The use of probiotics in animal feeding for safe production and as potential alternatives to antibiotics

Review (Published online: 03-02-2021)

3. The use of probiotics in animal feeding for safe production and as potential alternatives to antibiotics

Mbarga M. J. Arsène, Anyutoulou K. L. Davares, Smolyakova L. Andreevna, Ermolaev A. Vladimirovich, Bassa Z. Carime, Razan Marouf and Ibrahim Khelifi

Veterinary World, 14(2): 319-328

ABSTRACT

Although the production of safe food for human consumption is the primary purpose for animal rearing, the environment and well-being of the animals must also be taken into consideration. Based on microbiological point of view, the production of healthy food from animals involves considering foodborne pathogens, on the one hand and on the other hand, the methods used to fight against germs during breeding. The conventional method to control or prevent bacterial infections in farming is the use antibiotics. However, the banning of these compounds as growth promoters caused many changes in animal breeding and their use has since been limited to the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. In this function, their importance no longer needs to be demonstrated, but unfortunately, their excessive and abusive use have led to a double problem which can have harmful consequences on consumer health: Resistance to antibiotics and the presence of antibiotic residues in food. The use of probiotics appears to be a suitable alternative to overcome these problems because of their ability to modulate the immune system and intestinal microflora, and further considering their antagonistic role against certain pathogenic bacteria and their ability to play the role of growth factor (sometimes associated with prebiotics) when used as feed additives. This review aims to highlight some of the negative effects of the use of antibiotics in animal rearing as well as emphasize the current knowledge on the use of probiotics as a feed additive, their influence on animal production and their potential utility as an alternative to conventional antibiotics, particularly in poultry, pig, and fish farming.

Keywords: animal nutrition, antibiotic resistance, feed additive, fish farming, pig, poultry, probiotic, safe production.

Clinical, hematological, and biochemical studies on hypozincemia in neonatal calves in Egypt

Research (Published online: 03-02-2021)

2. Clinical, hematological, and biochemical studies on hypozincemia in neonatal calves in Egypt

Mamdouh M. El-Maghraby and Ahmed E. Mahmoud

Veterinary World, 14(2): 314-318

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Zinc has a wide spectrum of biological activities and its deficiency has been related to various dysfunctions. This study aimed to clarify the clinical, hematological, and biochemical changes in Holstein dairy calves with naturally occurring hypozincemia before and after treatment.

Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 25 Holstein dairy calves <1 month of age in the El-Salhya Dairy Farm, Al-Sharqiya Province, Egypt. Calves were born from apparent healthy dams without any clinical signs of zinc deficiency. They were divided into two groups. The first group (G1) included five clinically healthy calves that were used as controls. The second group (G2) included 20 calves suffering from alopecia and skin lesions. The diseased calves were then treated by oral administration of zinc oxide at the rate of 80 mg/day for 10 successive days and then 20 mg/week for 2 weeks (G3). A total of 90 samples, whole blood and serum samples were collected during the study across all groups. Whole blood was evaluated for complete blood count and serum was used to estimate total protein, albumin, globulin, zinc, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase.

Results: The diseased calves had macrocytic normochromic anemia. Total leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes were significantly reduced in the diseased calves than in the control and treated groups. Biochemical analysis of serum revealed a highly significant decrease in the globulin, zinc, and calcium concentrations in the diseased calves than in the control and treated groups. ALP activity was significantly lower in the diseased and treated calves than in control. There were no differences in any other parameters between the groups.

Conclusion: Zinc deficiency naturally occurring in calves caused clinical, hematological, and biochemical alterations such as alopecia, skin abnormalities, and macrocytic normochromic anemia. In addition, zinc deficiency altered the cell-mediated immunity as indicated by leukopenia and lymphopenia. These alterations were improved by oral administration of zinc oxide.

Keywords: alopecia, calf, complete blood count, skin lesions, zinc deficiency.

Anthelmintic resistance and prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes infecting sheep in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Research (Published online: 02-02-2021)

1. Anthelmintic resistance and prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes infecting sheep in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Morutse Mphahlele, Ana M. Tsotetsi-Khambule, Rebone Moerane, Dennis M. Komape and Oriel M. M. Thekisoe

Veterinary World, 14(2): 302-313

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Previous studies recorded the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in Limpopo Province. However, the studies did not address the seasonal patterns of infection and did not cover all districts of Limpopo Province, namely; Capricorn, Sekhukhune, Waterberg, Mopani, and Vhembe. It is, therefore, important to provide up to date information on the prevalence and seasonal occurrence data of GIN in all districts of Limpopo province. The present study was conducted to determine the occurrence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) and document the prevalence of GIN infecting sheep in five districts of Limpopo Province, South Africa.

Materials and Methods: Forty animals in each district were used for fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) to determine AR against ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg), levamisole (LEV) (5 mg/kg), and albendazole (7.5 mg/kg). Egg hatch test (EHT) was used to determine AR against thiabendazole (TBZ) and micro-agar larval development test (MALDT) was used for both TBZ and LEV. Naturally, infected sheep (n=780) were sampled for prevalence across five districts of Limpopo. FAMACHA© eye-color score estimations were also performed for each study animal.

Results: FECRT showed occurrence of AR in most of the districts and a few with suspected resistance. EHT results showed AR development against TBZ for all districts, while the MALDT showed no AR against LEV in all districts, but detected AR against TBZ in Sekhukhune, Capricorn, and Waterberg. Haemonchus contortus was the most resistant species. A high nematode prevalence (88-100%) and 1210-1861 eggs per gram (EPG) was observed in all districts during the hot wet season, decreasing to 75-80% (453-1202 EPG) during the cold dry season. The sheep revealed a FAMACHA© mean score of 3, indicating mild anemia during the hot wet season except for Vhembe district that revealed a FAMACHA© mean score of 4 during the hot wet season, indicating anemia.

Conclusion: AR recorded in Limpopo Province may be due to under-dosing caused by lack of weighing equipment and high treatment frequencies due to lack of proper training on anthelmintic use. The detection of AR in Limpopo is an important finding because it will help in outlining effective management systems against GIN.

Keywords: anthelmintic resistance, fecal egg counts, FAMACHA, seasonal prevalence, sheep.

Chemical composition and antioxidant content of Thymus vulgaris honey and Origanum vulgare essential oil; their effect on carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity

Research (Published online: 30-01-2021)

38. Chemical composition and antioxidant content of Thymus vulgaris honey and Origanum vulgare essential oil; their effect on carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity

Hamada Imtara, Noori Al-Waili, Abderrazak Aboulghazi, Abdelfattah Abdellaoui, Thia Al-Waili and Badiaa Lyoussi

Veterinary World, 14(1): 292-301

ABSTRACT

Aim: The study investigated the chemical composition, antioxidant content, and antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris honey (TVH) and Origanum vulgare essential oil (OVEO) and their mixture effect on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced toxicity.

Materials and Methods: The study conducted physicochemical characterization and chemical analysis of TVH and OVEO with the use of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). The antioxidant activity of TVH and OVEO was done with the use of 1,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The study used nine groups of rats to investigate the effect of TVH, OVEO, and a mixture of TVH and OVEO (HEM) on CCl4-induced toxicity. Intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 (1 mL/100 g) was used to induce toxicity. The doses of TVH and OVEO were 1 mg/kg.b.wt, and 50 mg/kg.b.wt, respectively. HEM contains TVH (1 mg/kg.b.wt) and OVEO (50 mg/kg.b.wt).

Results: TVH has a high content of phenols, flavonoids, and flavanols. HPLC analysis showed that TVH contains, for the 1st time, epicatechin gallate, and at a high concentration. OVEO includes a high percentage of carvacrol and thymol. With the use of DPPH, OVEO was more potent than TVH. CCl4 caused significant liver and kidney damage and lipid disorders, which were alleviated by HVT, OVEO, and HEM. HVT was more potent than OVEO (p<0.05), and HEM was more potent than HVT and OVEO (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The study identified high content of epicatechin gallate for the 1st time in TVH, and OVEO contains a high percentage of thymol and carvacrol. Epicatechin gallate might be useful as a marker for TVH. Mixing OVEO and TVH significantly potentiated their protection against CCl4-induced liver and kidney toxicity.

Keywords: antioxidants, carbon tetrachloride, Origanum vulgare essential oil, thymus honey, toxicity.

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Staphylococcus chromogenes isolated from bovine and bubaline mastitis in Karnataka

Research (Published online: 30-01-2021)

37. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Staphylococcus chromogenes isolated from bovine and bubaline mastitis in Karnataka

P. Sheela, Malathi Shekar, Shrikrishna Isloor, D. Rathnamma, B. M. Veeregowda, M. L. Satyanarayana, S. Sundareshan, B. E. Shambulingappa and Nagendra R. Hegde

Veterinary World, 14(1): 285-291

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: In recent times, non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) have emerged as the major organisms isolated from mastitis cases in dairy animals, with a predominance of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus chromogenes. As compared to Staphylococcus aureus, much less is known about the molecular types or the spatiotemporal epidemiology of these NAS species. In the present study, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was employed to detect genetic polymorphisms, intraspecies diversity, and epidemiology of S. chromogenes strains (n=37) isolated from bovine and bubaline mastitis cases in the state of Karnataka.

Materials and Methods: Thirty-seven S. chromogenes isolates (14 from bovines and 23 from bubaline) isolated from subclinical mastitis cases, from organized and unorganized sectors, were subjected to RAPD typing. Further, methicillin resistance was determined by cefoxitin disk diffusion method.

Results: The amplified DNA fragments ranged from 150 to 3000 base pairs and yielded several RAPD profiles. Further analysis using Digital Image Correlation Engine correlation coefficient and UPGMA method showed that the 37 isolates could be classified into 12 distinct RAPD types (A to L) at 62% similarity (D=0.889). Four of the most predominant RAPD types, B, A, C, and E, in that order, and together, represented 65% of the isolates. High diversity was observed among the isolates both within farms and between geographic locations. Most of the isolates exhibited methicillin resistance. This is the first such report from India.

Conclusion: In the absence of defined multilocus sequence type protocols or sufficient sequences available in the public domain, RAPD can be employed to determine genetic diversity of S. chromogenes isolates.

Keywords: mastitis, methicillin resistance, non-aureus staphylococci, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, Staphylococcus chromogenes.

Phylogenetic relationship and genotype variation of six Newcastle disease viruses isolated from duck in Indonesia

Research (Published online: 30-01-2021)

36. Phylogenetic relationship and genotype variation of six Newcastle disease viruses isolated from duck in Indonesia

Naimah Putri, Rahaju Ernawati, Jola Rahmahani, Suwarno Suwarno and Fedik Abdul Rantam

Veterinary World, 14(1): 276-284

Background and Aim: Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) are frequently acquired from all ages and types of bird species. In general, ducks are considered as potential reservoirs for different genotypes of NDV and are resistant even to velogenic NDV strains. This research was conducted to genotypically and phylogenetically characterize NDV isolates collected from unvaccinated ducks from Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: A total of 200 samples were collected through cloacal swabs and were inoculated in the allantoic sacs of 8-day-old specific pathogen-free eggs. Hemagglutination (HA) activity was analyzed through a HA test, and isolated viruses were characterized by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction targeting the complete fusion (F)-gene of NDV using three primer sets. One primer set was specific for the F protein cleavage site sequences of velogenic, mesogenic, and lentogenic NDV strains.

Results: The results demonstrated that three isolates (NDV/Duck/B104/19, NDV/Duck/B125/19, and NDV/Duck/ BK43/19) belonged to genotype VII and one (NDV/Duck/TD19/19) to genotype VI. Other isolates (NDV/Duck/A74/19 and NDV/Duck/M147/19) belonged to genotype II Class II. Based on the F protein cleavage site and the pathogenicity tests, two isolates (NDV/Duck/B104/19 and NDV/Duck/B125/19) were categorized as velogenic viruses and four (NDV/Duck/ BK43/19, NDV/Duck/TD19/19, NDV/Duck/A74/19, and NDV/Duck/M147/19) as lentogenic viruses.

Conclusion: The results indicate that NDVs from unvaccinated ducks from Indonesia carry various genotypes and pathotypes of NDVs; therefore, these viruses are still circulating in the environment and might pose a risk of Newcastle disease outbreak.

Keywords: duck, F gene, genotype variation, Indonesia, Newcastle disease virus, phylogenetic relationship.

Immunological detection of human and camel cystic echinococcosis using different antigens of hydatid cyst fluid, protoscoleces, and germinal layers

Research (Published online: 29-01-2021)

35. Immunological detection of human and camel cystic echinococcosis using different antigens of hydatid cyst fluid, protoscoleces, and germinal layers

Mohey A. Hassanain, Nagwa I. Toaleb, Raafat M. Shaapan, Nawal A. Hassanain, Ahmed Maher and Ahmed B. Yousif

Veterinary World, 14(1): 270-275

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Cystic echinococcosis (CE)/hydatidosis is one of the most prevalent neglected zoonotic diseases. It is initially asymptomatic and does not produce any clinical signs until the cyst becomes enlarged, causing localized pressure on internal organs and tissues. Therefore, the detection of Echinococcus granulosus antibodies is highly essential. This study evaluated the antigens of hydatid cyst fluid, protoscoleces, and germinal layers for efficient immunological diagnosis of CE in humans and camels.

Materials and Methods: Hydatid cyst fluid (FLc), protoscoleces (Psc), and the germinal layer (GLc) antigens were prepared from camel-lung hydatid cysts. In the same way, hydatid cyst fluid (FLh) and protoscoleces (Psh) antigens from human-liver cyst aspirate were produced. The comparative immunodiagnostic efficacy of the prepared antigens was verified using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), SDS-PAGE, and immunoblotting.

Results: ELISA proves that FLc and GLc antigens were higher than FLh and Psh antigens. This shows that binding reactivity in naturally infected human sera, camel sera, and Psc is the most potent, exhibiting 100% sensitivity with 78.26% and 76.47% specificity in camel and human sera, respectively. The CE prevalence using diagnostic Psc was 54.79% and 61.32% in tested human and camel sera, respectively. The electrophoretic profiles of all shared antigens showed similarities at 52, 41, and 22 kDa. Immunoblotting demonstrated common immune-reactive bands in all antigen types at 52 and 41 kDa against positive human and camel sera.

Conclusion: This immunological study introduces camel hydatid cyst Psc as a potent diagnostic antigen and new immune-reactive fractions of 52 and 41 kDa for diagnosing hydatidosis in humans and camels.

Keywords: cystic echinococcosis, Human, Camel, Hydatid cyst antigens, ELISA, SDS-PAGE, Western blot.

A retrospective study of Uncinaria stenocephala in domestic dogs: Age, sex distribution, and risk factors

Research (Published online: 29-01-2021)

34. A retrospective study of Uncinaria stenocephala in domestic dogs: Age, sex distribution, and risk factors

Michail Yur'iyevich Shchelkanov, Tatyana Vladimirovna Tabakaeva, Pavel Vasilevich Fomenko, Ekaterina Michailovna Kim, Anton Vadimovich Tabakaev and Irina Vyacheslavovna Galkina

Veterinary World, 14(1): 265-269

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Uncinaria infection often appears in domestic dogs. In the present study, parasitological examination of fecal samples from 782 dogs were analyzed for the presence of Uncinaria stenocephala.

Materials and Methods: Fecal samples were analyzed by means of a standardized flotation method using a saturated salt solution containing NaNO3 (specific gravity 1.38), with a centrifugation step.

Results: The highest prevalence rates were found among young adult dogs (8.3%), followed by puppies (5.4%); the lowest prevalence rates were found in dogs older than 3 years (4.3%). The prevalence was 5.8% among female dogs and 7.2% in male dogs. Coinfections with roundworms and protozoan parasites were frequently observed in U. stenocephala-positive dogs (15%). In total, three types of coinfections were registered. Coinfection of U. stenocephala + Sarcocystids oocysts was recorded in 19.1% of the dogs (n=10). This may relate to higher prevalence of S. oocysts in dogs (n=153; 19.5%). There were two cases of coinfection of U. stenocephala + Toxocara canis (3.9%), which may relate to low prevalence of T. canis (3.9 %). One case of coinfection of Dipylidium caninum + U. stenocephala (0.1%) also appeared.

Conclusion: The present study showed that male dogs and young dogs were most susceptible to U. stenocephala infection.

Keywords: canine hookworm, dogs, infection, Uncinaria stenocephala.

Evaluator effect on the ultrasound measurement of subcutaneous fat deposition and loin eye area from weaning to slaughter lambs

Research (Published online: 28-01-2021)

33. Evaluator effect on the ultrasound measurement of subcutaneous fat deposition and loin eye area from weaning to slaughter lambs

Fernando Miranda de Vargas Junior, Tatiane Fernandes, Alexsander Toniazzo de Matos, Alexandre Rodrigo Mendes Fernandes, Luis Gustavo Castro Alves, Julianna Andrade Rossatti, Gustavo Daniel Vega Britez and Natássia Gabriela Targanski Zagonel

Veterinary World, 14(1): 259-264

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Ultrasound is a non-invasive technique that enables animal evaluation and body condition classification of animals. Although it is not difficult to obtain an image, the analysis of this image can influence results quality. This study aimed to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of the technician trained in image interpretation obtained using different ultrasound frequencies.

Materials and Methods: Ninety-six lambs were used, ranging in weight from 15 to 40 kg. The images were captured using a linear probe of 13 cm, with a 3.5 megahertz (MHz) frequency and an acoustic couplant aid "standoff" or using a multifrequency transducer (6 and 8 MHz), on B mode, with a linear probe and 8.0 MHz frequency. All measurements were performed by the same technician, on the left side, between the 12th and 13th rib. Five different evaluators, at two different times, with aid of Image J software measured the loin eye area (LEA; only for images obtained with 3.5 MHz), Longissimus thoracis et lumborum depth (DLM), subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), subcutaneous fat thickness plus skin (SFST), and skin thickness (ST).

Results: For LEA, DLM, SFT, SFST, and ST, variation was observed (p<0.01) between evaluators; however, there was no difference (p>0.05) between the 2 times of evaluation. Images measurements obtained with a frequency of 8.0 MHz had better repeatability indices and reproducibility indices. Accordingly, the identity test demonstrated that measurements performed on images obtained using 3.5 or 8.0 MHz were not equivalent.

Conclusion: Ultrasound image measurements obtained using an 8.0 MHz frequency were more accurate and precise. It is important to use only one evaluator or providing the simultaneous training for all evaluators.

Keywords: accuracy, identity test, precision, repeatability, reproducibility.

The protective effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract against lead acetate-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in mice (Mus musculus)

Research (Published online: 27-01-2021)

32. The protective effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract against lead acetate-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in mice (Mus musculus)

Wiwik Misaco Yuniarti, Nina Krismaharani, Priska Ciptaningsih, Kristania Celia, Kharisma Dwi Veteriananta, Anwar Ma'ruf and Bambang Sektiari Lukiswanto

Veterinary World, 14(1): 250-258

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The liver and kidneys are the most sensitive organs to lead exposure. Drugs that inhibit the actions of lead in the liver and kidneys are required to protect them from such an exposure. This study investigates the protective effect of the leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum (OS) against lead acetate-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in mice.

Materials and Methods: A total of 20 male mice were divided into five equal groups for the 24-day testing period. The negative control group was administered Tween-80 1% orally for 24 days. The positive control group was administered Tween-80 1% orally for 24 days and, starting on day 4, 20 mg/kg BW lead acetate orally once a day for 21 days 1 h after the administration of Tween-80 1%. The other three treatment groups were administered BW OS leaf extract orally in the amount of 140, 280, and 560 mg/kg once a day for 24 days and, starting on day 4, 20 mg/kg BW lead acetate orally for 21 days 1 h after the administration of OS leaf extract. On day 25, the mice were sacrificed to assess the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) as well as the histopathological changes.

Results: The OS leaf extract caused a decrease in the scores for hepatocyte degeneration and portal inflammation (p<0.05) but not for hepatic necrosis (p>0.05) in mice exposed to lead. Similar patterns were observed in the effect of OS leaf extract on the renal morphofunction. The OS leaf extract decreased the scores for hydropic degeneration, tubular necrosis, and glomerular necrosis. The levels of MDA, SGOT, SGPT, BUN, and creatinine decreased in the lead-exposed mice treated with OS leaf extract (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The administration of OS leaf extract has a protective effect against lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in mice.

Keywords: kidney, lead acetate, liver, mice, Ocimum sanctum.

Effect of some non-genetic factors on the productivity and profitability of Holstein Friesian dairy cows

Research (Published online: 27-01-2021)

31. Effect of some non-genetic factors on the productivity and profitability of Holstein Friesian dairy cows

Amira M. Abd-El Hamed and Eman R. Kamel

Veterinary World, 14(1): 242-249

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Milk yield (MY) is one of the main factors that affect the economic profitability of dairy farms. Thus, increasing the MY per animal and decreasing the feed cost can lead to economic gains, so the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dry period length (DPL), days open (DO), and days in milk (DIM) on the productivity and profitability of dairy cow farms.

Materials and Methods: Data used in this study were taken from 3095 lactation records of Friesian dairy cows of private and governmental sectors. The data were classified into 4 DPL categories: DPL1 <45 days; DPL2 45-60 days; DPL3 61-75 days, and DPL4 >75 days, 3 DO categories: DO1 ≤90 days; DO2 91-110 days and DO3 >111 days, and 8 DIM categories: DIM1 180-210 days; DIM2 211-240 days; DIM3 241-270 days; DIM4 271-300 days; DIM5 301-330 days; DIM6 331-360 days; DIM7 361-447 days; and DIM8 >447 days.

Results: The average net profit (NP) was significantly different (p<0.05) among different categories of DPL, DO, and DIM in both production sectors, where high estimates of NP were calculated for DPL3 (30667.3 EGP), and it was the lowest for DPL1 (19690.6 EGP). DO2 had the highest NP (30754.1 EGP), while DO3 had the lowest NP (24875.5 EGP). DIM3 had the highest NP (29569.3 EGP), while DIM8 had the lowest NP (19528.4 EGP).

Conclusion: Finally, we can conclude that DPL 61-75 days, DO 91-110 days, and DIM 241-270 days had the highest level of total MY, total return, and NP. Private dairy cow farms achieve a higher level of NP than governmental ones under subtropical Egyptian conditions.

Keywords: 305-milk yield, days in milk, days open, dry period length, Holstein Friesian, profitability.

The inclusion of black cumin meal improves the carcass characteristics of growing Awassi lambs

Research (Published online: 26-01-2021)

30. The inclusion of black cumin meal improves the carcass characteristics of growing Awassi lambs

Belal S. Obeidat

Veterinary World, 14(1): 237-241

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Black cumin meal (BCM) is the principal by-product that can be obtained from black cumin seed (Nigella sativa L) after the oil is removed from the fruit and represents 70-75% of the fruit weight. The aim of this experiment was to assess the influence of feeding BCM on the carcass characteristics and meat quality of growing lambs.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-four Awassi lambs were randomly divided into two dietary treatments. The lambs were penned individually in single pens and provided access to ad libitum feed and water. The dietary treatments were no BCM (control [CON]; n=12) or 150 g BCM/kg (BCM 150; n=12) of dietary dry matter.

Results: Lambs fed BCM had greater (p≤0.01) fasting live BW, and hot and cold carcass weights. Leg fat and eye muscle depth were lower (p≤0.05) in CON versus BCM lambs. Meat whiteness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness did not differ between lambs fed the two diets.

Conclusion: The inclusion of BCM improves lamb carcass characteristics, but does not affect lamb meat quality.

Keywords: Awassi lambs, black cumin meal, carcass characteristics and meat quality.

Profiles of progesterone and bovine interferon-τ in repeat breeding and non-repeat breeding Aceh cows

Research (Published online: 26-01-2021)

29. Profiles of progesterone and bovine interferon-τ in repeat breeding and non-repeat breeding Aceh cows

Husnurrizal Husnurrizal, Tongku Nizwan Siregar, Gholib Gholib, Budianto Panjaitan, Teuku Armansyah and Sri Wahyuni

Veterinary World, 14(1): 230-236

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed at determining the profiles of progesterone and bovine interferon-τ (bIFN-τ) and the correlation between the two in repeat breeding (RB) Aceh cattle and non-RB Aceh cattle.

Materials and Methods: The study was performed on five RB and five non-RB Aceh cows. These cows were subjected to estrous synchronization using the prostaglandin F2 alpha hormone, which was followed by artificial insemination (AI). Serum samples were collected on days 5, 6, 7, 15, 16, and 17 after AI to measure the concentration of progesterone at the beginning and end of the luteal phase and from days 14 to 18 after AI to measure the concentration of bIFN-τ. The concentrations of progesterone and bIFN-τ were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pregnancy examinations were performed by ultrasonography on days 25, 35, 45, and 55 after AI. Data for progesterone and bIFN-τ concentrations were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney and t-tests, and the correlation between progesterone and bIFN-τ was analyzed using the Spearman correlation test.

Results: The average concentration of progesterone in RB Aceh cows tended to be lower than non-RB Aceh cows, but it was not significantly different (p>0.05). Similar results also found in the concentration of bIFN-τ which RB Aceh cows tended to have lower bIFN-τ concentrations compared to non-RB Aceh cows, but it was also not significantly different (p>0.05). Moreover, the concentrations of progesterone and bIFN-τ in RB and non-RB Aceh cows did not show a significant correlation (p>0.05). These results of the ultrasonography showed that non-RB Aceh cows were pregnant from day 25 to day 55 after AI, whereas RB Aceh cows were not pregnant and had early embryonic death.

Conclusion: The concentrations of progesterone and bIFN-τ in non-RB Aceh cows tended to be higher than those in RB Aceh cows, although, it was not significantly different. Non-RB Aceh cows were able to maintain pregnancy until day 55, whereas RB Aceh cows were diagnosed with early embryonic death before day 25 after AI.

Keywords: Aceh cows, bovine interferon-τ, repeat breeding.

Prevalence and phenotypic characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates from three species of wild marine turtles in Grenada, West Indies

Research (Published online: 25-01-2021)

28. Prevalence and phenotypic characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates from three species of wild marine turtles in Grenada, West Indies

Jonnel J. Edwards, Victor A. Amadi, Esteban Soto, Michele T. Jay-Russel, Peiman Aminabadi, Kirsten Kenelty, Kate Charles, Gitanjali Arya, Ketna Mistry, Roxanne Nicholas, Brian P. Butler and David Marancik

Veterinary World, 14(1): 222-229

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Salmonella enterica causes enteric disease in mammals and may potentially be transmitted from marine turtles that shed the pathogen in the environment. Marine turtle-associated human salmonellosis is a potential public health concern in Grenada, as the island supports populations of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea), hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata), and green turtles (Chelonia mydas) that interface with veterinarians and conservation workers, the local population, and the thousands of visitors that frequent the island yearly. To date, the prevalence of S. enterica has only been examined in a small subset of marine turtles in the Caribbean and no studies have been conducted in Grenada. The aim of this study was to quantify the prevalence of S. enterica in leatherback, hawksbill and green turtles in Grenada, characterize phenotypes and DNA profiles, and explore the potential risk to human health in the region.

Materials and Methods: A total of 102 cloacal swabs were obtained from nesting leatherback turtles and foraging hawksbill and green turtles. Samples were cultured on enrichment and selective media and isolates were phenotypically characterized using serotyping, pulsed-phase gel electrophoresis, and antibiotic susceptibility. Enrichment broths were additionally screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using S. enterica-specific primers.

Results: S. enterica was cultured from 15/57 (26.3%) leatherback turtles, 0/28 hawksbill, and 0/17 green turtles. This included S. enterica serovars Montevideo, S. I:4,5,12:i:-, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Newport, S. I:6,7:-:-, and S. I:4,5,12:-:-. Five/15 leatherback turtles carried multiple serovars. Eight pulsotype groups were identified with multiple clustering; however, there was no clear association between pulsotype group and serotype profile. Five/71 isolates showed resistance to streptomycin or ampicillin. Twenty-one/57 leatherback turtles, 14/28 hawksbill turtles, and 8/17 green turtles tested positive for S. enterica by quantitative PCR.

Conclusion: Nesting leatherback turtles actively shed S. enterica and poses a risk for zoonosis; however, the presence of viable pathogen in green and hawksbill species is unclear. These findings help elucidate the role of marine turtles as potential sources of zoonotic S. enterica and provide baseline data for one health research in Grenada and the wider Caribbean region.

Keywords: antimicrobials, marine turtles, pulsotypes, Salmonella enterica, serotypes, zoonosis.

Antimicrobial uses for livestock production in developing countries

Review (Published online: 25-01-2021)

27. Antimicrobial uses for livestock production in developing countries

Md. Zahangir Hosain, S. M. Lutful Kabir and Md. Mostofa Kamal

Veterinary World, 14(1): 210-221

ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial is an indispensable part of veterinary medicine used for the treatment and control of diseases as well as a growth promoter in livestock production. Frequent use of antimicrobials in veterinary practices may lead to the residue in animal originated products and creates some potential problems for human health. The presence of antimicrobial residues in animal originated foods may induce serious health problems such as allergic reaction, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and lead to carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in the human body. The misuse or abuse of antibiotics in human medicine is thought to be a principal cause of AMR but some antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and their resistant genes originating from animals are also responsible for developing AMR. However, the residual effect of antimicrobials in feed and food products of animal origin is undeniable. In developing countries, the community is unaware of this residual effect due to lack of proper information about antibiotic usage, AMR surveillance, and residue monitoring system. It is imperative to reveal the current situation of antimicrobial use in livestock production and its impacts on public health. Moreover, the safety levels of animal feeds and food products of animal origin must be strictly monitored and public awareness should be developed against the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial in animal production. Therefore, the current review summarizes the literature on antimicrobial use in livestock production and its hazardous residual impacts on the human body in developing countries.

Keywords: antimicrobials, human health, livestock production, residue.

Molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from postpartum uterine infection in dairy cattle in India

Research (Published online: 23-01-2021)

26. Molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from postpartum uterine infection in dairy cattle in India

Samiksha Agrawal, Ajay Pratap Singh, Rashmi Singh, Raktim Saikia, Soumen Choudhury, Amit Shukla, Shyama N. Prabhu and Jitendra Agrawal

Veterinary World, 14(1): 200-209

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Selection and dissemination of plasmid-encoded extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) among Enterobacteriaceae confers resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of ESBL-producing organisms isolated from dairy cattle with a uterine infection.

Materials and Methods: Bacterial isolates (n=62) were characterized by biochemical test for genus and species determination. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method using panel of antibiotics for initial screening of ESBL organism. Phenotypic confirmation of ESBL-suspected strains was done by combination disk method and double-disk method. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out for phylogrouping of Escherichia coli isolates as well as for genotyping ESBL genes. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR method was used for genotypic characterization of isolates.

Results: Antibiotic susceptibility profile of E. coli (n=40) isolates showed high rates of resistance for ampicillin (95.0%), cefpodoxime (97.5%), cefotaxime (87.5%), and ceftriaxone (70%). However, low rates of resistance were observed for cefoxitin (25%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20%), ceftazidime (17.5%), gentamicin (10%), and ertapenem (7.5%). A total of 39/40 E. coli isolates were confirmed as ESBL with Epsilometer test as well as the genotypic method and 28 (70%) of them were multidrug-resistant. Genotype blaCTX-M was observed as a predominant beta-lactamase type with the preponderance of CTX-M Group 1. The following combinations were observed: blaTEM + blaCTX-M in 15 (36.2%) isolates, blaTEM / blaSHV in 8 (5.2%) isolates, and blaCTX-M / blaSHV in 6 (5.2%) isolates. The phylogenetic grouping of E. coli strains revealed the highest prevalence for B1 (22.0%) followed by A (20%).

Conclusion: This report shows a high frequency of ESBL E. coli from cattle with postpartum uterine infections. These isolates showed reduced susceptibility to common antibiotics used for the treatment of uterine infections greater affecting the therapeutic outcome.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance, cattle, endometritis, extended-spectrum β-lactamases, microbiology.

The emerging SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2: An insight into the viruses zoonotic aspects

Review (Published online: 23-01-2021)

25. The emerging SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2: An insight into the viruses zoonotic aspects

Karima A. Al-Salihi and Jenan Mahmood Khalaf

Veterinary World, 14(1): 190-199

ABSTRACT

Zoonotic coronavirus disease (COVID) has emerged in the past two decades and caused a pandemic that has produced a significant universal health alarm. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2002 and 2012, respectively, provoking severe lower respiratory infection and deadly pneumonia. COVID-19 is a severe respiratory disease caused by the new strain of novel CoV (SARS-CoV-2). The zoonotic aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are highlighted in this article. COVID-19 has rapidly become a pandemic and has spread and infected millions of people worldwide. As of November 19, 2020, the date of submitting this review, the total CoV cases, deaths, and recovered patients are 56,828,218, 1,359,320, and 39,548,923, respectively. In conclusion, COVID-19 has particularly altered the opinion of the significance of zoonotic diseases and their animal origins and the intermediate reservoirs, which may be unknown wild animals. Genetically, the SARS-CoV-2 is related to the SARS-like bat CoVs and shares 85% identity with the SARS-CoV that is derived from the SARS-like bat CoVs. However, the virus is related to a lesser extent to the MERS-CoV. The SARS-CoV-2 uses the same receptor-binding domain receptor of the SARS-CoV – the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; conversely, DPP4 (CD26). It has not been proved that the MERS-CoVs primary receptor is the receptor of the SARS-CoV-2.

Keywords: Bats, coronavirus disease-19, pneumonia, RNA viruses, zoonotic.

Indicators and risk factors of infectious laryngotracheitis in layer hen flocks in Algeria

Research (Published online: 22-01-2021)

24. Indicators and risk factors of infectious laryngotracheitis in layer hen flocks in Algeria

Omar Salhi, Chafik Redha Messaï, Nassim Ouchene, Iman Boussaadi, Hassiba Kentouche, Rachid Kaidi and Djamel Khelef

Veterinary World, 14(1): 182-189

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Since 2017, there have been epidemics with respiratory disorders in the laying hen farms in Algeria, as signs and lesions, respiratory difficulties, and hemorrhagic tracheitis, which closely like laryngotracheitis. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological, serological, and clinical indicators, as well as the risk factors, of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) in layer hen flocks in Algeria.

Materials and Methods: A total of 1728 layer hens were sampled randomly from 48 poultry houses. Blood samples were collected from each hen at the wing vein area, and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was done using an IDvet® kit.

Results: The flocks showed 56.25% seroprevalence. Clinical signs and gross lesions of ILT suspect cases included respiratory signs characterized by hemorrhagic tracheitis and sinusitis; conjunctivitis; egg drop; and a low mortality rate varying from 5% to 20%. Statistical analyses showed the effect of risk factors on the seropositivity for ILT in 48 layer flocks. When the vaccination was not applied, flocks were significantly more seropositive by 54% (odds ratio OR=1.54, p=0.01) compared to vaccinated flocks. Furthermore, flocks with poor hygiene were more seropositive by 68% (OR=1.68, p=0.002) compared to those with good hygiene. Finally, flocks with decreased egg production between 10% and 30% were significantly more seropositive by 42% (OR=1.42, p=0.04) than those with egg production >30%.

Conclusion: The serological survey revealed anti-ILT virus antibodies, signifying the circulation of this virus in layer hen farms in Algeria. Correct vaccination protocol, strict biosecurity measures, rapid diagnosis, and detection of latent carriers are necessary to control and eradicate the disease from layer farms.

Keywords: Algeria, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, infectious laryngotracheitis, layer hens, vaccine.