The effect of activated silicon dioxide and betaine supplementation on quails' growth and productivity

Research (Published online: 05-08-2021)

4. The effect of activated silicon dioxide and betaine supplementation on quails' growth and productivity

Adi Ratriyanto, Sigit Prastowo and Nuzul Widyas

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2009-2015

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Silicon dioxide and betaine supplements are essential in the poultry diet to improve growth and laying performance. This study aimed to determine the effect of activated silicon dioxide (ASD) and betaine supplementation on quails' growth performance during the starter period and on follicular development and productive parameters at the onset of the laying period.

Materials and Methods: The research used 1064 quails, aged 7 days. Four treatments were employed: A basal diet (control), a diet supplemented with 200 ppm ASD, a diet supplemented with 0.12% betaine, and a diet supplemented with a combination of 200 ppm ASD and 0.12% betaine (ASD+Betaine). Each diet group included seven replicates of 38 quails. The observed parameters were the quails' growth performance during the starter period and follicular development and egg production during the onset of the laying period.

Results: The results showed that combined supplementation with ASD+Betaine improved the quails' growth performance during the starter period (p<0.05). However, these supplements, either as single feed additives or in combination, did not affect ovarian and follicular characteristics during the onset of the laying period. Still, ASD and betaine enhanced egg production and weight. The highest magnitude of change resulted from combined supplementation with ASD+Betaine (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The ASD+Betaine could be productively applied to quails' diets during the starter period and at the onset of the laying period.

Keywords: betaine, follicle, productive parameters, quail performance, silicon dioxide.

Biochemical, electrolytic, and cardiovascular evaluations in cats with urethral obstruction

Research (Published online: 04-08-2021)

3. Biochemical, electrolytic, and cardiovascular evaluations in cats with urethral obstruction

Darlan Henrique Canei, Mariana Elisa Pereira, Maria Natália de Freitas, Yolanda Paim Arruda Trevisan, Carolina Zorzo, Juliano Bortolini, Adriane Jorge Mendonça, Valéria Régia Franco Sousa and Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida

Veterinary World, 14(8): 2002-2008

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Urethral obstruction (UO) is a common condition in feline medicine. Severe acid-base and electrolyte disorders promote relevant electrocardiographic changes in these animals. Cardiac biomarkers such as cardiac troponin I have been shown to be useful in identifying cats with myocardial disease, but it has not been investigated whether UO leads to myocardial damages. This study aimed to evaluate biochemical changes, electrocardiographic findings, troponin I measurements, and electrolyte disturbances for 7 days in cats with UO.

Materials and Methods: This follow-up prospective study included 33 cats diagnosed with UO for 7 days. For all cats, clinical examination, serum biochemistry, electrolyte analyses, blood pressure, and electrocardiography were performed. Cardiac troponin I was measured in the serum in 16 cats at 3 different times.

Results: The mean age of the feline population was 1.83±1.58 years (mean±standard deviation). Creatinine, urea, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, phosphorus, base excess, bicarbonate, and serum potassium decreased significantly (p≤0.05), while ionic calcium and blood pH increased significantly (p≤0.05) at different times. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were observed in 21/33 (63.63%) of the felines on admission day. The electrocardiographic abnormalities were no longer observed on the subsequent days. Only one feline showed changes in troponin I cardiac concentrations.

Conclusion: This study suggests the sum and severity of electrolyte abnormalities aggravate the clinical and cardiovascular status of these patients. However, cTnI, blood pressure, and heart rate within the reference range do not exclude the presence of major cardiovascular and metabolic abnormalities. The hyperglycemia in felines with UO appears to be associated with decreased renal clearance, which may reflect the severity of hyperkalemia and azotemia. The metabolic and cardiovascular changes of these felines are minimized by the establishment of appropriate intensive care; however, cardiac and blood gas monitoring is essential to assess the severity of the disease.

Keywords: arrhythmia, feline lower urinary tract disease, hyperkalemia, troponin I cardiac.

Association of the KiSS1 gene with litter size in Cyprus and Iraqi black goats

Research (Published online: 03-08-2021)

2. Association of the KiSS1 gene with litter size in Cyprus and Iraqi black goats

M. A. Rahawy and Hayder Abdul-Kareem AL-Mutar

Veterinary World, 14(8): 1995-2001

ABSTRACT

Aim: The study investigated the genetic polymorphism of the kisspeptin (KiSS1) gene and its relationship with litter size in Cyprus and Iraqi black goats.

Materials and Methods: Blood samples (n=124) were collected from the two goat breeds reared at the Agricultural Research-Ruminant Research Station Breeding Station, Baghdad, Iraq. Genomic DNA was isolated using a DNA extraction kit. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the KiSS1 gene. All PCR products were sequenced and samples were used for further analysis using NCBI-Blast online on the exon 1 (595 bp) region of the KiSS1 gene.

Results: The results of this study revealed a significantly (P<0.05) larger litter size of the Cyprus goat breed than in the Iraqi black goats in the first and second parity. Three (893G/C, 973C/A, and 979T/G) substitutions relative to the KiSS1 gene reference sequence (GenBank ID: J × 047312.1, KC989928.1) were identified. Only the mutation g893G>C was identified as a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with litter size. Furthermore, the average alleles in KiSS1 gene of both types of goats 0.567 and 0.3715 GG, were recorded. The genotyping at locus g893C>G was demonstrating domination of fecundity quality litter size, Both genotypes SNP of GC were classified at this marked region of KiSS1 gene.

Conclusion: The study concluded that the role of the KiSS1 gene in fecundity, revealing the status of this gene as an indicator in the assisted of caprine breeding selection.

Keywords: DNA sequence, goat, kisspeptin gene, litter size, polymorphism.

Effects of ethanol extract of curry leaves (Murraya koenigii) on HER2 and caspase-3 expression in rat model mammary carcinoma

Research (Published online: 03-08-2021)

1. Effects of ethanol extract of curry leaves (Murraya koenigii) on HER2 and caspase-3 expression in rat model mammary carcinoma

Siti Aisyah, Ekowati Handharyani, Nurliani Bermawie and Agus Setiyono

Veterinary World, 14(8): 1988-1994

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/erbB2/neu) is a prognostic factor and biomarker for detecting mammary tumor malignancy. Leaves of curry (Murraya koenigii) contain alkaloid, flavonoid, and phenolic compounds that can be cytotoxic to tumor cells. Caspase-3 is an indicator of apoptosis in tumor cells. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of curry leaf extract on the expression of HER2 and caspase-3 in mammary tumor through immunohistochemical analyses.

Materials and Methods: Thirty five Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups: negative control of tumor (P1), positive control of tumor (P2), tumor therapy with methotrexate (P3), and curry leaf extract doses of 300 and 400 mg/ kg body weight/BW after tumor formation (P4, P5), and before tumor formation (P6, P7). Thirty rats of six groups were injected subcutaneously into the mammary glands with 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)-anthracene DMBA) twice within 2 weeks for mammary tumor formation. At the end of the treatments, the rats were euthanized, and their mammary glands were analyzed histopathologically and immunohistochemically using HER2 and caspase-3 antibodies.

Results: Regarding the expression of HER2 detected in the epithelial cell membrane of the mammary gland, P2, P3, P4, and P5 revealed positive expression, P6 and P7 showed equivocal expression, while P1 showed negative expression. Regarding caspase-3 expression in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, it was low in P1, moderate in P2, P5, P6, and P7, and high in P3 and P4. These findings suggest that DMBA injection produced mammary tumors with HER2 as a biomarker of mammary tumor, and high caspase-3 expression in P4 was the effect of curry leaves extract.

Conclusion: The extract of curry leaves at a dose of 300 mg/kg BW with preventive and curative effects can potentially be used as an anti-tumor agent, which effectively induces the apoptosis of tumor cells.

Keywords: 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)-anthracene, anti-tumor drug, apoptosis, herbal plant, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, Murraya koenigii.

Development of an easy-to-use urease kit for detecting Helicobacter pylori in canine gastric mucosa

Research (Published online: 30-07-2021)

36. Development of an easy-to-use urease kit for detecting Helicobacter pylori in canine gastric mucosa

Chularat Hlaoperm, Kiattawee Choowongkomon, Chantima Pruksakorn and Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1977-1987

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Helicobacter pylori is an important pathogen in humans and animals involved in chronic gastritis, leading to the development of gastric cancer. Urease produced by H. pylori is an enzyme that promotes bacterial colonization and can be used clinically as a biomarker of H. pylori infection as part of a rapid urease test (RUT). A test with high specificity (95-100%) would be more convenient and faster than histopathology, bacterial culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The aim of this study was to develop a simple, cheap, and fast kit for detecting H. pylori infection in the gastric mucosa of canines, which can be used in clinical practice for diagnosing infection with this bacterium.

Materials and Methods: The RUT assays developed were prepared using 1% agar, 1% sodium phosphate monobasic, and 1% urea followed by the addition of 3% methyl red indicator. The cutoff value of sensitivity of the RUT assay was established using the urease of H. pylori ATCC 43504 and color change was monitored for 24 h. Comparisons of the sensitivity to H. pylori ATCC 43504 were made between the developed RUT assays and the Hp Fast™ commercial kit. Then, the limit of detection for H. pylori ATCC 43504 number was analyzed by the SYBR Green real-time PCR assay to measure the copy number of the ureC gene. Gastric biopsy samples from the antrum, body, and fundus of the stomach were collected from eight canines presenting with vomiting and gastroenteritis. Analyses were performed on fresh samples using the developed RUT assays and the Hp Fast™ commercial kit, which were read within 24 h; then, the results were confirmed with SYBR Green real-time PCR. The specificity of the RUT assays was tested with a number of different bacteria, including Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp.; H. pylori ATCC 43504 was used as a positive control.

Results: The results showed that the developed assays were sensitive to the urease enzyme at 0.1 mg/mL. The lowest detection limit of this assay for H. pylori ATCC 43504 was found to be 102 copies at 30 min. The sensitivity of detection of H. pylori in gastric biopsies of canines occurred in a minimum of 30 min. The RUT showed similar results to the Hp Fast™ commercial kit. In the developed RUT, the color change of the test from red to yellow could be clearly distinguished between the color of the positive test and the negative one; however, in the commercial Hp Fast™, it was difficult to observe the gel color change in the negative pH range of 5.8 and the positive pH of 6.5. The developed RUT was specific for H. pylori and did not detect any of the other tested bacteria. The test kit can also be stored for 6 months at 4°C.

Conclusion: The sensitivity of the developed assays allowed the detection of urease enzyme at a minimum concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. Our RUT could also detect H. pylori from one in eight canine specimens at a minimum of 102 copies within 30 min. This RUT is specific to H. pylori as it did not detect any of the other tested bacteria.

Keywords: dog, Helicobacter pylori, rapid urease test.

Effect of agarwood leaf extract on production performance of broilers experiencing heat stress

Research (Published online: 30-07-2021)

35. Effect of agarwood leaf extract on production performance of broilers experiencing heat stress

Ujang Suryadi, Erfan Kustiawan, Anang Febri Prasetyo and Shokhirul Imam

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1971-1976

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The open house cage is mainly influenced by the environmental heat from the sun and the heat released by the chicken. Heat stress can affect physiological conditions so that it has an impact on decreasing productivity. This study aims to determine the effect of agarwood leaf extract in feed on the physiological condition and production performance of broilers experiencing heat stress and to generate prediction equations for the optimal level of the extract in feed.

Materials and Methods: A total of 200 22-day-old broilers (Cobb 500™) underwent four treatments with five replications each, namely, feed without agarwood leaf extract (control) (T0), and feed with 250 (T1), 300 (T2), and 350 mg of agarwood leaf extract/kg body weight (T3). The parameters observed include physiological condition (heart rate, respiratory frequency, and body temperature) as well as production performance (feed consumption, body weight gain [BWG], and feed conversion).

Results: The administration of agarwood leaf extract significantly (p<0.05) decreased heart rate and respiratory frequency. However, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in body temperature, glucose levels, hemoglobin and erythrocyte concentrations, as well as production performance which include weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio. Meanwhile, broilers treated with agarwood leaf extract had a significantly lower heart rate and respiratory frequency (p<0.05) compared to the control. However, broilers given agarwood leaf extract showed better body weight, consumption, and ration conversion compared to the control.

Conclusion: Agarwood leaf extract in feed reduces heart rate and respiratory frequency but has no significant effect on body temperature and hematological parameters (glucose levels, hemoglobin, and erythrocyte concentrations) as well as production performance (feed consumption, weight gain, and feed conversion). These results indicate that the administration of 350 mg/kg body weight agarwood leaf extract is most effective to reduce feed consumption and increase BWG.

Keywords: agarwood leaf extract, broiler, hematological parameters, heat stress, product performance.

Effect of feeding goat meat containing low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acid on blood lipid status of white rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Research (Published online: 29-07-2021)

34. Effect of feeding goat meat containing low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acid on blood lipid status of white rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Widiyanto Widiyanto, Mulyono Mulyono, Sutrisno Sutrisno, Eko Pangestu, Marry Christiyanto, Surahmanto Surahmanto, Vitus Dwi Yunianto and Bambang Waluyo Hadi Eko Prasetiyono

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1966-1970

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Healthy goat meat is an essential aspect in increasing consumer acceptance for this livestock product. The research aimed to examine the effect of goat meat containing low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acid on the performance and blood lipid status of white rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Materials and Methods: Thirty 2-month-old male white rats (R. norvegicus) weighing 195-230 g were randomly divided into three groups, with each group consisting of 10 rats. Group I was treated with a control feed (T0; BR I concentrate). Group II (T1) was treated with a mixed feed containing 50% control feed and 50% goat meat. Group III (T2) was treated with a mixed feed comprising 50% control feed and 50% goat meat with low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acids. Each treatment was given ad libitum for 30 days. The variables measured were dry matter and organic matter consumption, daily body weight gain, feed conversion, triglyceride levels, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and atherogenic index (AI). The data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance in a completely randomized design.

Results: The total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol levels at T0, T1, and T2 were as follows: 99.97, 35.97, and 50.43 mg/dL (total cholesterol); 108.35, 33.92, and 58.17 mg/dL (HDL cholesterol); and 101.43, 38.09, and 48.65 mg/dL (LDL cholesterol). The highest HDL and the lowest LDL cholesterol levels (p<0.05) were observed in the T2 treatment group, which had the lowest AI (1.69 vs. 1.77 and 2.19).

Conclusion: The consumption of goat with low cholesterol and rich omega-6 fatty acids reduces the total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, raises the HDL cholesterol levels, and decreases the AI.

Keywords: atherogenic index, blood lipid status, cholesterol, goat meat, omega-6 fatty acids, white rat.

Investigation of some trace elements and hematological and biochemical parameters in the blood of emaciated Omani goats

Research (Published online: 29-07-2021)

33. Investigation of some trace elements and hematological and biochemical parameters in the blood of emaciated Omani goats

Turke Shawaf, S. Al Bulushi, M. A. Al-Ali, A. M. A. Meligy, M. Salouci and Jamal Hussen

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1960-1965

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The analysis of hematological and biochemical parameters is widely used in assessing animal health status. Limited information is available on trace element levels and their association with hematological and biochemical parameters in Omani goats suffering from emaciation. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the levels of some trace elements in emaciated Omani goats and their relationship with hematological and biochemical parameters.

Materials and Methods: Goats suffering from emaciation and muscular dystrophy (n=18) were compared with healthy goats (n=12). Venous blood samples for the hematological, biochemical, and trace element analysis were collected from the jugular vein.

Results: Emaciated goats showed significantly lower white blood cell, lymphocyte, and red blood cell counts than the healthy goats. In contrast, the percentages of monocytes and eosinophils were higher in emaciated goats than in healthy ones. In addition, emaciated goats showed higher levels of biochemical parameters alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and total bilirubin but lower levels of albumin than the healthy goats. The results of trace element analysis revealed lower concentrations of zinc, iron, and selenium in serum from emaciated goats than in serum from healthy goats.

Conclusion: This study identified significant differences in the serum levels of some trace elements and hematological and biochemical parameters between healthy and emaciated Omani goats. The identified differences represent valuable diagnostic biomarkers for the evaluation of the health status of Omani goats.

Keywords: chemistry, emaciated, hematology, Omani goats, serum, trace elements.

Fauna associated with Malayan filariasis transmission in Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 28-07-2021)

32. Fauna associated with Malayan filariasis transmission in Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Budi Mulyaningsih, Sitti Rahmah Umniyati, Suwarno Hadisusanto and Erwin Edyansyah

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1954-1959

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Brugia malayi is known to be zoonotically important because it can be transmitted from animals (mammals and primates) to humans or from humans to humans through mosquito vectors. This study was conducted to explore the fauna associated with Malayan filariasis transmission in Sedang village, Suak Tapeh District, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional research design with an observational and analytical approach was applied in this study, and it was conducted in May 2018. Mosquitoes were collected twice using human bait both inside and outside the house from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. The presence of competitors, predators, and reservoir hosts in the areas of five breeding habitats of Mansonia spp. was observed. The presence of microfilaria was confirmed under a microscope in night blood samples of inhabitants and cats. The presence of infective larvae (L3) of B. malayi was identified microscopically and based on the polymerase chain reaction method in female Mansonia mosquitoes.

Results: A total of 12 mosquito species were found, among which Mansonia uniformis was the dominant mosquito, and the predominant competitor was Mansonia annulifera. Dragonflies, as predators were found in two breeding habitats and fish were found in one breeding habitat. The L3 of B. malayi were not identified in the mosquitoes, and the microfilariae of B. malayi were not found in the blood samples of inhabitants and cats.

Conclusion: Although Mansonia mosquito population was abundant in Banyuasin Regency, the mosquito was not confirmed as an intermediate host of B. malayi, and the cat was not confirmed as a reservoir of B. malayi in the location.

Keywords: Brugia malayi, lymphatic filariasis, Mansonia uniformis, South Sumatera, subperiodic nocturnal.

Effects of dietary supplementation with breadfruit leaf powder on growth performance, meat quality, and antioxidative activity in Japanese quail

Research (Published online: 28-07-2021)

31. Effects of dietary supplementation with breadfruit leaf powder on growth performance, meat quality, and antioxidative activity in Japanese quail

Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama, Eric Putra Ernanda, Faisal Fikri, Agus Purnomo, Shafia Khairani and Shekhar Chhetri

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1946-1953

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: In an era of increasing concerns about food availability globally, poultry meat is being increasingly consumed rather than red meat given its quality in terms of pH, color, and tenderness, conferring consumer satisfaction. The choice of feed is a crucial factor in poultry production. This study investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with breadfruit leaf powder on growth performance, meat quality, and antioxidative activity in Japanese quail.

Materials and Methods: A total of 120 day-old quail were used in this study and assigned equally into four treatment groups: Group C fed a basal diet and three treatment groups fed a basal diet supplemented with 2.5% (T1), 5% (T2), or 10% (T3) breadfruit leaf powder. The concentrations of breadfruit leaf powder were 2.5, 5, and 10 g/kg in the basal diet. Quail body weight and feed intake (FI) were evaluated at 1, 21, and 35 days of age at 7 a.m. Pectoral muscle was collected to determine pH, meat color, drip loss, cooking loss, water-holding capacity (WHC), tenderness, and antioxidant levels. All variables were analyzed statistically using ANOVA followed by Duncan's post hoc test (significance set at p<0.05).

Results: T3 showed increased body weight gain of quails at 1-21 and 21-35 days (p<0.05). Feeding in the T3 group improved the feed conversion ratio compared with those in the C and T1 groups at the starter phase (p<0.05). Dietary treatment did not affect FI (p>0.05). In the present study, meat redness and WHC were improved in the T3 group (p<0.05). Meanwhile, drip loss, cooking loss, and meat tenderness were improved in the T2 group (p<0.05). The pH45 min, pH24 h, lightness, and yellowness were not influenced by the treatments (p>0.05). The antioxidative activities of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde decreased in the T3 group (p<0.05), while no significant difference in glutathione peroxidase level (p>0.05) was identified.

Conclusion: Ten grams/kilogram of breadfruit leaf powder, as administered in the T3 group, can be applied as a dietary supplement for Japanese quail to improve growth performance, meat quality, and antioxidative activity during the starter and grower periods.

Keywords: antioxidative activity, breadfruit leaf powder, food availability, growth performance, Japanese quail, meat quality.

Vector-borne zoonotic blood parasites in wildlife from Ecuador: A report and systematic review

Research (Published online: 27-07-2021)

30. Vector-borne zoonotic blood parasites in wildlife from Ecuador: A report and systematic review

Eduardo Diaz, Anahi Hidalgo, Carla Villamarin, Gustavo Donoso and Veronica Barragan

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1935-1945

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Ecuador is a hugely diverse country, but information on infectious diseases in local wild animals is scarce. The aim of this study was to screen the presence of blood parasites in free-ranging wild animals admitted to the Wildlife Hospital at Universidad San Francisco de Quito, from April 2012 to January 2019.

Materials and Methods: We identified blood parasites by microscopic observation of blood smears from free-ranging wildlife species that attended the Wildlife Hospital of Universidad San Francisco de Quito (Ecuador) from April 2012 to January 2019.

Results: The microscopic evaluations of animals as potential reservoirs for vector-borne zoonotic blood parasites revealed the presence of Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Hepatozoon spp., microfilaria, Mycoplasma spp., and Trypanosoma spp. in previously unreported wildlife species. In addition, we performed a systematic review to understand the current knowledge gaps in the context of these findings.

Conclusion: Our data contribute to the knowledge of blood parasites in wildlife from Ecuador. Furthermore, the potential transmission of these parasites to humans and domestic animals, current anthropogenic environmental changes in the region, and the lack of information on this suggest the importance of our results and warrant further investigations on infectious diseases in animals and humans and their relationship with environmental health as key domains of the One Health concept.

Keywords: amazon basin, blood parasites, Ecuador, free-ranging wildlife, hemoparasites, one health, systematic review, vector-borne zoonotic.

Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw cow and goat milk produced in the Tiaret and Souk Ahras areas of Algeria

Research (Published online: 27-07-2021)

29. Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw cow and goat milk produced in the Tiaret and Souk Ahras areas of Algeria

Sofiane Tamendjari, Farida Afri Bouzebda, Lina Chaib, Hebib Aggad, Mohammed Ramdani and Zoubir Bouzebda

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1929-1934

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of infection in both humans and animals. Most livestock strains have shown antibiotic resistance to the many molecules used in veterinary therapeutics. This study aimed to assess the resistance patterns of these bacteria, we carried out our study in the Tiaret and Souk Ahras areas of Algeria.

Materials and Methods: We collected 116 samples of bovine and goat milk to detect S. aureus. We used a selective media to isolate the strains, followed by biochemically identifying the isolates. We determined the susceptibility of the strains to antibiotic molecules using the disk diffusion method and confirmed the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with oxacillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).

Results: Our results showed that 26.72% of the samples were contaminated with S. aureus, and we recovered 31 isolates from the positive samples. We ascribed a high resistance profile to penicillin G (96.77%), fusidic acid (67.74%), and tobramycin (45.16%) and isolated 4MRSA strains.

Conclusion: The presence of S. aureus, including MRSA strains in raw milk, can present a public health hazard, because these strains can cause widespread food poisoning . This finding will be useful to the veterinarians to choose an adequate treatment and to sensitize livestock breeders and milk producers to ensure the health of consumers.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance, cow and goat raw milk, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus.

Detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi isolated from Iraqi subjects

Research (Published online: 26-07-2021)

28. Detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi isolated from Iraqi subjects

Hamzah Abdulrahman Salman, Ali Mohammed Abdulmohsen, Mays Noori Falih and Zahraa Mohmoud Romi

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1922-1928

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Enteric fever initiated by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is among the most consistent disease worldwide, particularly in developing countries. The present study aimed to isolate and identify S. Typhi from typhoid suspected patients and determine their antibacterial susceptibility testing.

Materials and Methods: Thirty blood samples were collected from typhoid suspected patients in Baghdad, Iraq. The samples were cultured on SS agar and XLD agar for screening of S. Typhi. The suspected colonies were picked up and subjected to Vitek 2 compact for biochemical identification and antibacterial susceptibility testing of the organisms. Molecular identification of the isolates was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Results: Black colonies were observed on cultured plates. Out of 30 samples, 27 and 29 isolates were identified as S. Typhi using Vitek 2 compact and RT-PCR, respectively. The data of the present study revealed that the strains of S. Typhi were showing multidrug resistance. All S. Typhi strains exhibited resistance to penicillins (ticarcillin and piperacillin), cephalosporins 4th G (cefepime), and monobactam (aztreonam). However, all the strains showed susceptibility against carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem) and tetracycline (minocycline).

Conclusion: RT-PCR and Vitek 2 compact showed a high level of accuracy in the detection of S. Typhi. Multidrug resistance was observed, which is an alert for the reduction of antibiotic consumption.

Keywords: antibiotics susceptibility, enteric fever, multidrug-resistant, Salmonella, typhoid fever, Vitek 2 compact.

Immunomodulatory effect of the combined use of Vetosporin Zh probiotic and Gumi-malysh biologically active additive

Research (Published online: 26-07-2021)

27. Immunomodulatory effect of the combined use of Vetosporin Zh probiotic and Gumi-malysh biologically active additive

Alfia V. Andreeva, Aigul Z. Khakimova, Alexander I. Ivanov, Oksana N. Nikolaeva and Oleg M. Altynbekov

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1915-1921

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Various means and methods, including probiotics and biologically active additives, have been developed and proposed for production to increase the immunobiological reactivity of the body, regardless of the etiology of its decrease. This study aimed to find out the immune status of calves during the preweaning period in association with Vetosporin Zh, Normosil, and Gumi-malysh.

Materials and Methods: The research object was 30-day-old calves of black-and-white Holstein breed. The calves were divided into four groups of 20 heads each. The calves of the first, second, and third experimental groups were treated with Normosil probiotic, Vetosporin Zh probiotic, and Vetosporin Zh probiotic in combination with Gumi-malysh, respectively. The calves in the first, second, and third experimental groups were treated with Normosil probiotic, Vetosporin Zh probiotic, and Vetosporin Zh probiotic in combination with Gumi-malysh, respectively.

Results: On days 10 and 21 of the experiment, animal blood was collected to determine the content of total protein, protein fractions, immunoglobulins, T and B lymphocytes, phagocytic activity and a phagocytic number of neutrophils, and circulating immune complexes (CIC). The combined use of Vetosporin Zh probiotic (dose, 20 mL) with Gumi-malysh (dose, 30 mL) per animal for 30 days in 1-month-old calves contributes to the increase in the number of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels by 2.9%, 3.8%, and 0.96 and 2 g/L, respectively, while reducing the immunoglobulin M (IgM) level; an increase in the phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils and the phagocytic number by 7% and 1.8%, respectively, as well as a decrease in the CIC level with similar indicators in calves that were not treated with the agents.

Conclusion: The method used in the current study helps increase the number of T and B lymphocytes, increase IgA and IgG levels while reducing IgM levels, and increase the phagocytic activity and a phagocytic number of blood neutrophils, as well as decrease the CIC level.

Keywords: calves, immunomodulator, normosil, probiotic, Vetosporin Zh.

Coinfection of Chlamydia spp. and herpesvirus in juvenile farmed Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) in Thailand

Research (Published online: 25-07-2021)

26. Coinfection of Chlamydia spp. and herpesvirus in juvenile farmed Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) in Thailand

Weena Paungpin, Metawee Thongdee, Somjit Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan, Ladawan Sariya, Wanna Sirimanapong, Tanit Kasantikul, Rassameepen Phonarknguen, Poonnut Darakamas and Nlin Arya

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1908-1914

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: For a decade, chlamydial and herpesvirus infections have caused significant morbidity and mortality in farmed crocodiles. In September 2017, a total of 160 juvenile freshwater Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) with conjunctivitis/pharyngitis lesions were admitted at the Veterinary Aquatic Animal Research Health Care Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University. All crocodiles did not respond well to antibiotics or supportive treatments and died. This study aimed to detect and identify the causative agents associated with conjunctivitis/pharyngitis and fatal outcomes in juvenile farmed Siamese crocodiles.

Materials and Methods: A total of 138 pharyngeal and conjunctival swabs and conjunctival scrapes were collected from live crocodiles. All swab and scrape samples were DNA-extracted and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using Chlamydiaceae- and herpesvirus-specific primers. Tissue samples (brain, lung, liver, heart, spleen, and intestine) were collected from two representative postmortem animals. All tissue samples were processed for molecular and pathological analyses.

Results: PCR examinations identified chlamydial and herpesvirus DNA in 92% (126/138) and 100% (138/138), respectively, of the tested swab and scrape samples. Of those positive samples, 79% (26/33), 67% (4/6), and 98% (97/99) of the pharyngeal swabs, conjunctival swabs, and conjunctival scrapes, respectively, were positive for both chlamydial and herpesvirus DNA. Histopathological examination indicated necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration in the liver, kidney, and intestine of the affected animals. The intracytoplasmic accumulation of Chlamydia was randomly observed in the examined tissue sample. Moreover, the presence of chlamydial and herpesvirus DNA was also detected in the tissue samples, including the heart, intestine, brain, lung, liver, and spleen, of the affected animals by PCR. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Chlamydia spp. detected in the juvenile Siamese crocodiles was notably different from other known species in the Chlamydia genus, while the herpesvirus detected in the crocodiles was closely related to crocodyline herpesvirus 1.

Conclusion: Based on histopathological and molecular examinations, this report provided the first evidence of coinfection of Chlamydia spp. and crocodyline herpesvirus 1 in juvenile Siamese crocodiles in Thailand.

Keywords: Chlamydia spp., herpesvirus, juvenile, pathology, phylogeny, Siamese crocodile.

Synergistic effects of sitagliptin and losartan against fipronil-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Research (Published online: 25-07-2021)

25. Synergistic effects of sitagliptin and losartan against fipronil-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Sara T. Elazab, Omar Samir and Marwa E. Abass

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1901-1907

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Fipronil (FPN) is a potent pesticide that is heavily used around the world in agriculture. However, its irrational use could potentially have deleterious effects on animals and humans. The present study aimed to investigate the ability of sitagliptin (Sit) and losartan (LOS), when used both individually or concurrently, to guard rat liver against the acute hepatotoxicity caused by FPN.

Materials and Methods: Forty-two adult male Wistar rats were equally divided into seven groups (6/group). Group I (control) received normal saline (0.5 mL/rat, vehicle for all treatments) by gavage once daily for 10 days. Group II received oral Sit (10 mg/kg body weight [BW]) daily for 10 days and Group III received oral LOS (5 mg/kg BW) daily for 10 days. Group IV received oral FPN (19.4 mg/kg BW; 1/5 of the oral LD50) for the past 5 days of the study. Groups V and VI received oral Sit (10 mg/kg BW) and LOS (5 mg/kg BW) daily, respectively, 5 days prior and 5 days during FPN administration (19.4 mg/kg BW). Group VII received oral Sit (10 mg/kg BW) and LOS (5 mg/kg BW) for 10 days with daily FPN during the past 5 days. After the end of the treatment period, the rats were humanely sacrificed and blood and liver tissue samples were collected for biochemical analysis and histopathological and immunohistochemical investigations.

Results: FPN administration resulted in elevated alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase serum concentrations as well as increased malondialdehyde levels and reduced catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione activity. The histopathological investigation showed disorganization of the hepatic cords and focal necrosis of the hepatocytes in FPN-intoxicated rats. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical examination showed that hepatic caspase-3 was overexpressed in the FPN-treated rats. The administration of Sit and LOS before and alongside FPN markedly mitigated the alterations caused by FPN and the hepatoprotective effects were more prominent in the combination group.

Conclusion: Sit and LOS, both individually or in combination, confers considerable hepatoprotection against FPN-induced hepatotoxicity.

Keywords: fipronil, hepatotoxicity, losartan, oxidative stress, sitagliptin.

Effects of medicinal plants mixture on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and fecal microbiota in growing pigs

Research (Published online: 24-07-2021)

24. Effects of medicinal plants mixture on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and fecal microbiota in growing pigs

Nguyen Cong Oanh, Truong Quang Lam, Nguyen Dinh Tien, Jean-Luc Hornick and Vu Dinh Ton

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1894-1900

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Alternative natural materials to antibiotics for improving digestive health and growth performance are needed due to strengthening regulations related to the use of antibiotic growth promoters. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of medicinal plants mixture (60% Bidens pilosa L., 15% Urena lobata L., 15% Pseuderanthemum palatiferum, 5% Ramulus cinnamomi, and 5% Star anise) as alternative growth promotors on animal health, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, and growth performance of growing pigs.

Materials and Methods: The study was conducted, from April 2020 to June 2020, at a private pig production farm located in Cam Giang district Hai Duong Province, Vietnam. Forty-eight 10-week-old crossbred (♂Duroc×♀ [Landrace×Yorkshire]) pigs, average initial body weight 30.3±1.42 kg, were randomly allocated to four dietary groups, three replicate pens per experimental group, with 4 pigs/pen. For 7 weeks, the pigs were fed a basal diet supplemented with the mixture at levels of 0, 20, 40, and 60 g/kg of feed.

Results: Final body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio, as well as apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, and gross energy were not significantly influenced by the diets (p>0.05). Inclusion of the plant mixture decreased significantly red blood cell count, blood cholesterol, urea nitrogen, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations (p<0.05) compared with the control diet. No diet effect was observed on fecal Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Clostridium spp., and total bacteria counts.

Conclusion: The incorporation of the plant mixture into the diet of growing pigs reduced serum cholesterol, LDL, and urea concentrations with no adverse effect on performance and nutrient digestibility.

Keywords: animal performance, blood profile, digestibility, growing pig, medicinal plants powder.

Bacterial phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species production by camel neutrophils and monocytes are influenced by the type of anticoagulation agent

Research (Published online: 24-07-2021)

23. Bacterial phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species production by camel neutrophils and monocytes are influenced by the type of anticoagulation agent

Naser Abdallah Al Humam

Veterinary World, 14(7): 1888-1893

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Anticoagulants with different modes of action are used in the collection of camel blood samples. In the innate immune response, camel neutrophils and monocytes can play several roles during infection and inflammation. For anticoagulants ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and heparin, research has described their effects on different parameters of the immune system. However, to date, no research has examined the effects of anticoagulants on the functional activity of camel phagocytes. Therefore, this study analyzed the influence of K3EDTA and lithium heparin on the antimicrobial activity of camel neutrophils and monocytes.

Materials and Methods: Camel leukocytes were separated from blood collected in EDTA or heparin tubes, and their phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production activity were analyzed by flow cytometry after stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli bacteria.

Results: In comparison to the cells collected from the EDTA blood, the camel neutrophils and monocytes separated from the heparin blood showed higher phagocytosis activity of S. aureus and E. coli. In addition, the neutrophils and monocytes produced significantly more ROS when the blood was collected in the heparin tubes.

Conclusion: The antimicrobial functions of camel neutrophils and monocytes are significantly affected by the type of anticoagulation agent. Therefore, using heparin rather than EDTA as an anticoagulant is recommended when performing the functional analysis of phagocytosis and ROS production of camel phagocytes.

Keywords: bacteria, dromedary camel, monocyte, neutrophil, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species.