented tryptophan also improves the immune response or the immunomodulatory activity of poultry to various diseases through the kynurenine pathway, especially diseases in the bursa. Furthermore, tryptophan also has a strong relationship with lysine (the ideal tryptophan/lysine ratio) in improving growth performance. However, tryptophan deficiency could affect the behavioral responses (e.g. pecking behavior and poultry stress) because tryptophan serves as a precursor for the neurotransmitter serotonin and the pineal hormone melatonin in the diet. This paper tried to summarize all information about applying tryptophan in the diets and illustrate the roles of tryptophan in the poultry industry.

Keywords: nutrition, poultry's diet, poultry's performance, tryptophan.

Evaluation of pleural fluid parameters related to cardiac diseases in cats

Research (Published online: 27-08-2021)

33. Evaluation of pleural fluid parameters related to cardiac diseases in cats

Nutcha Chobsuk, Panita Pongprasit, Pralphun Puangploy, Monnakarn Bunnag, Luksika Keerativitayanant and Sirilak Disatian Surachetpong

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2238-2243

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Cardiac disease is common in cats, and concurrent pleural effusion can worsen the prognosis. However, the definitive diagnosis of feline cardiac disease by echocardiography is limited in some areas. This study was designed to determine the indicators from fluid analysis obtained from pleural effusion to help diagnose cardiac disease in cats.

Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. Data of 61 cats with pleural effusion were retrieved. The cats were divided into two groups: Cardiac disease (n=34) and non-cardiac disease (n=27) groups. Sex, neuter status, breed, age, weight, physical findings, fluid analysis results, radiographic findings, echocardiographic findings, and the presence of other diseases or conditions were recorded.

Results: The Chi-square test showed the relationship between cardiac disease and the presence of abnormal heart sounds (p=0.0003), the N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-positive result from serum samples (p=0.046), the presence of arterial thromboembolism (p<0.00001), and the presence of radiographic evidence of cardiomegaly and pulmonary edema (p=0.0002 and 0.001, respectively). The Mann–Whitney U-test showed a significant difference in protein concentration and specific gravity between the cardiac and non-cardiac disease groups (p=0.012 and 0.009, respectively). The decision tree classification method showed that protein concentrations of ≤3 g/dL were related to cardiac disease (sensitivity, 41.2% and specificity, 92.6%).

Conclusion: The protein concentration in the pleural fluid may be used to distinguish cardiac and non-cardiac diseases in cats.

Keywords: cardiac disease, cat, pleural effusion, protein concentration.

Diagnosis of naturally occurring lumpy skin disease virus infection in cattle using virological, molecular, and immunohistopathological assays

Research (Published online: 27-08-2021)

32. Diagnosis of naturally occurring lumpy skin disease virus infection in cattle using virological, molecular, and immunohistopathological assays

Dawlat M. Amin, Gehan Shehab, Rawhya Emran, Rabab T. Hassanien, Gehan N. Alagmy, Naglaa M. Hagag, Mervat I. I. Abd-El-Moniem, Ahmed R. Habashi, Essam M. Ibraheem and Momtaz A. Shahein

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2230-2237

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a contagious viral disease that has great economic losses among Egyptian breeding flocks. The present study was designed to compare the results of different diagnostic approaches used for the diagnosis of LSD virus (LSDV).

Materials and Methods: A total of 73 skin nodule samples were collected from suspected infected cattle with LSDV from some Egyptian governorates during 2019 and 2020. Trials for virus isolation (VI) and identification on embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) were conducted. Molecular detection, histopathological, and immunohistochemical examination were also conducted.

Results: The virus was isolated into ECEs, and 58 samples of 73 were positive and gave a characteristic pock lesion on the chorioallantoic membrane. Twenty-two representative nodular skin specimens of the 58 positive samples were selected to be used for molecular, histopathological, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) diagnosis. Conventional polymerase chain reaction succeeded in detecting LSDV DNA in all tested 22 skin nodule samples. Histological examination of skins of different cases revealed various alterations depending on the stage of infection. IHC was used as a confirmatory test for detecting LSDV antigen in the tissues of the skin nodules of infected cattle using specific anti-LSDV antibodies. Lumpy skin viral antigen was detected within the cytoplasm of the epidermal basal cells layer and prickle cell and within the cytoplasm of the hair follicles' epithelial outer and inner roots.

Conclusion: This study confirmed the prevalence of LSDV infection in different Egyptian governorates during 2019 and 2020. In addition, histopathology and IHC could be potential methods to confirm Lumpy skin disease infection besidesVI and molecular detection.

Keywords: histopathology, immunohistochemistry, isolation, lumpy skin disease virus, polymerase chain reaction.

A global perspective of antibiotic-resistant Listeria monocytogenes prevalence in assorted ready to eat foods: A systematic review

Research (Published online: 26-08-2021)

31. A global perspective of antibiotic-resistant Listeria monocytogenes prevalence in assorted ready to eat foods: A systematic review

Prudence Mpundu, Allan Rabson Mbewe, John Bwalya Muma, Wizaso Mwasinga, Nawa Mukumbuta and Musso Munyeme

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2219-2229

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods remains consistently under-reported globally. Nevertheless, several independent studies conducted to investigate have elucidated the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of L. monocytogenes in RTE-associated foods and their antibiotic resistance profiles. Given the rapid increase in consumption of RTE foods of both animal and plant origin, it is imperative to know the prevalence deductive data focusing on how much of L. monocytogenes is present in RTE foods, which is critical for food safety managers and retailers to assess the possible risk posed to end-users. In addition, valuable insight and another angle to the depth of the problem, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesize available data regarding the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in RTE foods and antibiotic resistance profiles.

Materials and Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis study of L. monocytogenes and antibiotic resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics to determine the extent of L. monocytogenes contamination in RTE foods and antibiotic resistance profiles. The primary search terms, also known as keywords used, were restricted to peer-reviewed and review articles, and databases, including Google Scholars, Science-Direct, and Scopus, were searched. The inclusion of articles meeting eligibility criteria published between 2010 and 2020 after title, abstract, and full article screening. Data analysis was performed at multiple stages using quantitative meta-analysis reviews.

Results: L. monocytogenes pooled proportion/prevalence was highest in chicken products determined at (22%) followed by various but uncategorized RTE foods at 21%. Regarding antibiotic resistance, profiling's highest pooled prevalence resistance was observed in penicillin at 80% resistance, followed by cephalosporin at 47%.

Conclusion: Within its limitations, this study has attempted to provide insight into the pooled proportion/prevalence of L. monocytogenes in RTE foods and the antibiotic resistance profile at the global level. Determining the proportion/ prevalence of L. monocytogenes in RTE foods across the globe and antibiotic resistance profile is essential for providing quality food and reducing public health problems due to unsuccessful treatment of foodborne illness. This study provides insight into the pooled prevalence of L. monocytogenes in RTE foods and the antibiotic resistance profile. The results of this study partly endeavored to help appropriate authorities strengthen their preventive measures on specific RTE foods that are most likely to be contaminated with L. monocytogenes and antibiotic resistance profiles.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance, Listeria monocytogenes, ready-to-eat foods.

Seropositivity and risk factors associated with the presentation of bovine leukosis virus in Sotaquirá, Colombia

Research (Published online: 26-08-2021)

30. Seropositivity and risk factors associated with the presentation of bovine leukosis virus in Sotaquirá, Colombia

Diana M. Bulla-Castañeda, Adriana M. Díaz-Anaya, Diego J. Garcia-Corredor, Julio C. Tobón-Torreglosa, Diego Ortiz Ortega and Martín O. Pulido-Medellín

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2212-2218

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Enzootic bovine leukosis is a disease economically important to the dairy farming industry worldwide. The virus is of the Deltaretrovirus genus and is primarily transmitted iatrogenically. Most bovines infected with the virus remain asymptomatic with only 5-10% of cattle having lymphomas. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of bovine leukosis virus (BLV) in Sotaquirá, Boyacá, Colombia.

Materials and Methods: We conducted a descriptive, observational epidemiological cross-sectional study using the simple random sampling method with a sample size of 1000. Blood samples from random bovine were processed using the SERELISA® BLV Ab Mono Blocking indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Zoetis, USA). The assay had a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 98%. The collected data were processed using Epi Info® (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, Georgia). From the study, we could determine a high seroprevalence of BLV in Sotaquirá.

Results: We established a high seroprevalence on BLV in the municipality, with 31.1% apparent seroprevalence and 30.6% real seroprevalence rate. We found that male cattle more than 4 years old (39.4%) and the Ayrshire breed (45.5%) had the highest prevalence rates of the virus. In this study, we could establish statistically significant associations according to breed, age, and gender of the cattle under study. Moreover, we identified the risk factors for BLV infection. We found that in cattle aged <1 year and those older than 4 years of age and those of the Holstein breed, the presentation of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, mucosal secretions, mastitis, fetal death, the presence of a corral, and the implementation of artificial insemination practices were risk factors for BLV infection.

Conclusion: Determining the prevalence of BLV within the herd and identifying the associated risk factors for the disease are fundamental in developing efficient programs for the control and eradication of BLV within herds.

Keywords: bovine, bovine illness, bovine disease, antibodies, bovine leukosis virus.

Coronavirus disease 2019 and its potential animal reservoirs: A review

Review (Published online: 25-08-2021)

4. Coronavirus disease 2019 and its potential animal reservoirs: A review

Md. Sirazul Islam, F. M. Yasir Hasib, Chandan Nath, Jahan Ara, Mong Sing Nu, Md. Abul Fazal and Sharmin Chowdhury

International Journal of One Health, 7(2): 171-181

ABSTRACT

In the 21st century, the world has been plagued by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a virus of the family Coronaviridae epidemiologically suspected to be linked to a wet market in Wuhan, China. The involvement of wildlife and wet markets with the previous outbreaks simultaneously has been brought into sharp focus. Although scientists are yet to ascertain the host range and zoonotic potential of SARS-CoV-2 rigorously, information about its two ancestors, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), is a footprint for research on COVID-19. A 96% genetic similarity with bat coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 indicates that the bat might be a potential reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 just like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, where civets and dromedary camels are considered the potential intermediate host, respectively. Perceiving the genetic similarity between pangolin coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2, many scientists also have given the scheme that the pangolin might be the intermediate host. The involvement of SARS-CoV-2 with other animals, such as mink, snake, and turtle has also been highlighted in different research articles based on the interaction between the key amino acids of S protein in the receptor-binding domain and angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2). This study highlights the potential animal reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 and the role of wildlife in the COVID-19 pandemic. Although different causes, such as recurring viral genome recombination, wide genetic assortment, and irksome food habits, have been blamed for this emergence, basic research studies and literature reviews indicate an enormous consortium between humans and animals for the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords: ACE2 receptor, COVID-19, Intermediate host, SARS-CoV-2, wildlife.

Antibacterial activity of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) essential oil against extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria

Research (Published online: 25-08-2021)

29. Antibacterial activity of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) essential oil against extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria

Elgio Venanda Ginting, Endah Retnaningrum and Dyah Ayu Widiasih

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2206-2211

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) is an enzyme produced by the family of Enterobacteriaceae, especially Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which can hydrolyze β-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, cephamycin, and carbapenem. ESBL-producing bacteria are widely distributed from farms to slaughterhouses until food products originating from animals are available in the market, which plays an important role as a pathway for the exposure and transmission of ESBL-producing bacteria from food products of animal origin to humans. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) essential oils against strains resistant to ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates.

Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activity of clove and cinnamon essential oils was tested against three strains of tested bacteria using the disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of clove and cinnamon essential oils was determined using the broth microdilution method. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined using the MIC. Morphological changes on each tested bacteria were observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results: Both essential oils exhibited inhibitory effects toward all test organisms, indicated by inhibition zones around the disk. The MIC values of clove essential oil were 0.078% (v/v) for all tested bacteria, whereas the MICs of cinnamon essential oil ranged from 0.039% (v/v) to 0.156% (v/v) for all tested bacteria. MBC values of clove and cinnamon essential oils ranged from 0.078% (v/v) to 0.156% (v/v) for all tested bacteria. There were morphological changes in each tested bacterial cell that was observed through SEM. Each tested bacteria treated with clove and cinnamon essential oils showed shrinkage and cells lysis.

Conclusion: It was concluded that clove and cinnamon essential oils have emerged as effective antibacterial agents by showing high antibacterial activity against ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, as evidenced by the inhibition zone diameter and MIC value.

Keywords: cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), extended-spectrum β-lactamase, essential oils, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Effects of the prebiotic lactoferrin on multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli infections in broiler chickens

Research (Published online: 25-08-2021)

28. Effects of the prebiotic lactoferrin on multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli infections in broiler chickens

Heba Badr, Nehal M. Nabil and Maram M. Tawakol

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2197-2205

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Increased multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli has created challenges for the poultry industry. Consequently, new antimicrobial agents should preferentially be utilized for the prevention and treatment of E. coli outbreaks. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of lactoferrin (LF) as a prebiotic on broiler chicks challenged with multidrug-resistant E. coli in comparison with antibiotics.

Materials and Methods: A total of 70 diseased flocks from Egypt were collected for E. coli isolation and identification, serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern determination. E. coli was isolated and characterized phenotypically and one isolate that showed multidrug-resistance was selected. A challenge trial was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of LF as a prebiotic on the isolated multidrug-resistant E. coli. Liver samples were collected from the experimental chicks and subjected to E. coli enumeration to illustrate the effectiveness of LF on the liver cells and bacteria using an electron microscope. Serum samples were also collected to estimate lysozyme and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations.

Results: After isolation of E. coli with a percentage of 54.3% from the diseased broilers, the strain was serotyped (identified serotypes: O2, O18, O55, O78, O86a, O111, O125, O126, O127, O157, O159, and O166). Multi-antibiotic resistance was found to be harbored in a high percentage among 11 antibiotic discs. The LF in the prophylactic and treated groups was found to have a significant effect in comparison with the group treated with the drug of choice (ciprofloxacin). Furthermore, a significant difference in the NO (one of non-specific immune response) and a non-significant difference in lysozyme concentrations were reported in the group fed on rations with LF in comparison with the non-fed group.

Conclusion: LF was thus identified as an effective prebiotic that can improve chick performance, help them to overcome multidrug-resistant E. coli and stimulate immunity.

Keywords: chicken, electron microscope, lactoferrin, multidrug resistance Escherichia coli, prebiotic.

Evaluation of chimeric proteins for serological diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle

Research (Published online: 24-08-2021)

27. Evaluation of chimeric proteins for serological diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle

Aitbay K. Bulashev, Bakytkali K. Ingirbay, Kanatbek N. Mukantayev and Alfiya S. Syzdykova

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2187-2196

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: An accurate diagnosis of Brucella-infected animals is one of the critical measures in eradication programs. Conventional serological tests based on whole-cell (WC) antigens and detecting antibodies against pathogen-associated lipopolysaccharide might give false-positive results due to the cross-reactivity with other closely related bacteria. This study evaluated the serological potential of Brucella spp. chimeric outer membrane proteins (Omps) as antigens in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA).

Materials and Methods: The chimeric gene constructs of the most immunodominant regions of Brucella Omps 25+31, 25+19, and 19+31 were cloned into the pET28a expression vectors and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The serological potential of chimeric proteins compared with single recombinant Omps (rOmps)19, 25, and/or 31 were studied on blood serum samples of (i) a rabbit immunized with killed Brucella abortus 19WC, (ii) mice immunized with single rOmps, (iii) cows seropositive for brucellosis by rose Bengal test, and (iv) cattle naturally and/or experimentally infected with brucellosis.

Results: E. coli BL21 actively produced Brucella chimeric rOmps, the concentration of which reached a maximum level at 6 h after isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside stimulation. Target proteins were antigenic and expressed in an active state, as recognized by rabbit anti-B. abortus antibodies in an i-ELISA and western blotting. Murine antibodies against the single rOmps reacted with chimeric antigens, and conversely, antichimeric antibodies found their epitopes in single proteins. Brucella chimeric rOmps showed higher antigenicity in blood sera of seropositive cattle kept in the hotbed of the infection and/or experimentally challenged with brucellosis than single proteins.

Conclusion: Brucella chimeric recombinant outer membrane proteins could be a potential antigen candidate for developing an ELISA test for accurate diagnosis of bovine brucellosis.

Keywords: Brucella, chimeric protein, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, serological potential.

Knowledge, attitude, and practices associated with rabies in villages with different dog vaccination statuses in Cambodia

Research (Published online: 24-08-2021)

26. Knowledge, attitude, and practices associated with rabies in villages with different dog vaccination statuses in Cambodia

Bunsong Ung, Ketsarin Kamyingkird and Waraphon Phimpraphai

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2178-2186

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Rabies is a highly infectious but neglected zoonotic disease. Almost 99% of rabies-related human deaths are caused by dog-mediated rabies. Although canine rabies vaccination is highly effective and provides protection, nationwide rabies vaccination campaigns have been insufficient in Cambodia, resulting in a limited number of rabies vaccinated dogs. This study aimed to explore the rabies knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) among participants from both dog rabies vaccinated (DRV) and dog rabies unvaccinated (DRUV) villages located in the Kandal and Prey Veng Provinces, Cambodia.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with dog owners in Kandal and Prey Veng Provinces, Cambodia, during August and September 2020. The structural questionnaire collected general sociodemographic information and the KAP associated with rabies transmission, clinical signs, management, and control. The data were then analyzed using Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Chi-square statistics.

Results: In total, 312 participants were interviewed: 137 participants from DRV villages and 175 from DRUV villages. Among them, 99.4% (310/312) had previously heard about rabies. Out of these 310, 93.5% (290/310) were aware that rabies is a fatal disease, while 96.5% (299/310) were willing to vaccinate their dog against rabies if the vaccination was provided for free. However, 32.9% (102/310) indicated that they would be willing to sell their own dog if it bit someone or showed aggression. More than one-third (115/310) of all the respondents had poor overall KAP regarding rabies. The respondents from DRV villages had significantly higher overall scores with regard to rabies KAP than those from DRUV villages (p<0.0001). According to the factors related to overall KAP, village type and education level were significantly associated with overall KAP of the respondents (p<0.0001).

Conclusion: The rabies disease is recognized in Cambodia, and dog owners are willing to vaccinate their dogs if the vaccination is provided for free. The overall rabies-related KAP were poor among 30% of the respondents, and higher KAP scores were obtained for the DRV villages. The village type and education level were found to be associated with the different overall KAP of the participants.

Keywords: attitude, knowledge, practices, rabies.

Comparative study of the therapeutic efficacy of autologous platelet-rich plasma and honey in healing skin wounds in sheep

Research (Published online: 23-08-2021)

25. Comparative study of the therapeutic efficacy of autologous platelet-rich plasma and honey in healing skin wounds in sheep

Daikh Badis and Deffa Ouafa

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2170-2177

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: This investigation is the continuation of a published preliminary study examining the therapeutic efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as a topical treatment for skin wounds in sheep. The study aimed to compare the healing effects of autologous PRP with that of natural honey.

Materials and Methods: This study involved nine clinically healthy male sheep. After sterile skin preparation, full-thickness longitudinal incision wounds were created on the backs of each animal. The animals were randomly divided into three groups of three sheep each. In Group I, the wounds were treated with PRP; in Group II, the wounds were treated with honey; and in Group III, the wounds were treated with saline solution. The different treatments were administered topically every 3 days. Healing was assessed by a semi-quantitative histopathological study from biopsies taken on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days of healing. The data obtained were compared using the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test, and p<0.05 and 0.01 were used to determine the level of significance of the recorded differences.

Results: Semi-quantitative histopathological evaluation showed significant differences in the progression of wound healing between the three study groups. Recorded data showed that PRP may reduce inflammation during the first 3 days after the incision. Moreover, the synthesis and organization of collagen fibers were significantly improved in the group treated with PRP compared with those in the group treated with honey.

Conclusion: PRP offers a promising therapeutic option for healing skin wounds in sheep compared with honey.

Keywords: honey, platelet-rich plasma, sheep, skin, wound healing.

A parasitological survey of zoonotic cestodes carried by house rats in Aswan, Egypt, reveals cryptic diversity at the molecular level

Research (Published online: 23-08-2021)

24. A parasitological survey of zoonotic cestodes carried by house rats in Aswan, Egypt, reveals cryptic diversity at the molecular level

Abuelhassan Elshazly Younis, Atef Ibrahim Saad, Islam Refaat Mohamed El-Akhal and Nagla Mustafa Kamel Saleh

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2160-2169

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Some rat cestodes are zoonotic and are capable of parasitizing humans and animals, raising serious concerns regarding human and veterinary health. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for cestodes in Egyptian house rats and to characterize the cestodes molecularly.

Materials and Methods: The current survey examined 115 house rats (Rattus rattus) in two cities (Edfu and Aswan) in Egypt's Aswan Governorate for cestode infection using integrated molecular approaches (polymerase chain reaction, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis) and morphological/morphometrical approaches.

Results: The cestodes identified in this study exhibited the typical morphological characteristics of Hymenolepis diminuta (Rudolphi, 1819), Hymenolepis nana (Siebold, 1852) (from rat intestine), and Hydatigera taeniaeformis (from rat liver). The species prevalence rates from these three studies were reported to be 8.7%, 10.4%, and 20.9%, respectively. The ribosomal DNA (ITS1, 18S, and complete ITS) sequences revealed that the hymenolepid sequences were highly distinct but were related to other sequences in the GenBank database, with some sequences showing high similarities to those of H. nana and H. diminuta. In addition, the H. taeniaeformis sequences (ITS2 and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 [mtCOX1]) obtained in this study were highly similar to some Taenia taeniaeformis GenBank sequences. The constructed phylogram revealed that the hymenolepidid tapeworms examined in this study were classified into four major branches (the majority of which were hybrids of the two species) and belonged to the genus Hymenolepis. In addition, the phylogram of H. taeniaeformis assigned this species to T. taeniaeformis.

Conclusion: When typical hymenolepid morphology is combined with molecular and phylogenetic divergence, it may indicate the existence of possible cryptic species. In addition, on the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, genetic diversity within T. taeniaeformis may exist as determined by comparing the metacestode mtCOX1 sequences. The current study presents the prevalence values of zoonotic cestodes and contributes to the body of knowledge, including identification keys and the use of molecular tools for species confirmation.

Keywords: cestodes, cryptic diversity, molecular identification, rat.

New phenomena for clinicians, model of Candida albicans mobilization before and after biofilm formation in the intestinal mucosa of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Research (Published online: 23-08-2021)

3. New phenomena for clinicians, model of Candida albicans mobilization before and after biofilm formation in the intestinal mucosa of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Masfufatun Masfufatun, Loo Hariyanto Raharjo, Harsono Wiradinata, Putu Oky Ari Tania, Ni'matuzahroh Ni'matuzahroh and Afaf Baktir

International Journal of One Health, 7(2): 165-170

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The virulence and antifungal resistance of Candida albicans are recently known for their ability to form biofilm. This research aimed to construct an in vivo model of C. albicans biofilm in Wistar rats' intestinal mucosa and study their mobilization while in a planktonic and biofilm formation. In this study, there was one treatment group that was treated with three antibiotics, immunosuppressants, and C. albicans.

Materials and Methods: This study was divided into control and treatment groups. The data sampling was conducted after C. albicans inoculation. The C. albicans biofilm formation stage was monitored with colony-forming units method calculation every week post-inoculation and then observed by the confocal laser scanning microscope.

Results: The planktonic C. albicans overgrowth occurred up to 14 days after inoculation. The formation and maturation of C. albicans biofilm in the intestinal mucosa started in the 28th and 35th-day post-inoculation, respectively. The density of planktonic C. albicans in the stool was dramatically decreased on the 35th day. Before the biofilm formation, the planktonic Candida was carried away by food scraps to be released as a stool. However, there were minuscule or no planktonic Candida observed in the stool during and after biofilm formation. Instead, they were attached to the caecum's mucosa as a biofilm.

Conclusion: We have proved that the planktonic C. albicans with its mobile nature were carried into the stool along with the rest of the feed, as we observed a lot of C. albicans cells found in the stool. Meanwhile, on day 28 after administration of antibiotics and immunosuppressants, no C. albicans was found in the stool samples, and at the same time, we observed C. albicans cells and their matrix attached to the intestinal mucosa as a biofilm.

Keywords: biofilm, candidiasis, Candida albicans, confocal laser scanning microscope, intestinal mucosa.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of avian origin: Zoonosis and one health implications

Review (Published online: 21-08-2021)

23. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of avian origin: Zoonosis and one health implications

Wafaa A. Abd El-Ghany

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2155-2159

ABSTRACT

Zoonotic diseases are diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans and vice versa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a pathogen with zoonotic nature. Commercial poultry could be infected with P. aeruginosa, especially at young ages with great losses. Infection of embryos with P. aeruginosa induced death in the shell, while infection of chicks led to septicemia, respiratory and enteric infections, and high mortality. Humans are also highly susceptible to P. aeruginosa infection, and the disease is associated with severe lung damage, especially in immunocompromised patients. Chicken carcass and related poultry retail products play an important role in the transmission of P. aeruginosa to humans, especially after processing in abattoirs. Treatment of P. aeruginosa infection is extremely difficult due to continuous development of antibiotic resistance. The transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes from poultry products to humans creates an additional public health problem. Accordingly, this study focused on avian pseudomonad, especially P. aeruginosa, with respect to infection of poultry, transmission to humans, and treatment and antibiotic resistance.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance, human, poultry, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, zoonosis.

Characterization of serum protein electrophoresis patterns and C-reactive protein in canine tick-borne diseases

Research (Published online: 21-08-2021)

22. Characterization of serum protein electrophoresis patterns and C-reactive protein in canine tick-borne diseases

Sariya Asawakarn and Piyanan Taweethavonsawat

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2150-2154

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Canine tick-borne diseases are important diseases with a worldwide distribution. In Thailand, the most important canine tick-borne diseases are ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, and hepatozoonosis. This study aimed to determine the serum protein electrophoresis patterns (SPEPs) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels associated with Ehrlichia canis, Babesia canis, or Hepatozoon canis single infections.

Materials and Methods: A total of 650 canine blood samples were collected from animal hospitals and clinics in Bangkok and its vicinity to examine health status and blood parasite infection. Suspected blood parasite infections were examined by buffy coat thin blood smear and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Normal dog and positive E. canis, B. canis, and H. canis single infections and serum protein profiles were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. CRP concentration was measured by fluorescent immunoassay.

Results: In dogs infected with E. canis, B. canis, and H. canis single infections, albumin levels and A/G ratios significantly decreased, whereas β2-globulin levels increased (p<0.05). The γ-globulin level significantly increased in E. canis and H. canis infections (p<0.05). A monoclonal gammopathy pattern was observed in E. canis and B. canis single infections, whereas β-γ bridging patterns and increased β- and γ-globulin fractions were found in H. canis single infections. The CRP level increased in dogs with blood parasite single infections and may be related to the pathogenesis of the infection.

Conclusion: SPEPs and CRP levels can be used to monitor health status and blood parasite problems in infected dogs.

Keywords: blood parasites, C-reactive protein, dog, electrophoresis, serum protein.

Novel reassortant of H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from chickens and quails in Egypt

Research (Published online: 20-08-2021)

21. Novel reassortant of H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from chickens and quails in Egypt

Moataz Elsayed, AbdelSatar Arafa, Shahira Abdelwahab, Amro Hashish and Ahmed Youssef

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2142-2149

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Poultry infections with H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are endemic in Egypt. This study determined the genetic changes in the sequences of H9N2 AIVs isolated from chicken and quails in Egypt, including determining genetic reassortment and detecting the main genetic changes in hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes.

Materials and Methods: Swab samples were collected from chicken and quails, examined through reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and AIVs from positive samples were isolated in embryonated chicken eggs. Complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were conducted for two H9N2 AIV isolates, and sequences of HA and NA gene segments were analyzed in another two isolates.

Results: A novel reassortant virus was identified from a commercial chicken flock (A/chicken/Egypt/374V/2016) and quails from a live bird market (A/quail/Egypt/1253V/2016). The reassortant viruses acquired four genome segments from the classic Egyptian H9N2 viruses (HA, NA, NP, and M) and four segments from Eurasian AIVs (PB2, PB1, PA, and NS). Many genetic changes have been demonstrated in HA and NA genes. The isolated novel reassortant H9N2 virus from quails showed amino acid mutations in the antigenic sites on the globular head of the mature HA monomer matched with the parent Egyptian H9N2 virus.

Conclusion: This work described the genetic characterization of a novel reassortment of the H9N2 virus in Egypt. The emergence of new reassorted AIV viruses and genome variability raises the concern of an influenza pandemic with zoonotic potentials.

Keywords: genes, H9N2, influenza, mutations, poultry, reassortment.