Genetic variation in the first intron and exon of the myostatin gene in several Indonesian cattle populations

Research (Published online: 19-05-2021)

18. Genetic variation in the first intron and exon of the myostatin gene in several Indonesian cattle populations

Peni Wahyu Prihandini, Almira Primasari, Aryogi Aryogi, Jauhari Efendy, Muchamad Luthfi, Dicky Pamungkas and Dwi Nur Happy Hariyono

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1197-1201

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Myostatin (MSTN), a member of the transforming growth factor-β family, is a negative regulator of muscle mass. This study aimed to detect the genetic variation of the 1160 bp fragment of exon 1 and part of intron 1 of the MSTN gene in several cattle populations raised in Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: Polymerase chain reaction products of the MSTN gene amplified from 92 animals representing 10 cattle populations (Peranakan Ongole [PO], Belgian Blue x PO cross, Rambon, PO x Bali cross, Jabres, Galekan, Sragen, Donggala, Madura, and Bali) were sequenced, compared, and aligned with bovine MSTN of Bos taurus (GenBank Acc. No. AF320998.1) and Bos indicus (GenBank Acc. No. AY794986.1).

Results: Four nucleotide substitutions (nt 1045 and 1066 in intron 1; nt 262 and 418 in exon 1) and two indels (nt 807 and 869 in intron 1) were synonymous mutations. Among these substitutions, only the nt 262G>C and nt 418A>G loci were polymorphic in all populations, except Bali cattle. The frequencies of the nt 262C (0.82) and nt 418A (0.65) alleles were highest. For the nt 262G>C locus, the CC genotype had the highest frequency (0.66) followed by GC (0.30) and CC (0.03). For the nt 418A>G locus, the AG genotype had the highest frequency (0.52) followed by AA (0.39) and GG (0.09).

Conclusion: The results, showing genetic variations in exon 1 and intron 1 of the MSTN gene, might be helpful for future association studies.

Keywords: beef cattle, double muscling, myostatin gene, polymorphisms, single-nucleotide polymorphism.

Phytochemical composition and health properties of Sembung plant (Blumea balsamifera): A review

Review (Published online: 17-05-2021)

17. Phytochemical composition and health properties of Sembung plant (Blumea balsamifera): A review

I. Gede Widhiantara and I. Made Jawi

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1185-1196

ABSTRACT

Indonesia's mindset has been focusing on the use of natural medicines, food, and healing practices widely recognized by the nation's culture. Traditional medicines and herbs used in traditional medicine can often lead to the discovery of drugs against certain diseases. The aim of this review was to study evidence-based data on the importance of Sembung plant, Blumea balsamifera, as a potential traditional medicine. The distribution, ethnopharmacology, secondary metabolites, and bioactivity against several diseases are focused in this review. Information and research related to Sembung plant were searched using the terms "B. balsamifera," "phytochemicals," and "pharmacological activity" on ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and scientific information-based databases up to 2020. Several ethnomedical articles recommend B. balsamifera for the treatment of sinusitis, colic pain, cough, kidney stones, flu, or as a diuretic. This knowledge has already been applied in several countries in Southeast Asia. B. balsamifera has been reported to contain several phytochemicals both volatile (terpenoids, fatty acids, phenols, alcohol, aldehydes, ethers, ketones, pyridines, furans, and alkanes) and non-volatile (flavonoids, flavanones, and chalcones). Extracts and phytochemicals of B. balsamifera contain several biological capacities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, anti-infertility, hepatoprotective activity, antidiabetic, gastroprotective, antitumor, anticancer, and immunomodulatory agent against Coronavirus disease-19 infection. This review provides essential data for the potential application of B. balsamifera as a nutraceutical or in future medicinal preparations.

Keywords: Asteraceae, Blumea balsamifera, future medicine, medicinal uses, phytochemical constituents.

Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-associated subclinical mastitis isolated from dairy cows in Bogor, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 13-05-2021)

16. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-associated subclinical mastitis isolated from dairy cows in Bogor, Indonesia

Evi Nur Qolbaini, Miftahudin Majid Khoeri, Korrie Salsabila, Wisiva Tofriska Paramaiswari, Wisnu Tafroji, I. Made Artika and Dodi Safari

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1180-1184

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Subclinical mastitis is an udder infection devoid of clinical symptoms, and Staphylococcus aureus is one of the bacteria causing this disease. This study aimed to identify and determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)-associated subclinical mastitis isolated from dairy cows in Bogor, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: S. aureus was isolated from subclinical mastitis milk specimens. All strains were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction-based detection of staphylococcal nuc, and MRSA was confirmed by the presence of mecA. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the disk diffusion method.

Results: From 86 milk samples, 49 isolates (57%) were confirmed as S. aureus. All S. aureus isolates were susceptible to tetracycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Nine isolates were identified as MRSA (10.5%).

Conclusion: In this study, we reported MRSA-associated subclinical mastitis in Bogor, Indonesia.

Keywords: Bogor, dairy cows, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, subclinical mastitis.

Phylogenomic analysis for Campylobacter fetus ocurring in Argentina

Research (Published online: 13-05-2021)

15. Phylogenomic analysis for Campylobacter fetus ocurring in Argentina

Pablo Daniel Farace, José Matías Irazoqui, Claudia Graciela Morsella, Juan Agustín García, María Alejandra Méndez, Fernando Alberto Paolicchi, Ariel Fernando Amadio and Andrea Karina Gioffré

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1165-1179

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Campylobacter fetus is one of the most important pathogens that severely affects livestock industry worldwide. C. fetus mediated bovine genital campylobacteriosis infection in cattle has been associated with significant economic losses in livestock production in the Pampas region, the most productive area of Argentina. The present study aimed to establish the genomic relationships between C. fetus strains, isolated from the Pampas region, at local and global levels. The study also explored the utility of multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) as a typing technique for C. fetus.

Materials and Methods: For pangenome and phylogenetic analysis, whole genome sequences for 34 C. fetus strains, isolated from cattle in Argentina were downloaded from GenBank. A local maximum likelihood (ML) tree was constructed and linked to a Microreact project. In silico analysis based on MLST was used to obtain information regarding sequence type (ST) for each strain. For global phylogenetic analysis, a core genome ML-tree was constructed using genomic dataset for 265 C. fetus strains, isolated from various sources obtained from 20 countries.

Results: The local core genome phylogenetic tree analysis described the presence of two major clusters (A and B) and one minor cluster (C). The occurrence of 82% of the strains in these three clusters suggested a clonal population structure for C. fetus. The MLST analysis for the local strains revealed that 31 strains were ST4 type and one strain was ST5 type. In addition, a new variant was identified that was assigned a novel ST, ST70. In the present case, ST4 was homogenously distributed across all the regions and clusters. The global analysis showed that most of the local strains clustered in the phylogenetic groups that comprised exclusively of the strains isolated from Argentina. Interestingly, three strains showed a close genetic relationship with bovine strains obtained from Uruguay and Brazil. The ST5 strain grouped in a distant cluster, with strains obtained from different sources from various geographic locations worldwide. Two local strains clustered in a phylogenetic group comprising intercontinental Campylobacter fetus venerealis strains.

Conclusion: The results of the study suggested active movement of animals, probably due to economic trade between different regions of the country as well as with neighboring countries. MLST results were partially concordant with phylogenetic analysis. Thus, this method did not qualify as a reliable subtyping method to assess C. fetus diversity in Argentina. The present study provided a basic platform to conduct future research on C. fetus, both at local and international levels.

Keywords: Campylobacter fetus, multi-locus sequence typing, pangenome, phylogenomics, venereal disease.

Using glycerin with chitosan extracted from shrimp residue to enhance rumen fermentation and feed use in native Thai bulls

Research (Published online: 12-05-2021)

14. Using glycerin with chitosan extracted from shrimp residue to enhance rumen fermentation and feed use in native Thai bulls

Anuthida Seankamsorn, Anusorn Cherdthong, Sarong So and Metha Wanapat

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1158-1164

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Crude glycerin is changed to propionate in the rumen, while chitosan can be used as a feed supplement to increase propionic acid concentration and decrease methane (CH4) production. We hypothesized that supplementation with a combination of a high level of crude glycerin with chitosan could have a beneficial effect on ruminal fermentation and mitigate CH4 production. This study aimed to explore the combined effects of crude glycerin and chitosan supplementation on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and CH4 calculation in native Thai bulls.

Materials and Methods: Four 2-year-old native Thai bulls, weighing 150±20 kg, were kept in a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design. Factor A represented the incorporation of crude glycerin at 10.5% and 21% of the dry matter (DM) of a total mixed ration (TMR), and factor B represented the supplementation of chitosan at 1% and 2% DM of a TMR.

Results: Increasing levels of crude glycerin at 21% decreased DM intake by 0.62 kg/day compared with 10.5% crude glycerin (p<0.05), whereas nutrient digestibility did not change (p>0.05). The incorporated crude glycerin and supplemented chitosan levels did not affect the pH, temperature, concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen, microbial population, and blood urea nitrogen (p>0.05). Supplemented chitosan and incorporated crude glycerin did not show any interaction effects on the molar portions and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), except estimated CH4. Increasing the incorporated crude glycerin levels increased propionate and decreased the ratio of acetate to propionate ratio, whereas levels of butyrate, acetate, and total VFAs were unchanged. The combination of crude glycerin at 21% in the TMR with chitosan at 2% reduced CH4 estimation by 5.08% compared with the other feed treatment.

Conclusion: Increasing incorporated crude glycerin levels in a TMR significantly elevated the propionate concentration, whereas combining 21% crude glycerin in the TMR diet with 2% chitosan supplementation could depress CH4 estimation more effectively than adding one of these supplements alone.

Keywords: crude glycerin, digestibility, incorporation, intake, volatile fatty acids.

Hepatic biomarkers and coprology as indicators of clinical bovine fasciolosis in Chad

Research (Published online: 12-05-2021)

13. Hepatic biomarkers and coprology as indicators of clinical bovine fasciolosis in Chad

Ibrahim I. Elshahawy, Sherif Elshanat, Mayo Mahamat Arab, Mohamed Nayel, Akram Salama, Ahmed El-Sify and Mahmoud Aly

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1153-1157

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Fasciolosis is a cosmopolitan parasitic disease of food-producing animals and is typically caused by digenetic trematodes, Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica. It has a direct negative impact on the liver and consequently affects liver metabolism. It has indirect effects, including lowered milk production and effects on quality and general health conditions leading to extensive economic losses. This study aimed to focus on the link between clinical fasciolosis and some biochemical analysis of the hepatic profile of cattle in Chad.

Materials and Methods: This study was initiated in response to emerging complaints from dairy cattle owners detecting a bitter milk cream and butter taste. Furthermore, those animals had shown poor health conditions by presenting with diarrhea. Preliminary surveillance for possible causes was performed, including fecal and serum biochemical analyses and clinical observation to diagnose the possible disease.

Results: The results obtained, including the finding of parasite stages during the coprological examination, confirmed the role of fasciolosis. The independent sample t-test indicated highly significantly altered values of all biochemical liver indicators in the infected animals. All animals were treated with two doses of rafoxanide (3 mg/kg b.w.) S/C, at 21 days intervals, with vitamin supplements, mineral mixtures, and food additives. Surprisingly, the main complaint was restored after treatment. This is another evident clue of fasciolosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first recent study that diagnosed fasciolosis in Chad.

Conclusion: This study emphasized the importance of fasciolosis, its negative impact on milk taste, and the necessity for veterinary advice regarding routine examination and prophylactic measures, especially before autumn, to minimize economic losses. However, regardless of the small sample size, this study could serve as a cornerstone for future studies on evaluating the accurate epidemiological status of fasciolosis in Chad. This study reported a close association between the alteration of liver enzymes and total protein levels in fasciolosis and the bitter milk cream taste, which could be used as a diagnostic tool for fasciolosis.

Keywords: chad, coprology, fasciolosis, hepatic biomarkers.

An update on the ornamental fish industry in Malaysia: Aeromonas hydrophila-associated disease and its treatment control

Review (Published online: 11-05-2021)

12. An update on the ornamental fish industry in Malaysia: Aeromonas hydrophila-associated disease and its treatment control

Norashikin Anjur, Siti Fatimah Sabran, Hassan Mohd Daud and Nor Zalina Othman

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1143-1152

ABSTRACT

Malaysia is the world's major producer and exporter of ornamental fish, contributing 9% to the global trade and taking the second position after Singapore. Because of their artistic appeal and tremendous commercial value for international trade, ornamental fish recently gain rapid importance for foreign exchange and as a source of employment. While ornamental fish production is growing, there is an increase in infectious diseases, resulting in high fish mortality with significant economic loss. Bacterial disease is a serious problem for ornamental fish industry. Bacterial species surveillance in diseased freshwater ornamental fish from an aquarium shop reveals that Aeromonas hydrophila is the most dominant bacteria isolated. Consequently, Malaysia is stepping up its efforts by implementing the Economic Transformation Program and other biosecurity steps to address the aquaculture issues and encourage the regrowth of the ornamental fish market. Chemotherapeutic medications, phytobiotics, probiotics, yeast extracts, vaccines, and disinfectants can be used in controlling bacteria. Further studies should be done to find new antibacterial agents from natural sources to combat bacterial fish diseases and reduce fish mortality rate in sustainable aquaculture farms. This review summarizes the literature on ornamental fish industries and aquaculture production in relation to A. hydrophila-associated diseases and ornamental fish health management in Malaysia.

Keywords: Aeromonas hydrophila, chemotherapeutic drug, Malaysia, ornamental fish, phytotherapy.

In vitro evaluation of the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus isolated from native swine manure

Research (Published online: 11-05-2021)

11. In vitro evaluation of the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus isolated from native swine manure

Chiraprapha Tuyarum, Aporn Songsang and Monthon Lertworapreecha

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1133-1142

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Using antimicrobials as a feed additive in swine production is prohibited because it is a major cause of the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus spp. are an attractive alternative to reduce antimicrobial resistance and promote swine growth. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro probiotic properties of Lactobacillus isolated from indigenous swine manure.

Materials and Methods: A total of 30 fecal samples from healthy individual indigenous pigs were collected and isolated on de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar. The preliminary screen identified candidates with antibacterial activity against six pathogens and >50% survival and tolerance to acid (pH 3.0) and 1% bile salt. Isolates that passed the initial screen will be tested for other probiotic properties.

Results: Of the 314 isolates from 30 pig manure samples, 17 isolates satisfied all initial conditions for probiotic properties. Each isolate has unique, distinctive properties. Isolates B4, B5, B8, B17, B87, and B144 formed thick biofilms, whereas isolates B5, B8, and 27 adhered well to the intestinal wall and exhibited strong autoaggregation properties. Isolate B4 aggregated with Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Enteropathogenic E. coli. Tests in pH-adjusted cell-free medium indicated that the antibacterial activity resulted from bacterial acidification rather than bacteriocin formation. Sequence analysis (16S rRNA) revealed 16 of the isolates were Lactobacillus plantarum, and only one isolate was Lactobacillus salivarius.

Conclusion: We isolated 17 Lactobacillus from swine manure and demonstrated that their probiotic properties might be useful as a probiotic cocktail for swine feed.

Keywords: Lactobacillus spp., native swine manure, probiotic properties.

Antibacterial effect of acidic ionized water on horse wounds bacterial isolates

Research (Published online: 10-05-2021)

10. Antibacterial effect of acidic ionized water on horse wounds bacterial isolates

Afiqah Zafirah Abdul Rahman, Noraniza Mohd Adzahan, Zunita Zakaria and Abubakar Musa Mayaki

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1128-1132

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Horse wounds can be easily infected with bacteria depending on the nature of its cause such as laceration, abrasion, or puncture as well as the nature of its environment. Various treatments are available in managing open wounds, including the usage of topical antibiotics and antiseptics. However, antibiotic resistance has been a major concern attributed with chronic wound infection. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of ionized water at different pH against the growth of common bacteria from horse wounds.

Materials and Methods: Ten swab samples from equine infected wounds were collected and bacteria isolation and identification were performed. The antibacterial effect of the ionized water of pH 2.5, 4.5, 7.0, and 11.5 was tested on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus intermedius, Escherichia coli, Pantoea agglomerans, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The time-kill profiles of the ionized waters were determined at time 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h.

Results: Ionized water of pH 2.5 and 4.5 showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius, and S. intermedius with significant (p>0.05) reduction in colony-forming unit/mL within 2-8 h. The degree of bactericidal effect of the acidic ionized water differs between the species with S. intermedius more susceptible. However, there was no antibacterial effect at pH 2.5, 4.5, 7.0, and 11.5 on the Gram-negative bacteria tested.

Conclusion: Ionized water of pH 2.5 and 4.5 is effective in minimizing the growth of Gram-positive bacteria; thus it could be of clinical importance as an antiseptic for surface wound lavage in horses.

Keywords: bacterial growth, ionized water, horse, wounds.

Antimicrobial sensitivity of Avibacterium paragallinarum isolates from layers in the special region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 08-05-2021)

9. Antimicrobial sensitivity of Avibacterium paragallinarum isolates from layers in the special region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Ima Fauziah, Widya Asmara and Agnesia Endang Tri Hastuti Wahyuni

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1124-1127

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Infectious coryza (IC) is an upper respiratory disease of chicken caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum. Its clinical symptoms are swollen face and malodorous sinus exudate. This study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial sensitivity of A. paragallinarum isolates from layers in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: The samples used in this study were 30 layers that showed IC symptoms. The colony and cell morphology were observed with Gram staining; then, biochemical tests (catalase, oxidase, urease, indole, and motility tests, and carbohydrate fermentation tests using lactose, maltose, mannitol, and sorbitol) were performed to the suspected colony to identify A. paragallinarum. An antibiotic sensitivity test was performed using several antibiotic disks against A. paragallinarum isolates that were cultured on Mueller-Hinton Agar.

Results: Out of 30 samples, 24 samples (80%) were found positive for A. paragallinarum. All isolates were sensitive to ampicillin (AMP) and amoxicillin (AML) (100%), and chloramphenicol (C) (91.6%). The antibiotics with intermediate sensitivity were enrofloxacin (79.2%), fosfomycin (75%), and ciprofloxacin (54.2%). The isolates were most resistant to erythromycin (100%), followed by tetracycline (87.5%), streptomycin (83.3%), doxycycline and kanamycin (70.8%), and trimethoprim (62.5%).

Conclusion: Out of the total samples, 24 samples (80%) from layers with IC symptoms were identified biochemically as A. paragallinarum. It was sensitive to AMP, AML, and C.

Keywords: antimicrobial susceptibility test, Avibacterium paragallinarum, infectious coryza.

Potential antimicrobial properties of the Ulva lactuca extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds: A review

Review (Published online: 08-05-2021)

8. Potential antimicrobial properties of the Ulva lactuca extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds: A review

Nadya Fianny Ardita, Lenny Mithasari, Daris Untoro and Siti Isrina Oktavia Salasia

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1116-1123

ABSTRACT

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), currently a major problem in hospitals worldwide, is one of the most common causes of nosocomial disease through surgical wound infection. MRSA-infected wounds have very low recovery rates and have become more problematic as some antibiotics are not effective against MRSA. Several antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents of green algae (Ulva lactuca) in the form of alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins, and flavonoids have the potential to accelerate the wound healing process following MRSA wound infection. Various active compounds contained in the U. lactuca extract are thought to have multiple antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties that can overcome the MRSA antimicrobial resistance and accelerate tissue growth in the wound healing process. This review aims to describe the potential of Ulva lactuca extract against MRSA-infected wound healing.

Keywords: antibacterial, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Ulva lactuca, wound infection.

The effect of different types of in ovo selenium injection on the immunity, villi surface area, and growth performance of local chickens

Research (Published online: 07-05-2021)

7. The effect of different types of in ovo selenium injection on the immunity, villi surface area, and growth performance of local chickens

Rantan Krisnan, Yuli Retnani, Budi Tangendjaja, Rita Mutia, Anuraga Jayanegara and Elizabeth Wina

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1109-1115

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The presence of free radicals may lower chicken's performance. Thus, the antioxidant defense is needed and can be made through a nutritional approach such as selenium supplementation before hatches. This study aimed to investigate the type of selenium that, as an in ovo feeding (IOF) material, can provide the most enhancement of immunity, villi surface area, and early growth performance of local chickens.

Materials and Methods: This study, with a completely randomized design, used 480 fertile Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB, a selected local breed) chicken eggs, with 120 eggs per treatment for four treatments. The four treatments of IOF material included the treatment with organic selenium yeast (SY), organic hydroxy-selenomethionine (HSM), inorganic sodium selenite (SS), and uninjected selenium (control). A solution containing 0.15 ppm of different selenium was injected into the egg amnion after 18 days of incubation. Once hatched, the chicks were placed in three individual cages for each treatment (capacity of eight birds per cage). The parameters observed were the villi surface area, antibody titer, the number of total and differentiated leucocytes, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity levels, and growth and feed efficiency of the early growth performance.

Results: All the in ovo selenium feeding, except SS, significantly affected the villi surface area, antibody titer, and lymphocyte and heterophil percentages; however, the feedings were still not optimal for enhancing antibody titers and total and differentiated leukocytes. All types of selenium were demonstrated to increase the activity of GSH-Px significantly compared to the control treatment (p<0.05). Furthermore, the daily gain and feed conversion ratio of the groups treated with SY and HSM was significantly improved compared to that of the control group.

Conclusion: In ovo SY and HSM improve immunity significantly, villi surface areas and performance. Therefore, both types are the best nutrient ingredients of IOF for building immunity and producing good performance in chickens.

Keywords: immunity, in ovo, local chicken, performance, selenium, villi.

Investigations on the vaginal temperature, cycle stages, and steroid hormone concentrations during the breeding season in camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Research (Published online: 07-05-2021)

6. Investigations on the vaginal temperature, cycle stages, and steroid hormone concentrations during the breeding season in camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Ragab H. Mohamed, Amal M. Abo El-Maaty, Rasha S. Mohamed, Axel Wehrend, Fatma Ali and Hassan A. Hussein

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1102-1108

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Estrus detection plays a crucial role in the success of animal reproduction. It was previously reported that body temperature changes during estrus. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vaginal temperatures (VTs) measured by a data logger, ovarian activity, and hormonal cyclic changes in camels.

Materials and Methods: Six mature, healthy, non-pregnant dromedary, and 10-12-year-old camels were included in the study. The ovarian activity was monitored with ultrasonography, and estrus behavior was evaluated using an active and virile male camel. Animals were inserted with a blank controlled internal drug release device attached with an intravaginal data logger. Every hour, the ambient temperature was recorded by another data logger. Blood samples were collected, and sera were used to measure estradiol and progesterone levels.

Results: The whole follicular cycle lasted 25.41±1.36 days, and the maximum sizes of the dominant follicle in the first and second follicular waves were 1.63±0.27 cm and 1.94±0.42 cm, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the follicular diameter and estradiol-17β level (p<0.01, r=0.397). There was no correlation between the follicular diameter and progesterone level (p>0.05, r=0.038), which remained low during the whole period of the experiment. The mean daily VT was significantly correlated with the diameter of the dominant follicle (1.7-2.2 cm, p<0.01, r=0.52).

Conclusion: Measurement of VT will improve the accuracy of estrus prediction. Further studies are recommended to validate VT in camel reproduction.

Keywords: data logger, dromedary camels, estrus detection, follicular waves, ovarian hormones, vaginal temperature.

Effects of different concentration of organic and inorganic trace minerals (zinc, selenium, and chromium) supplementation on expression of chTLR4 gene and humoral immune response in broilers

Research (Published online: 06-05-2021)

5. Effects of different concentration of organic and inorganic trace minerals (zinc, selenium, and chromium) supplementation on expression of chTLR4 gene and humoral immune response in broilers

Anand Kumar Jain, Aditya Mishra, Ajit Pratap Singh, Pragati Patel, Amir Amin Sheikh, Tilak Ram Chandraker and Rajesh Vandre

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1093-1101

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Poultry production is the fastest-growing livestock sector in developing countries. In the poultry diet, trace minerals (zinc [Zn], selenium [Se], and chromium [Cr]) are normally administered in the inorganic form which has been traditionally considered as the most cost-effective and easily available but organic forms of these trace minerals have a higher bioavailability, lower dietary inclusion and cause less environmental pollution as compared to inorganic form. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of organic and inorganic forms of trace minerals (Zn, Se, and Cr) supplementation (0-35 days) on expression of chTLR4gene and humoral immune response in broilers.

Materials and Methods: A total of 216 broilers were randomly divided into 12 groups and each group divided into three replicates consisting of six broilers each. T1 (R1, R2, and R3) group was kept as control. T2, T3, and T4 (R1, R2, and R3) groups were supplemented with inorganic form of Zn at 40 mg/kg of feed, organic form of Zn at 40 mg/kg of feed, and 50% organic form of Zn at 20 mg/kg of feed, respectively. T5, T6, and T7 (R1, R2, and R3) groups were supplemented with inorganic form of Se at 0.3 mg/kg of feed, organic form of Se at 0.3 mg/kg of feed, and 50% organic form of Se at 0.15 mg/kg of feed, respectively. T8, T9, and T10 (R1, R2, and R3) groups were supplemented with inorganic form of Cr at 2 mg/kg of feed, organic form of Cr at 2 mg/kg of feed, and 50% organic form of Cr at 1 mg/kg of feed, respectively. T11 and T12 (R1, R2, and R3) groups were supplemented with a combination of all three minerals from inorganic and organic forms, respectively.

Results: Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction gene expression analysis revealed that in bursa of Fabricius, maximum upregulation of chTLR4 (3.0214 fold) was observed in T6 group, and in spleen, maximum upregulation of chTLR4 (3.2140 fold) was observed in T3 group as compared to control group. On day 35, the maximum plasma immunoglobulin G concentration was observed in organic trace minerals (OTMs) supplemented, whereas the minimum concentration was recorded in control group. On day 28 and 35, the overall mean heterophil:lymphocyte ratio showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between control and OTM supplemented groups. A significantly higher immune organ weight (spleen and bursa of Fabricius) was recorded in OTM supplemented group as compared to control and other supplemented group.

Conclusion: Supplementation of organic form of Zn, Se, and Cr either alone or in combination increase humoral immune response and upregulation of chTLR4 gene expression in bursa and spleen indicates a beneficial effect of OTM in augmentation of immune system in broilers.

Keywords: Broilers, chTLR4, heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, immunoglobulin G, spleen and bursa of Fabricius and organic trace minerals.

Study on bacterial pathogens through multiplex polymerase chain reaction system and their antimicrobial resistance pattern in goats presumed with fever and/or diarrhea

Research (Published online: 06-05-2021)

4. Study on bacterial pathogens through multiplex polymerase chain reaction system and their antimicrobial resistance pattern in goats presumed with fever and/or diarrhea

Pranab Paul, Md. Rayhan Faruque, Md. Kaisar Rahman, Priyanka Das and Mohammed Yousuf Elahi Chowdhury

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1080-1092

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Goat is one of the major livestock species, plays an important role in the economy of Bangladesh. However, the outbreak of different infectious diseases in goats causes high mortality and economic losses due to lack of proper diagnosis and treatment. Conventional culture-based methods for detecting specific pathogens as confirmatory diagnosis are laborious as well as time-consuming in comparison to multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR), by which multiple pathogens can be detected at a time. The present study was aimed to perform faster molecular identification of bacterial pathogens from goats presumed with fever and/or diarrhea and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern.

Materials and Methods: A total of 200 blood samples were collected from goats at S. A. Quaderi Teaching Veterinary Hospital (SAQTVH) in Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University for the period of July 2017-April 2018. DNA was extracted and subsequently, mPCR assay was performed for the screening of several bacterial pathogens (Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Clostridium perfringens, Vibrio cholerae, and Staphylococcus aureus). An antimicrobial susceptibility test against ten antimicrobials for positive samples of each organism was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer Disk-Diffusion Method on selective media.

Results: S. aureus, C. perfringens, L. monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp. were detected from collected samples and their overall prevalence was 11.5%, 3.5%, 1%, and 20.5%, respectively. The most common clinical signs were mild fever, nasal discharge, dyspnea, and coughing (39.1%) for S. aureus, diarrhea, convulsion, abdominal pain, and incoordination (57.1%) for C. perfringens, fever, protrusion of tongue, and incoordination (100%) for L. monocytogenes, and fever, anorexia, dehydration with mucous feces (36.6%) for Salmonella spp. infection in goats. Antimicrobial diagram of S. aureus showed resistance against Cefotaxime (74%), Cefixime (65%), and Tetracycline (65%); highly sensitive against Amoxicillin (48%), Ciprofloxacin (44%), and Gentamicin (44%). On the other hand, C. perfringens showed highly resistant against Ampicillin (71%), Gentamicin (71%), sensitive against Penicillin (57%), and Cefotaxime (57%). L. monocytogenes were found to be sensitive to Penicillin (100%) and Cefixime (100%) and Salmonella spp. showed resistance to Ampicillin (78%) and Amoxicillin (59%) but sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (54%).

Conclusion: This study identified pathogens with their specific clinical signs in goats presumed fever and/or diarrhea through mPCR with their AMR pattern in SAQTVH, Chattogram. Potential risk factors, measuring the strength of association of disease caused by these particular pathogens, were also determined. mPCR may use as an effective tool for rapid detection of pathogens in animal.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, goat, infectious disease, multiplex polymerase chain reaction, prevalence.

Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus spp. contaminating raw goat milk

Research (Published online: 05-05-2021)

3. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus spp. contaminating raw goat milk

Abimael E. Silva Júnior, Priscylla C. Vasconcelos, Mauro M. S. Saraiva, Lauro Santos Filho, Núbia M. V. Silva, Patricia E. N. Givisiez and Celso J. B. Oliveira

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1074-1079

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Antimicrobial resistance poses a major threat to global public health. Foodstuff of animal origin can serve as potential vehicles for the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance genes to consumers. In view of the lack of knowledge about antimicrobial resistance in bacteria associated with goat milk, the aim of this study was to report species-level identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of a large collection of Staphylococcus spp. isolates recovered from raw goat milk in Brazil.

Materials and Methods: A total of 434 Staphylococcus spp. isolates originated from 510 goat milk samples in Northeast Brazil were investigated. The isolates were obtained by conventional microbiological methods. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed by means of a semi-automated system using a panel for biochemical tests and broth microdilution method for 19 antimicrobial drugs.

Results: Although Staphylococcus aureus (22.6%) accounted for the majority of the isolates, a total of 13 different non-aureus staphylococci spp. were identified. High resistance rates against erythromycin (40.8%), and the beta-lactams ampicillin (45.9%) and penicillin (42.9%) were observed among S. aureus isolates. The most significant findings were related to the resistance against quinupristin-dalfopristin, a drug of last resort used in human medicine to treat infections caused by vancomycin-resistant S. aureus and enterococci.

Conclusion: The high diversity of Staphylococcus spp. showing phenotypic resistance against different antimicrobial drugs encourages further investigations on the real impact of these bacteria as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes to consumers. Furthermore, the potential impact of technological processes, such as pasteurization, fermentation, and maturation, on the maintenance and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance among the microbial populations in milk and dairy products must also be investigated.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, dairy goats, food safety, Staphylococcus.

Comparative evaluation of isoflurane and sevoflurane in avian patients

Research (Published online: 04-05-2021)

2. Comparative evaluation of isoflurane and sevoflurane in avian patients

R. R. Anjana, P. V. Parikh, J. K. Mahla, D. N. Kelawala, K. P. Patel and S. N. Aswath

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1067-1073

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Literature comparing the use of isoflurane and sevoflurane inhalation anesthetic agents in birds is scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the comparison of isoflurane and sevoflurane during induction, maintenance, and recovery of anesthesia in avian patients.

Materials and Methods: In this study, 24 injured avian patients (n=24) were selected randomly and divided into four groups during kite flying festival. In the present study, isoflurane and sevoflurane were used as induction and maintenance anesthetic agents, with and without butorphanol tartrate premedication agent in all the birds. Different physiological parameters were evaluated, namely, cloacal temperature (°F), heart rate (beats/min), respiratory rate (breaths/min), and SpO2 (%) were recorded at 0, 10, 20 min, and at recovery time. The quality of anesthesia was assessed on the basis of induction time, quality of induction, production of analgesia, muscle relaxation, body reflexes, recovery time, quality of recovery, sitting, standing, and complete recovery time (CRT).

Results: The mean±standard error value of induction time was 230.00±32.55, 280.00±25.29, 180.00±21.90, and 260.00±36.87 s, respectively, in Groups I, II, III, and IV. The feather plucking, pharyngeal, and toe pinching reflexes were noticed, when the birds were passing through the light plane of anesthesia during induction. Comparison of cloacal temperature at the time of recovery between Group-I versus Group-III revealed a significant difference (p<0.05). Comparison of mean respiratory rates at the time of recovery between Group-II versus Group-IV revealed a significant difference (p<0.05). Excellent quality of recovery was observed in all the groups of anesthetic protocols. Sitting, standing, and CRT were observed shortest in avian patients maintained with sevoflurane as compared to isoflurane.

Conclusion: The quality of induction of anesthesia was rapid in avian patients when induced with sevoflurane as compared to isoflurane. Rapid onset of induction and recovery of anesthesia were found with sevoflurane followed by isoflurane. Induction and maintenance of anesthesia in avian patients with sevoflurane resulted in the lowest time required for sitting, standing, and CRT.

Keywords: anesthesia, avian patients, comparison, isoflurane, sevoflurane.

The use of carotene-containing preparation in cows for the prevention of postpartum complications

Research (Published online: 04-05-2021)

1. The use of carotene-containing preparation in cows for the prevention of postpartum complications

Tatyana Vladimirovna Zubova, Vladimir Alexandrovich Pleshkov, Oksana Vladimirovna Smolovskaya, Alexander Nikolaevich Mironov and Larisa Nikolaevna Korobeynikova

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1059-1066 

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: It is known that metabolic disturbances in the animal body negatively affect parturition, uterine involution, and, ultimately, fertility, especially in cows, during the first insemination. Although the method of diet optimization with the use of a software package results in positive outcomes, adjustment is required for certain groups of animals (e.g., cows), in accordance with the period of the year. Every year, in the spring and autumn, blood is taken from animals to detect metabolic disorders, and then either the diet is balanced or, if the cows lack vitamins and minerals, they are administered to cows parenterally or with food. The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of using carotene-containing preparation in the prevention of postpartum complications in cows.

Materials and Methods: Before the start of the experiment, blood was collected from the animals of the experimental and control groups, with ten animals in each group, and its serum was examined for the presence of carotene. Low carotene content was found in the serum of all animals (from 0.2 to 0.25 mg%) with the norm within the range of 0.40-0.62 mg%. The cows of the experimental group were injected subcutaneously with the carotene-containing preparation 30, 20, and 10 days before the expected calving date at a dose of 10 mL per head. The carotene-containing preparation was a solution of crystalline β-carotene substance in deodorized sunflower oil. Moreover, the share of β-carotene was at least 0.18%. The drug was administered intramuscularly into the rump.

Results: In the postpartum period, the retention of the placenta was observed in two animals of the control group. The uterine involution in the cows of the control group was 16.0 (p<0.05) days longer than that in the cows of the experimental group. The duration of placenta separation in the cows of the control group was on average 3.21 h longer (p<0.01) than that in the cows of the experimental group. The period from calving to the introduction of the embryo was 63.17±1.56 days in the control group and 48.3±0.83 days in the experimental group. The survival rate of embryos in the cows of the experimental group was 60%, and the period from the calving date to the introduction of the embryo averaged 48 days, which were 14.9 (p<0.05) days less than that in the cows of the control group.

Conclusion: When the carotene-containing preparation was administered in a dose of 10 mL subcutaneously to cows 30, 20, and 10 days before the calving date, the blood carotene content increased, and the duration of the last stage and uterine involution decreased. The period from the calving date to the introduction of the embryo was reduced to 48.3±0.83 days, and the survival rate of embryos was 60%.

Keywords: carotene, diet, embryos, feeding, involution, uterine.