Isolation and characterization of Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from ostriches (Struthio camelus) in Vietnam

Research (Published online: 25-08-2020)

28. Isolation and characterization of Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from ostriches (Struthio camelus) in Vietnam

Tham Thi Nguyen, Hung Vu-Khac and Tan Duc Nguyen

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1679-1684

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Clostridium perfringens can cause enteritis in ostriches. The toxin release is believed to play a major role in determining pathogenesis properties of these pathogenic bacteria. This study was conducted to isolate and characterize C. perfringens strains from ostriches in Vietnam for identifying if particular virulence factors of these pathogenic bacteria are associated with enteritis progress in ostriches.

Materials and Methods: The prevalence of cpa, cpb, iA, etx, cpe, and cpb2 genes among C. perfringens isolates was determined by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The NetB toxin-encoding gene was detected by PCR and then sequenced to observe their variation. The expression of NetB toxin was checked by SDS-PAGE.

Results: A total of 116 C. perfringens isolates were obtained from 318 fecal samples and 105 intestinal organs. Of 80 isolates from fecal samples, 33 isolates were from healthy and 47 isolates were from diseased ostriches. The results of multiplex PCR showed that all 116 C. perfringens strains from healthy and enteric disordered ostriches were positive for the alpha toxin-encoding gene (cpa). The cpe and cpb2 genes were found in only one and five diseased ostriches, respectively. The netB gene was detected in 1/33 (3.03%) C. perfringens isolates from healthy ostriches, in 8/47 (17.05%) isolates from feces, and in 7/36 (19.44%) intestinal contents of diseased ostriches. The full-length sequences of 5 out of 15 netB-positive isolates from diseased ostriches showed 100% identity to each other as well as to the netB sequences available in GenBank. All of these five isolates produced NetB toxin in vitro.

Conclusion: Type A is the most prevalent among C. perfringens isolates from ostriches in Vietnam. Especially, the study provides data emphasizing the role of NetB toxin in causing necrotic enteritis by C. perfringens in ostriches.

Keywords: Clostridium perfringens, multiplex polymerase chain reaction, ostriches, toxin genes.

Lassa fever: History, causes, effects, and reduction strategies

Review (Published online: 25-08-2020)

1. Lassa fever: History, causes, effects, and reduction strategies

Promise Tewogbola and Norah Aung

International Journal of One Health, 6(2): 95-98

ABSTRACT

Lassa fever is a disease that is not well-known worldwide, particularly due to the inability of the multimammate rat, the primary vector of the Lassa virus, to breed in temperate regions. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the disease and its modus operandi while also providing information about trends in the past decade, as well as proven strategies that have been used to manage its spread.

Keywords: Arenavirus, epidemic, epidemiology, Lassa fever, Lassa virus, virus.

Investigation of Trypanosoma evansi infection in bullfighting cattle in Southern Thailand

Research (Published online: 22-08-2020)

27. Investigation of Trypanosoma evansi infection in bullfighting cattle in Southern Thailand

Ketsarin Kamyingkird, Piangjai Chalermwong, Vannarat Saechan, Domechai Kaewnoi, Marc Desquesnes and Ruttayaporn Ngasaman

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1674-1678

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Trypanosoma evansi infection has been reported in Thai livestock such as beef and dairy cattle. However, there is little information on T. evansi infection in bullfighting cattle in Southern Thailand. The aim of this study was to investigate the infection of T. evansi in bullfighting cattle presented for health checks at the Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand.

Materials and Methods: Blood and serum samples were collected from 177 bullfighting cattle from April 2016 to February 2017 after bullfighting matches. Animal inspected showed signs of fever, weight loss, or exercise intolerance. Investigation of T. evansi infection was tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with TBR primers and using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with T. evansi crude antigen.

Results: The seroprevalence of T. evansi in bullfighting cattle was 22.60% (40/177). The PCR results detected no parasite DNA in this study. However, bullfighting cattle may serve as T. evansi reservoirs.

Conclusion: Health checking procedures for T. evansi should be promoted for bullfighting events so that infected animals can be quarantined in the preparatory stages of such events.

Keywords: bullfighting cattle, seroprevalence, Thailand, Trypanosoma evansi.

Expressions of miR-155 and miR-181 and predictions of their structures and targets in pigs (Sus scrofa)

Research (Published online: 21-08-2020)

26. Expressions of miR-155 and miR-181 and predictions of their structures and targets in pigs (Sus scrofa)

Jirapat Ninsuwon, Pitchaporn Waiyamitra, Atthaporn Roongsitthichai and Win Surachetpong

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1667-1673

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are responsible for gene expression control at the post-transcription level in many species. Several miRNAs are required in the regulation of immune responses, such as B-cell differentiation, T-cell receptor signaling pathway, CD4+ T cell selection, and so on. Studies on miRNAs have been extensively conducted in humans and mice; however, reports relevant to miRNAs, especially miR-155 and miR-181, in pigs are limited. Consequently, the present study aimed to investigate the structures, target genes, and expressions of miR-155 and miR-181 in various porcine cells and tissues.

Materials and Methods: Five healthy male pigs from a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-negative farm were studied. Before slaughter, blood samples were collected for peripheral blood mononuclear cell isolation. After slaughter, samples of spleen, lymph nodes, and forelimb muscles were collected. Both miR-155 and miR-181 were investigated for their structures with RNAfold web server, for their target genes from three online web servers, and for their expressions using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results: The structures of miR-155 and miR-181 contained hairpins with free energies of –35.27 and –35.29 kcal/mole, respectively. Target gene prediction revealed that miR-155 had perfect complementarity with Socs1 and Mapk3k14, while miR-181 had perfect complementarity with Ddx3x, Nfat5, Foxp1, and Mpp5. PCR showed that both miRNAs were detectable from all investigated cells and tissues. Moreover, the highest expression of both miRNAs was found from the lymph node of the pigs.

Conclusion: Both miR-155 and miR-181 might be involved with the regulation of porcine immune functions as both miRNAs were detected in several cells and tissues of the pigs. In addition, they had very high complementarities with the seed regions of several immune-related genes.

Keywords: immune system, microRNA, miR-155, miR-181, porcine.

Field serological investigation for peste des petits ruminants, foot-and-mouth disease, and bluetongue diseases in illegally introduced animals in Egypt

Research (Published online: 21-08-2020)

25. Field serological investigation for peste des petits ruminants, foot-and-mouth disease, and bluetongue diseases in illegally introduced animals in Egypt

Wafaa Abd El Wahab Hosny, Eman Mohamed Baheeg, Hala Abd El Raheem Aly, Samia Said Abd El Nabi and Nadia Maher Hanna

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1661-1666

ABSTRACT

Aim: In this study, laboratory scoping on the viruses that cause peste des petits ruminants (PPR), bluetongue (BT), and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) was performed to evaluate the current status of animals illegally introduced into Egypt. This study aims to help control these infectious illnesses and tries to prevent the introduction of other strains of these three viruses to Egypt, as these illnesses spread quickly if not controlled.

Materials and Methods: In the year 2018, 62 serum samples were collected and serologically tested through competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) kits to detect antibodies against PPR, BT, and FMD, which are three important transboundary infectious illnesses.

Results: The results indicated that 60 out of 62 serum samples were positive for PPR antibodies (96.7%), 31 out of 62 were positive for FMD antibodies (50%), and 59 out of 62 serum samples were positive for BT antibodies (95%).

Conclusion: This study revealed that PPR, FMD, and BT can be introduced into Egypt through the illegal introduction of sheep and goat from neighboring countries. Laboratory diagnostic abilities should be improved for the early detection and control of these illnesses.

Keywords: bluetongue and foot-and-mouth disease sheep-goats, competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, peste des petits ruminants.

The effect of the sex, age, and breed of farmed rabbits and the choice of management system on the extensity and intensity of Eimeria infection

Research (Published online: 20-08-2020)

24. The effect of the sex, age, and breed of farmed rabbits and the choice of management system on the extensity and intensity of Eimeria infection

B. Pilarczyk, A. Tomza-Marciniak, R. Pilarczyk, E. Januś, P. Stanek, B. Seremak and P. Sablik

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1654-1660

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The most common causes of loss and diarrhea in rabbit farming are nutritional errors and coccidiosis. The infection can spread rapidly throughout a breeding area, reducing the rabbit population, and causing heavy losses. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the system of animal management on the extensity and intensity of infection by Eimeria of farmed rabbits, together with the effect of the sex, age, and breed of the rabbits themselves.

Materials and Methods: The study included 91 rabbits (Flemish Giant, New Zealand White, French Lope, Vienna Blue, California White, and mixed breed) from eight domestic (small-scale) farms from Poland. The prevalence and intensity of coccidial infection were determined by the Willis-Schlaf and McMaster coprological methods. The species were determined based on oocyst morphology: Their shape, color, form index, the presence or absence of micropyle and cap, and the presence or absence of residual, polar, and Stiedé bodies.

Results: Seven species of Eimeria were isolated from the tested rabbits: Eimeria magna, Eimeria media, Eimeria perforans, Eimeria stiedae, Eimeria coecicola, Eimeria exigua, and Eimeria irresidua. Most infections were found to be of relatively low intensity. No significant differences in the extensity of Eimeria protozoan infection were observed with regard to sex. However, rabbit age had a significant influence on the extensity of infection by E. magna and of Eimerian protozoans combined. The greatest extensity was observed in rabbits aged below 6 months. For all species of Eimeria, greater extensity was observed among rabbits kept in groups than individually. The system of rabbit management also had a significant influence on the intensity of infection. Those kept in groups demonstrated a significantly higher mean intensity of infection of E. magna and all Eimeria species combined than those kept individually.

Conclusion: Our findings indicate that Eimeria protozoa are a common occurrence on small-scale rabbit farms. As coccidiosis treatment does not always give good results, prevention is very important in the fight against this disease. It is necessary to develop a new preventive paradigm that pays special attention to the factors that promote the spread and development of infection in domestic (small-scale) farms from Poland. For example, it would be recommended to use large, dry, bright rooms with access to the sun, as these are conducive to preventing the occurrence of coccidia infections.

Keywords: Eimeria, rabbits, small-scale rabbit farms.

Investigation of the effect of chitosan and silver nanoparticles on the antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from some milk products and diarrheal patients in Sohag city, Egypt

Research (Published online: 20-08-2020)

23. Investigation of the effect of chitosan and silver nanoparticles on the antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from some milk products and diarrheal patients in Sohag city, Egypt

Alshimaa A. Hassanien and Eman M. Shaker

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1647-1653

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes serious diseases in humans, especially when circulated in their food. This study was designed to detect the presence of E. coli O157:H7 using the fliC H7 gene in some milk products as kareish cheese, labena, and yoghurt sold in Sohag city, Egypt, and among diarrheal patients admitted to governmental hospitals in Sohag and also to highlight the risk factors associated with their infection. In addition, the antimicrobial resistance and the effect of chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) and silver nanoparticles (SNP) on E. coli O157:H7 isolates obtained from both milk products and patients were investigated.

Materials and Methods: Microbiological culture methods and polymerase chain reaction were used for detecting E. coli O157:H7 in 150 milk products and 150 stool samples. Resistance against some antimicrobials that were used in the treatment of animals and humans was investigated using the disk diffusion technique. CNP and SNP at two concentrations (30 and 60 μg/mL) and average sizes of 25.1 and 26.5 nm, respectively, were identified by transmission electron microscopy. Their effect on E. coli O157:H7 isolates was examined using the well diffusion method. Risk factors for infection were investigated using statistical analysis.

Results: There were 11.3% and 14.7% of milk products and stool samples positive for E. coli O157:H7, respectively. These isolates exhibited high antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and gentamycin. CNP and SNP demonstrated inhibitory effects on E. coli O157:H7 growth, which significantly increased at high concentrations (60 μg/mL), with mean inhibition zones of 31.941±3.749 and 30.681±3.871 mm for CNP in milk products and patient isolates, respectively. The respective values for SNP were 33.588±3.675 mm and 32.500±2.444 mm, indicating a higher bactericidal effect than that of CNP. Regarding risk factors for infection, both young and elderly subjects and those in contact with infected persons and/or having chronic diseases were infected.

Conclusion: CNP and SNP are suitable for both medical and agricultural applications for disease control and enhancement of food quality.

Keywords: chitosan nanoparticles, diarrheal patients, Escherichia coli O157:H7, kariesh cheese, labena, silver nanoparticles.

Improvements to the live-attenuated Newcastle disease virus vaccine using Carbopol® 940 as a stabilizer

Research (Published online: 19-08-2020)

22. Improvements to the live-attenuated Newcastle disease virus vaccine using Carbopol® 940 as a stabilizer

Mahmoud Mohamed Abd El-Moneam, Nada Adel Fathy, Naglaa I. Ali and Heba Mohamed El Naggar

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1641-1646

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: One strategy that can be used to stabilize vaccines is to convert them into a dry powder. This can protect the integrity of the active ingredients as well as vaccine antigenicity during manufacture, storage, and transport. This study highlights the potent adjuvant activity of Carbopol® when used alone to stabilize live-attenuated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines or when used in a formulation together with skimmed milk. Tolerability and potency of these formulations were compared with those obtained from other local live NDV vaccines produced locally by the Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute.

Materials and Methods: We evaluated the cellular and humoral immune responses to a locally prepared, live-attenuated LaSota virus vaccine. Vaccine formulations were stabilized with Carbopol® 940 alone or in combination with skimmed milk.

Results: Our results indicate that the use of Carbopol® 940 alone to stabilize a live-attenuated LaSota vaccine resulted in enhanced cellular and humoral immunity. The antibody titer was prolonged through the 6th week post-vaccination (5.0 log2). Full (100%) protection was observed in response to challenge with very virulent NDV at day 21 after vaccination; there were no clinical signs or lesions on examination. Addition of Carbopol® 940 to the live-attenuated vaccine formulation resulted in a more compact, stable, and high-quality lyophilized cake after freeze-dried lyophilization compared with that produced by stabilization with skimmed milk alone.

Conclusion: Our data suggest that Carbopol® 940 may improve clinical responses to live-attenuated vaccines.

Keywords: Carbopol® 940, LaSota, lyophilization, Newcastle disease virus, stabilizers, vaccine.

Gastrointestinal parasites of dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Algeria

Research (Published online: 19-08-2020)

21. Gastrointestinal parasites of dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Algeria

Messaoud Bouragba, AbdElkarim Laatamna, Fatima Elzahra Cheddad, Djamel Baroudi, Karim Houali and Ahcène Hakem

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1635-1640

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence and identification of gastrointestinal parasites in feces samples of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Algeria based on microscopic examination.

Materials and Methods: A total of 717 fresh fecal samples obtained from 28 farms at Steppe and Northern Sahara regions of Algeria were processed for microscopic examination after concentration by formalin-ether sedimentation and flotation techniques. In addition, microscopic examination of Cryptosporidium spp. was done by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining and Lugol staining procedure was used for the detection of Giardia cysts.

Results: Microscopic examination indicated an infection rate of gastrointestinal parasites of 48.26% (346/717). Protozoan infections were recorded at 17.02% (122/717), whereas helminth infections were recorded at 23.71% (170/717). In addition, mixed infection (protozoans and helminths) was seen at 7.53% (54/717). No correlation was found between infection and age of the animals, nor the consistency of the stool samples; in addition, neither influence of sex nor breed of camels was observed. Eighteen genera of gastrointestinal parasites were revealed; including four genera of protozoa, 12 Nematoda, one Cestoda, and one Trematoda. Strongyloides spp. and Eimeria spp. showed the highest rate of parasitism, while Cooperia spp. was observed with the lowest prevalence. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 13 among 717 examined samples (1.81%).

Conclusion: The parasite fauna infecting the gastrointestinal tract of the Algerian dromedary is much diversified. The detected parasites in camels are similar to counterparts in other ruminants, posing serious challenge to animal farming. Future studies should be carried out to better understand the epidemiology of these parasitic diseases and their economic and public health impact.

Keywords: Algeria, camel dromedary, helminths, prevalence, protozoans.

Histological classification and expression of markers of canine mast cell tumors

Research (Published online: 18-08-2020)

20. Histological classification and expression of markers of canine mast cell tumors

V. S. Cruz, J. C. A. Borges, L. L. Nepomuceno, P. A. M. Gonçalves, Y. C. L. Prado, C. Bianchi, M. C. S. Fioravanti and E. G. Araújo

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1627-1634

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are malignant neoplasms that are common in dogs. Their biological behavior is variable and unpredictable. The aim of the present study was to analyze the histological classification and expression of markers of canine MCTs.

Materials and Methods: Thirty samples of canine MCTs were graded according to the histological classification methods of Patnaik and those of Kiupel. The expression of phosphoprotein 53 (p53) and c-kit proteins was quantified by immunohistochemistry using image processing software, ImageJ - a public domain computer program, developed at the National Institutes of Health.

Results: It was possible to determine the grade of 100% of the samples. According to Patnaik's classification, 20.00% of the samples were Grade 1, 43.30% were Grade 2, and 36.70% were Grade 3. According to Kiupel's classification, 56.67% of the samples were of high intensity and 43.33% were of low intensity. Grade 1 tumors had the highest expression of p53 and c-kit, and Grade 2 had the lowest expression. The results showed that it is necessary to perform both histological grading methods. The classification into high and low intensity may provide more consistent results than the three-level grading system. However, a smaller number of categories, although it facilitates the classification, may not be sufficient for the prognosis.

Conclusion: Quantitative evaluation of p-53 and c-kit expression is a useful tool to increase the accuracy of the analysis and to aid in choosing the treatment method for canine MCTs. Histological grading should be combined with other diagnostic methods.

Keywords: Bismarck brown, hematoxylin and eosin, ImageJ, round cell tumor, toluidine blue.

Monitoring of serum and urinary biomarkers during treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis

Research (Published online: 18-08-2020)

19. Monitoring of serum and urinary biomarkers during treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis

Alvaro Felipe de Lima Ruy Dias, Eveline da Cruz Boa Sorte Ayres, Fernanda Harumi Maruyama, Bruna Ribeiro Gomes Monteiro, Maria Sabrina de Freitas, Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida, Adriane Jorge Mendonça and Valéria Régia Franco Sousa

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1620-1626

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL) has a broad spectrum of changes, with kidney disease being considered the main cause of mortality. Thus, this study aimed to monitor serum and urinary biomarkers in response to two short-term treatments for CanL.

Materials and Methods: Thirty dogs with CanL were equally divided into two treatment groups and treated with either miltefosine (Group M) or miltefosine plus allopurinol (Group MA); the groups were evaluated before treatment and after 28 days of treatment. Physical exams were performed and hematimetric, biochemical, and urinary parameters, including urinary biomarkers cystatin C (CisC), lipocalin-2 (NGAL), and microalbuminuria, were measured.

Results: Both treatments significantly reduced clinical scores (p<0.05), but only the MA group saw a reduction in the clinical-pathological score. The serum albumin and calcium levels increased significantly in the MA and M groups (p<0.05). Proteinuria and urinary density did not decrease significantly after the treatments. With regard to the biomarkers, CisC and microalbuminuria did not have any significant changes; however, NGAL was significantly reduced in the MA group (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Both pharmacotherapeutic protocols promoted clinical and clinical-pathological improvements. In addition, miltefosine plus allopurinol proved to be a safe treatment due to the lack of changes detected in the monitored renal biomarkers. The treatment with miltefosine plus allopurinol proved to be the most effective, with more pronounced beneficial effects for canines with visceral leishmaniasis.

Keywords: clinical score, cystatin C, Leishmania infantum, miltefosine, NGAL.

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) seed as a potent functional feedstuff for poultry – A review

Review (Published online: 17-08-2020)

18. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) seed as a potent functional feedstuff for poultry – A review

Sugiharto Sugiharto

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1613-1619

ABSTRACT

The steady increase in the price of protein feed ingredients and the retraction of antibiotics from diets has encouraged nutritionists to search the alternatives for protein source and functional feedstuffs that can substitute the role of antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production. With crude protein of 24-30%, in vitro protein digestibility of 80% and proportion of essential amino acids of 47%, seed from ripe papaya may be exploited as the alternative protein feed ingredient for poultry. Moreover, the growth promoting effect, antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities, and immunomodulatory and antioxidative activities may confirm the potential of papaya seed as a functional feedstuff that could replace the role of antibiotic growth promoters for poultry. The in-depth study is needed to further elucidate the functionalities of papaya seed on poultry. This review provides the updates on the nutritional contents of papaya seed, the potential of papaya seed as an alternative to conventional protein-rich ingredient, the growth-promoting effect of feeding papaya seed, the antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities of papaya seed, antioxidative activities of papaya seed, and the immunomodulatory activity of papaya seed on poultry.

Keywords: antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiparasitic, growth promoter, papaya by-product, protein-rich feedstuff.

The effect of Channa striata extract and standard eradication regimen on asymmetric dimethylarginine in Helicobacter pylori gastritis rat model

Research (Published online: 17-08-2020)

17. The effect of Channa striata extract and standard eradication regimen on asymmetric dimethylarginine in Helicobacter pylori gastritis rat model

OK Yulizal, Aznan Lelo, Syafruddin Ilyas and Raden Lia Kusumawati

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1605-1612

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The presence of gastric mucosa or submucosa inflammation due to Helicobacter pylori leads to histological changes. Gastric injury, pro-inflammatory factors, and oxidative stress in H. pylori infection produce asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), which are a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. Investigations were carried out aimed at finding new drugs derived from natural products for the treatment of H. pylori. Channa striata is known to have in vitro anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of C. striata extract and a standard eradication regimen on ADMA levels and histological changes in the H. pylori gastritis rat model.

Materials and Methods: Thirty-five male rats were randomly and equally divided into five groups. Group-1 was the negative control group and Groups-2 to 5 were H. pylori-infected groups. Groups-3 to 5 were administered C. striata extract, a standard eradication regimen, and a combination of standard eradication regimen and C. striata extract, respectively. Histological examination and serum ADMA levels were analyzed. The difference between groups was analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis and one-way analysis of variance tests. The significance was p<0.05.

Results: Serum ADMA levels and severity of gastritis were higher in infected groups compared to the negative control group (p<0.05). The severity of gastritis and mean ADMA levels in the group that received a single administration of the C. striata extract was higher than the others (p<0.05). Serum ADMA levels and severity of gastritis were significantly reduced in the group that received a combination of standard eradication regimen and C. striata extract (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Single administration of C. striata extract worsens the severity of gastritis and increased serum ADMA levels in the H. pylori gastritis rat model. The administration of a combination of standard eradication regimen and C. striata extract reduces serum ADMA levels and significantly improves the severity of H. pylori gastritis rat model.

Keywords: asymmetric dimethylarginine, Channa striata, eradication regimen, Helicobacter pylori gastritis, histological changes.

Trypanocidal activity of methanol extracts of the hemolymph of Sarcophaga argyrostoma larva against Trypanosoma evansi infected mice

Research (Published online: 15-08-2020)

16. Trypanocidal activity of methanol extracts of the hemolymph of Sarcophaga argyrostoma larva against Trypanosoma evansi infected mice

Doaa S. Farghaly and Al-Shaimaa M. Sadek

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1599-1604

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Many natural products worldwide are used for medicinal purposes. Various insect-isolated compounds were investigated in pursuit of new therapeutic agents. This study aimed to compare the effects of methanol extract of hemolymph of Sarcophaga argyrostoma larvae with diminazene aceturate on some hematological and biochemical indices of mice infected with Trypanosoma evansi.

Materials and Methods: Sixteen albino mice were randomly divided into four groups, of four mice, which received different treatments: In Group 1 (G1), mice were infected intraperitoneally with 1×104 T. evansi and received no treatment (positive control), in Group 2 (G2), infected mice were treated with 0.5 mL/kg of diminazene aceturate, in Group 3 (G3), infected mice were treated with 0.5 mL/kg methanol extract of the hemolymph of S. argyrostoma larvae, and in Group 4 (G4), uninfected mice received 0.5 ml of distilled water (negative control). In G3, treatment was started 3 days before injecting the parasite, while for the other groups, a single dose of treatment was applied when the parasite appeared in the blood.

Results: Mice from G3 showed low parasitemia of 29×104/mm3 4 days post-infection until the infection completely disappeared on the 5th day, which was earlier than for other groups. The results showed that the numbers of red blood corpuscles (red blood cells [RBCs]) and white blood cells (WBCs) per unit volume were significantly different (p<0.05) between the four groups. The highest RBC (9.09×103 cell/ mm3) and WBC (14.30×103 cell/ mm3) counts were recorded in G3, whereas the lowest values of 6.60 and 4.60×103cell/ mm3, respectively, were recorded for G2. In addition, there were significant differences (p<0.05) between the different groups for platelet counts per unit volume, with G3 having the most (943×103 cell/ mm3) and G2 having the least (357×103 cell/ mm3). There was a significant (p<0.05) difference in the indices of biochemical activities between the extract-treated infected groups and the standard drug-treated group.

Conclusion: This study suggests that the methanol extract of the hemolymph of S. argyrostoma larva exhibits trypanocidal activity, so it may be exploited as a suitable candidate for the development of trypanocidal drugs.

Keywords: diminazene aceturate, hematology, methanol extract, Sarcophaga argyrostoma larva, trypanocidal activity, Trypanosoma evansi.

The concentration of androgen receptor and protein kinase A in male chicken following the administration of a combination of the epididymis and testicular extracts

Research (Published online: 15-08-2020)

15. The concentration of androgen receptor and protein kinase A in male chicken following the administration of a combination of the epididymis and testicular extracts

Muslim Akmal, Gholib Gholib, Mustafa Kamal Nasution, Sri Wahyuni, Rinidar Rinidar, Dian Masyitha and M. Aman Yaman

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1594-1598

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Testis (T) and epididymis (E) are waste from the abattoir that is rarely used. In fact, both organs contain important chemicals needed for spermatogenesis (e.g., hormones, proteins, and other molecules). Therefore, administration of a combination of testis and epididymis (CTE) extracts may activate androgen receptors (AR) and protein kinase A (PKA) molecules that play a prominent role in spermatogenesis. We, therefore, aimed at investigating the influence of the CTE extracts on the concentration of AR and PKA in male chicken.

Materials and Methods: This study used a completely randomized design with four treatment groups (K0, K1, K2, and K3) and five replications per group. K0 is a control group that received 1 mL normal saline, whereas K1, K2, and K3 are the test groups that received 1, 2, and 3 mL of CET extracts, respectively. Twenty male chickens (strain: broiler Mb 89), 3 weeks of age, weighing 500-700 g were used. We administered the injections in a 13-day period and on the 14th day; we collected and processed blood samples as serum to measure the AR and PKA concentrations using commercial chicken AR and PKA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, respectively. We performed analyses by analysis of variance using SPSS 20.0.

Results: The AR concentrations in K1, K2, and K3 groups increased by 4.26%, 10.97%, and 28.04%, respectively, compared to the K0 (control group). However, this increase was not significantly different between the groups (p>0.05). Moreover, the PKA concentrations increased by 2.97%, 2.60%, and 4.08% in K1, K2, and K3 groups, respectively, compared to the control group. However, this increase was not significantly different between the groups as well (p>0.05).

Conclusion: The CTE extracts tended to increase the AR and PKA concentrations even though it is not significant. Therefore, it needs further study when using the CTE extracts for spermatogenesis in male chicken.

Keywords: androgen receptor, chicken, epididymis and testicular extracts, protein kinase A, spermatogenesis.

Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Escherichia coli isolates from bovine mastitis

Research (Published online: 14-08-2020)

14. Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Escherichia coli isolates from bovine mastitis

Zuhair Bani Ismail and Sameeh M. Abutarbush

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1588-1593

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Mastitis is a common and economically important disease in dairy cattle. It remains one of the most common reasons for the extensive use of antimicrobials in dairy farms leading to the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine the patterns of antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from bovine mastitis and to identify prominent antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes among isolated strains.

Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against six antibiotic groups, including tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, macrolides, sulfonamides, and fluoroquinolones was performed using the disk diffusion method. PCR was performed on resistant isolates to detect resistance and virulence genes using commercially available primers.

Results: Out of 216 milk samples cultured, 14 samples yielded E. coli isolates. All isolates (100%) were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, procaine penicillin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Only one isolate (7%) was sensitive to gentamicin, and all isolates (100%) were sensitive to enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. All isolates carried at least one resistance gene against one or more of the major antibiotic groups. All isolates carried the ereA, tetG, tetE, and tetB genes, followed by tetA (93%), ampC (86%), strA (86%), sul1 (78%), tetD (71%), tetC (57%), aadA (57%), and strB (36%). The lowest percentage of isolates carried bla1 (17%) and bla2 (12%) genes, and none of the isolates carried the qnrA gene. Most of the isolates (93%) carried the Shiga toxin 1 virulence gene, followed by complement resistance protein (79%), intimin (64%), Shiga toxin 2 (36%), cytotoxic necrotizing factor (35%), aerotaxis receptor (21%), and type 1 fimbriae (15%).

Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that the high percentages of E. coli isolate from bovine mastitis are resistant to two or more of the major antibiotic groups, irrespective of the presence or absence of relevant resistance or virulence genes.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, dairy cows, environmental mastitis pathogens, Escherichia coli.

Description of normal head structures of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) by magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and cross-sectional anatomy

Research (Published online: 14-08-2020)

13. Description of normal head structures of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) by magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and cross-sectional anatomy

Hassan Emam, Mohamed Aref, Ahmed Abdelbaset-Ismail, Ahmed Abdelaal, Shaimaa Gouda and Mohamed Gomaa

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1581-1587

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study was designed for the 1st time to describe the normal head structures of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) using both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) as well as cross-sectional anatomy.

Materials and Methods: Five fresh cadaver heads were collected from clinically normal camels and then subjected to T1-weighted MR and CT imaging. Afterward, these examined heads were transversely sliced to obtain seven crossing levels.

Results: The obtained structures per each crossing level were matched with their relevant sorted images of T1-weighted MRI and CT, then identified and labeled accordingly.

Conclusion: The data shown herein expand our knowledge of the normal head structures of the camel and could be used as a reference for ultimate diagnosis of the surgical affections of head using MRI and/or CT.

Keywords: camel, computed tomography, cross-leveling, head region, magnetic resonance imaging.

Seroprevalence study of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in the northern region of India

Research (Published online: 13-08-2020)

12. Seroprevalence study of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in the northern region of India

Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan, Bibitha Varghese, Kirubakaran Vinod Kumar, Dhanavelu Muthuchelvan, R. Dheeraj, Gurrappanaidu Govindaraj, Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh, Divakar Hemadri and Parimal Roy

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1573-1580

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious, World Organization for Animal Health notifiable, economically important, transboundary morbilliviral disease of sheep and goats. Studying seroprevalence of PPR from different geographical areas under varying agro-climatic conditions may help in formulating effective and appropriate disease control strategies under the ongoing national PPR control program. The present cross-sectional study describes the prevalence of PPR virus antibodies in sheep and goats in the various epidemiological units in different states (Haryana, Himachal Pradesh [HP], Jammu and Kashmir [J&K], Punjab, Uttarakhand [UK], and Uttar Pradesh [UP]) of the northern region of India.

Materials and Methods: A total of 5843 serum samples (sheep [n=2463] and goats [n=3380]) were collected by stratified random sampling method from 322 epidemiological units in the studied region during 2017-2018 and tested for PPR virus (PPRV) antibodies by competitive ELISA.

Results: The results revealed that an overall seroprevalence of 44.05% (2574/5843) with 57.32%, 55.22%, 65.69%, 37.09%, 32.73%, and 29.35% prevalence of PPRV antibodies in small ruminants in Haryana, Punjab, UP, HP, J&K, and UK states, respectively. Further, Chi-squared test revealed an association of PPRV antibodies in goats (χ2=252.28, p<0.01) and sheep (χ2=192.12, p<0.01) across different states in the region.

Conclusion: The seroprevalence in majority of the epidemiological units (n=130) in sheep and goats in the studied region had <30%. This necessitates comprehensive, rigorous, continuous vaccination and active surveillance programs for few more years to achieve the desired 70% seroprevalence level of PPRV antibodies in population and to make the northern region of India, as PPR free zone.

Keywords: cross-sectional study, India, northern region, peste des petits ruminants, seroprevalence, sheep and goats.

Influence of antitox and Vitamin E-selenium on meat quality and safety in rabbits after 1,1-experimental dimethylhydrazine toxicosis

Research (Published online: 12-08-2020)

11. Influence of antitox and Vitamin E-selenium on meat quality and safety in rabbits after 1,1-experimental dimethylhydrazine toxicosis

Balgabay S. Maikanov, Mikhail V. Zabolotnykh, Laura T. Auteleyeva and Symbat P. Seidenova

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1567-1572

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study investigated the effects of antitox and Vitamin E-selenium on meat quality and safety in rabbits after experimental 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (1,1-DMH) toxicosis.

Materials and Methods: Experimental groups of rabbits weighing 1.5-2.5 kg each were kept in a vivarium under same controlled conditions (temperature 16-21°C, humidity 60-80%, 12/12 h light/dark cycle, noise level <85 dB) with free access to standard food containing 22.0% protein, 4.5% fat, and 4% fiber. The effect of a detoxifying mixture of antitox and Vitamin E-selenium on safety indicators (residual amount of 1,1-DMH) and quality indicators pre- and post-detoxification of the rabbits from 1,1-DMH was determined.

Results: After detoxification, the residual 1,1-DMH level decreased in all organs and tissues to <0.1 mg/kg. The nutritional value of meat increased by improving organoleptic, physical, and chemical parameters and the amino acid composition of protein.

Conclusion: The antitox+Vitamin E-selenium detoxifying mixture significantly decreases the residual 1,1-DMH level in organs and tissues of animals and increases the nutritional value of rabbit meat in subacute poisoning. The detoxifying mixture can also be used on animals grazing in territories adjacent to Proton-M launch sites for preventive and therapeutic purposes.

Keywords: 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, amino acid composition, detoxification, detoxifying mixture, meat, rabbits.

Protective effect of Mucuna pruriens against arsenic-induced liver and kidney dysfunction and neurobehavioral alterations in rats

Research (Published online: 12-08-2020)

10. Protective effect of Mucuna pruriens against arsenic-induced liver and kidney dysfunction and neurobehavioral alterations in rats

Preethi Concessao, Laxminarayana Kurady Bairy and Archana Parampalli Raghavendra

Veterinary World, 13(8): 1555-1566

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Intoxication of arsenic in rats is known to result in neurological effects as well as liver and kidney dysfunction. Mucuna pruriens has been identified for its medicinal properties. The aim of the study was to investigate the protective effect of aqueous seed extract of M. pruriens on sodium arsenite-induced memory impairment, liver, and kidney functions in rats.

Materials and Methods: The experiment was divided into short-term treatment (45 days) and long-term treatment (90 days), with each group divided into nine sub-groups consisting of six animals each. Sub-groups 1 and 2 served as normal, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) controls, respectively. Sub-groups 3-9 received sodium arsenite in drinking water (50 mg/L). In addition, sub-group 4 received NAC (210 mg/kg b.wt) orally once daily, sub-groups 5-7 received aqueous seed extract of M. pruriens (350 mg/kg b.wt, 530 mg/kg b.wt, and 700 mg/kg b.wt) orally once daily and sub-groups 8 and 9 received a combination of NAC and aqueous seed extract of M. pruriens (350 mg/kg b.wt and 530 mg/kg b.wt) orally once daily. Following the treatment, the blood was drawn retro-orbitally to assess the liver (serum alanine transaminase [ALT], serum aspartate transaminase, and serum alkaline phosphatase) and kidney (serum urea and serum creatinine) functions. Learning and memory were assessed by passive avoidance test. Animals were sacrificed by an overdose of ketamine, and their Nissl stained hippocampal sections were analyzed for alterations in neural cell numbers in CA1 and CA3 regions.

Results: In the short-term treatment, groups administered with M. pruriens 530 mg/kg b.wt alone and combination of NAC + M. pruriens 350 mg/kg b.wt exhibited a significant improvement in memory retention, less severe neurodegeneration, and decrease in serum ALT levels. In long-term treatment, groups administered with M. pruriens 700 mg/kg b.wt alone and combination of NAC+M. pruriens 350 mg/kg b.wt, respectively, showed better memory retention, decreased neural deficits, and reduced levels of kidney and liver enzymes.

Conclusion: The seed extract of M. pruriens showed significant enhancement in memory and learning. The number of surviving neurons in the CA1 and CA3 regions also increased on treatment with M. pruriens. Serum ALT, serum urea, and serum creatinine levels showed significant improvement on long-term treatment with M. pruriens.

Keywords: hippocampus, kidney functions, liver functions, memory and learning, Mucuna pruriens, sodium arsenite.