Molecular identification of Salmonella Typhimurium from village chickens based on invA and spvC genes

Research (Published online: 23-04-2020)

22. Molecular identification of Salmonella Typhimurium from village chickens based on invA and spvC genes

Mwanaisha Mkangara, Ernest R. Mbega and Musa Chacha

Veterinary World, 13(4): 764-767

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to identify Salmonella enterica serovars by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on virulence genes invasion A (inv A) and Salmonella plasmid virulence C (spvC).

Materials and Methods: DNA extraction of eight bacteria isolates was done using the PowerSoil® DNA Isolation Kit. The amplification of invA and spvC genes was done using conventional PCR. The positive PCR products were purified using the GeneJET Purification Kit and then sequenced using ABI 3730 XL automated genetic analyzer. The sequences obtained were compared for similarities with other Salmonella serovars deposited on the NCBI GenBank using BLASTN.

Results: Four out of eight samples were amplified by primers FS139/RS141 that target invA gene with products of about 284 bp, and three out of four of the same invA positive samples were also amplified by primers FSPV-1/RSPV-2 targeting spvC with a product of about 571 bp. One sample was not amplified by primers FSPV-1/RSPV-2 as it lacked virulence plasmid. Analysis of sequences indicated 100% homology with closely related serovars of S. enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium.

Conclusion: Salmonella Typhimurium that contained invA and spvC genes are pathogenic and virulent strains.

Keywords: invasive gene A, polymerase chain reaction, Salmonella plasmid virulence gene, Salmonella Typhimurium, sequencing.

Clinical results of an inactivated anti-brucella vaccine in combination with immunomodulators

Research (Published online: 22-04-2020)

21. Clinical results of an inactivated anti-brucella vaccine in combination with immunomodulators

Fayssal Bouchemla, Valery Alexandrovich Agoltsov, Stepan Yuryevich Veselovsky, Sergey Vasilyevich Larionov, Olga Mikhaylovna Popova and Dmitry Valentinovich Krivenko

Veterinary World, 13(4): 758-763

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of the study was to obtain a vaccine against animal brucellosis having high immunogenic properties by carrying an evaluation of the effectiveness of split-conjugated animal brucellosis vaccine combined with fosprenil and polypeptide C as a molecular immunomodulatory adjuvant according to the results of serological studies of the blood of animals: Agglutination reaction, complement fixation, and rose Bengal sample.

Materials and Methods: Eighteen calves of Holstein Friesians breed, aged 5 months, with a living weight of 100-150 kg, were divided into three groups of six animals each. All animals were healthy and they received a prophylactic vaccination against brucellosis. The dry split-conjugated vaccine against brucellosis in animals was dissolved in saline and for this purpose, 10 ml of saline was poured into the vaccine vial. Then the content was mixed, and afterward 1 ml was used per animal. Fosprenil was used at the rate of 1 kg of animal weight: 100 kg (calf weight) was multiplied by 0.05 (dose/1 kg of animal weight); 5 ml of fosprenil was obtained, which was collected into disposable syringes and intramuscularly sterilely injected into the croup area.

Calves in the first group (control) were intramuscularly injected with the vaccine at a dose of 1.0 ml, and fosprenil at a dose of 5.0 ml was administered intramuscularly once to the croup area. Animals from the second group were subcutaneously immunized by the vaccine with polypeptide C at a dose of 1.0 ml. Polypeptide C is a solution that was poured into a vial with a vaccine at a dose of 10.0 ml, the content was mixed, and then calves were injected subcutaneously into the middle third of the neck in 1 ml (10 doses in a vial).

Immunization of calves in the third group was carried out with a vaccine, diluted with an isotonic sodium chloride solution of 0.9%, at a dose of 1.0 ml subcutaneously once. At the 14th, 30th, and 90th days after vaccination, a blood sampling was taken for serological tests: Agglutination test, complement fixation test, and rose Bengal test.

Results: After conducting serological studies, it was noted that split-conjugated vaccine against animal brucellosis using fosprenil forms antibodies in large titers and they persist for a longer time in the body of animals compared to the other tested vaccine: The first combination with the immunomodulatory polypeptide C and the vaccine only on the physiological solution.

Conclusion: The developed complex of split-conjugated vaccine against brucellosis in animals enhances the humoral immune response of the organism against brucellosis and improves the protection of animals against the disease when it is used with the immunomodulatory fosprenil. In the future, we want to expand the use of the resulting complex in the fight against brucellosis on a larger population and to study the change in cellular immunity after the introduction of the resulting complex on an animal organism.

Keywords: brucellosis, fosprenil, polypeptide C, split-conjugated vaccine against animal brucellosis.

Response of hemocytes profile in the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) against Vibrio harveyi induced by Xylocarpus granatum leaves extract

Research (Published online: 22-04-2020)

20. Response of hemocytes profile in the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) against Vibrio harveyi induced by Xylocarpus granatum leaves extract

Gina Saptiani, A. Syafei Sidik, Fikri Ardhani and Esti Handayani Hardi

Veterinary World, 13(4): 751-757

Aim: The present study investigated hemocytes profile of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) induced with Xylocarpus granatum leaves extract to protect against Vibrio harveyi infection.

Materials and Methods: X. granatum leaves were chopped into small size, air-dried, and extracted with one of the following solvents: Ethanol, distilled water, and seawater, whereas each solvent was given in three different concentrations (750 ppm, 1.000 ppm, and 1.250 ppm, respectively). Extracts were induced to 60 post-larvae shrimp in each treatment (three replicates, 20 shrimp for each) by immersing method and subsequently challenged with V. harveyi.

Results: This study demonstrated different effectiveness among solvents used to extract X. granatum leaves, in which distilled water showed the most effective solvent as can be seen from the lowest percentage on anorexia, lethargic, and weakened reflex of shrimp compared with another solvent, positive and negative controls. Pathological symptoms for shrimp induced by X. granatum leaves extract were minimum with the highest survival rate compared with those of positive and negative control. Total hemocyte cells and its cell constituents such as semi-granular, granular, and hyaline cells on treatment group at 1.250 ppm were higher than controls.

Conclusion: Leaves extract of X. granatum extract effectively inhibited V. harveyi infection, increased survival rate, and hemocytes cell of the experimental shrimp. Distilled water extract of X. granatum at 1.250 ppm demonstrated the highest protective effect toward V. harveyi infection on P. monodon.

Keywords: hemocytes profile, mangrove plant extract, Penaeus monodon, Vibrio harveyi, Xylocarpus granatum.

Recombinant bovine somatotropin in the synchronization of ovulation in crossbred dairy cows (Bos taurus indicus × Bos taurus taurus)

Research (Published online: 21-04-2020)

19. Recombinant bovine somatotropin in the synchronization of ovulation in crossbred dairy cows (Bos taurus indicus × Bos taurus taurus)

Fabrício Albani Oliveira, Ítalo Câmara de Almeida, Larissa Marchiori Sena, Jurandy Mauro Penitente-Filho and Ciro Alexandre Alves Torres

Veterinary World, 13(4): 746-750

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) at the moment of implementation of the timed artificial insemination protocol, on follicular dynamics and pregnancy rate in crossbred cows.

Materials and Methods: A total of 346 cows were used in two experiments with a factorial 2×2 design. The cycling cows (Tcycling) and the anestrous cows (Tanestrous) were considered as factor 1 and the administration of rbST (TrbST) or not (Tcontrol) as factor 2. The experimental protocol: (1) Tcontrol – day 0 (D0), insertion of a progesterone-release intravaginal device (PRID) plus 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB); D8, PRID removal, plus 0.150 mg of prostaglandin F2α, and 400 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin; D9, 1 mg of EB; and with artificial insemination at day 10; (2) TrbST – similar to Tcontrol plus 500 mg of rbST on D0. In experiment I, ultrasound examinations were performed in all treatments. In experiment II, the cows' pregnancy rate was evaluated. Data were analyzed with 5% probability.

Results: There was no effect of the protocols on cows cyclicity or follicular growth rate (p>0.05). There was no interaction of the effects, administration of rbST, and the cyclicity of cows on the pregnancy rate. The total pregnancy rate observed was 49.0%. The pregnancy rate in cows receiving rbST was lower for anestrous compared with cycling cows (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The administration of rbST did not alter the patterns of follicular dynamics nor the ovulation rate. However, cows in anestrous that received rbST had lower pregnancy rates than cycling cows.

Keywords: biotechnology, dairy cows, fertility, follicle, reproduction.

Epidemiological and molecular studies on Echinococcus granulosus from free-roaming dogs in Southeast Iran

Research (Published online: 20-04-2020)

18. Epidemiological and molecular studies on Echinococcus granulosus from free-roaming dogs in Southeast Iran

Alireza Keyhani, Iraj Sharifi, Mehdi Bamorovat, Mohammad Ali Mohammadi, Asma Askari, Mohammad Ebrahimipour and Majid Fasihi Harandi

Veterinary World, 13(4): 739-745

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), as a major zoonotic helminth infection, imposes remarkable socioeconomic burden on many endemic countries across the world, including Iran. Due to the high importance of free-roaming dogs in the transmission of CE, epidemiological and molecular studies in this type of hosts are required in the endemic regions. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus isolated from stray dogs in Kerman, Southeast Iran.

Materials and Methods: Eighty-four samples were isolated from stray dogs in the city and suburbs of Kerman in coordination with the health authorities and the municipality office for rabies control and dog population management. Dog demographic data, including age and sex were collected. The worm was isolated by necropsy and genomic DNA was extracted and partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene was amplified using specific primers. Phylogenetic and Templeton-Crandall-Sing (TCS) network analyses were carried out on the sequence data.

Results: The overall prevalence of CE in the surveyed dogs was 10.7% (9/84 cases). Out of 84 stray dogs, 33 (39.3%) and 51 (60.7%) cases were male and female, respectively. There was not a statistically significant difference between the infection and gender of dogs. However, infection is shown more in dogs under one year of age with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The results of molecular studies indicated E. granulosus G1 genotype for all isolates. The high presence of free-roaming dogs in urban and peri-urban areas and high frequency of parasite in this animal is a risk factor for humans in the region. Haplotype sequence analysis on the dog isolates revealed a close relationship with other E. granulosus isolates in Kerman.

Conclusion: The findings of this study provide evidence-based data about the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of CE in dog definitive hosts of Southeast Iran. Further studies are required to understand the prevalence and parasite genotypes in dogs in Iran.

Keywords: echinococcosis, free-roaming dogs, genotype, haplotype network, hydatid cyst, Iran.

Left ventricular myocardial remodeling in dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis

Research (Published online: 20-04-2020)

17. Left ventricular myocardial remodeling in dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis

Yury A. Vatnikov, Andrey A. Rudenko, Boris V. Usha, Evgeny V. Kulikov, Elena A. Notina, Irina A. Bykova, Nadiya I. Khairova, Irina V. Bondareva, Victor N. Grishin and Andrey N. Zharov

Veterinary World, 13(4): 731-738

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Left ventricular myocardial remodeling could play an important role in the progression of chronic heart failure (CHF) syndrome in dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the left ventricular myocardial remodeling in dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis and to study the dependence of the incidence of this pathological phenomenon on the functional class (FC) of progression of the CHF syndrome.

Materials and Methods: A total of 108 afflicted dogs and 36 clinically healthy dogs were examined using transthoracic echocardiography. The following structural and geometric parameters of the left ventricular remodeling were evaluated: Myocardial mass and its index, sphericity index at the end of systole and diastole, end-systolic and end-diastolic relative wall thickness, and integral remodeling index.

Results: In all clinically healthy dogs, a normal type of the left ventricular chamber geometry was revealed, whereas, in dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis, the normal geometry of the left ventricle occurred in 56.4%, eccentric hypertrophy in 24.1%, concentric remodeling in 10.2%, and concentric hypertrophy in 9.3% of the cases. In patients with endocardiosis, there was no dilatation type of cardiac remodeling observed.

Conclusion: When compared to the clinically healthy animals, the dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis presented with indicators of structural and geometric remodeling, such as increased myocardial mass, myocardial mass index, and sphericity index at the end of systole and diastole, as well as relatively reduced integral systolic index of remodeling and systolic relative thickness of the walls of the heart. The parameters of the left ventricular myocardial remodeling correlated significantly with the FC of CHF syndrome.

Keywords: dogs, endocardiosis, heart failure, mitral regurgitation, myocardial remodeling.

In vitro assessment of time-dependent changes in red cell cytoplasmic antioxidants of donkey blood preserved in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine 1 anticoagulant

Research (Published online: 19-04-2020)

16. In vitro assessment of time-dependent changes in red cell cytoplasmic antioxidants of donkey blood preserved in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine 1 anticoagulant

Okereke Henry Nnamdi, Udegbunam Rita Ijeoma, Nwobi Lotanna Gilbert, Ezeobialu Henry Toochukwu and Udegbunam Sunday Ositadinma

Veterinary World, 13(4): 726-730

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Stored blood is continuously exposed to oxidative stress, which affects its antioxidant protective system. Erythrocytes are naturally armed with antioxidant protective capacity. Blood antioxidant system functions to protect the blood cells against oxidative damage by free radicals. However, during storage, blood is continuously exposed to oxidative stress, which affects its antioxidant system. The aim of this work was to investigate alteration in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, reduced glutathione (glutathione reductase [GSH-Rd]), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in stored donkey blood.

Materials and Methods: Blood (250 ml) was drawn from four clinically healthy donkeys into citrate phosphate dextrose adenine 1 blood bags and preserved at 4°C. MDA, GSH-Rd, CAT, and SOD activities were assayed by colorimetric methods, over a period of 42 days.

Results: The result showed that SOD enzyme activities significantly (p<0.05) increased by day 7 post-storage (PS) while MDA levels significantly (p<0.05) increased by day 21 PS. However, activities of GSH-Rd and CAT enzymes decreased (p<0.05) by day 21 PS. Pearson's product-moment correlation showed a negative correlation between the levels of MDA and enzymatic antioxidant markers (CAT and GSH-Rd).

Conclusion: The findings revealed that GSH-Rd and CAT are the primary antioxidant defense markers in donkey red blood cells. The observed alterations in these principal antioxidants suggest a 14 days optimum keeping time of donkey blood for blood banking purposes.

Keywords: blood, citrate phosphate dextrose adenine 1, donkey, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase.

Opportunistic parasitic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A review

Review (Published online: 17-04-2020)

15. Opportunistic parasitic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A review

D. A. Laksemi, L. T. Suwanti, M. Mufasirin, K. Suastika and M. Sudarmaja

Veterinary World, 13(4): 716-725

ABSTRACT

The number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cases increases annually, and Indonesia has become the country with the fastest HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic spread among the five Southeast Asian countries. Indonesia entered the critical phase of HIV/AIDS infections after 5 out of the 33 provinces, namely, Papua, Jakarta, Bali, West Java, and East Java, reported HIV/AIDS epidemic since 2004. In AIDS pathophysiology and immune-suppression are severe, thus, opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections that cause diarrhea in HIV infection may be fatal. Several studies have suggested that Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli, and Blastocystis hominis are the most common intestinal protozoan parasites categorized as AIDS associated illness. Diarrhea caused by parasites is considerably suspected in the cases of chronic and persistent diarrhea in adults, in an era of increasing HIV/AIDS cases nowadays. The present review highlights the current advances in etiologic agents of HIV/AIDS opportunistic infections among countries, epidemiology and prevalence, lifecycle, risk factors, examination methods, and treatment.

Keywords: epidemic, immune suppression, opportunistic infection, protozoa.

Carcass and meat characteristics of male Kacang goat fattened by complete silage

Research (Published online: 17-04-2020)

14. Carcass and meat characteristics of male Kacang goat fattened by complete silage

Paulus Klau Tahuk and Gerson F. Bira

Veterinary World, 13(4): 706-715

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the carcass and meat characteristics of male Kacang goat fattened by complete silage made from natural grass, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and Pennisetum purpuphoides.

Materials and Methods: This study examined 12 young male Kacang goats aged 10-12 months with an initial body weight of 10-12 kg. The livestock was divided into three groups randomly to receive feed treatments. The three treatments of this study included T1: Complete silage made from natural grass; T2: Complete silage made from S. bicolor (L.) Moench, and T3: Complete silage made from P. purpuphoides. Data were analyzed according to the analysis of variance procedure.

Results: The carcass percentage of livestock T2 and T3 treatment was relatively similar but higher (p<0.05) than the T1 group. The non-carcass percentage of T2 and T3 was relatively the same but lower than T1. The water content of T1 treatment was higher (p<0.05) than T3, but relatively the same as T2 treatment. The collagen content of T2 and T3 was relatively the same but lower (p<0.05) than T1; likewise, the cholesterol of T2 and T3 treatments was relatively similar but higher than T1 treatment. The variables of slaughter and carcass weight, and non-carcass weight, meat protein content, acidity, cooking losses, water holding capacity, and tenderness were not significantly different between groups of animals.

Conclusion: The use of S. bicolor (L.) Moench and P. purpuphoides as a basic forage in making complete silage has been shown to increase carcass percentage, the content (%) of fat, collagen, and cholesterol. Otherwise, the treatments have no effect on the content of pH, tenderness (kg/cm2), cooking loss (%), and water holding capacity (%) of male Kacang goat fattened. Therefore, S. bicolor (L.) Moench and P. purpuphoides plants have great potential to be developed by farmers/ ranchers as feed for goats.

Keywords: carcass characteristics, chemical and physical quality of meat, complete silage, fattening, male Kacang goat.

Effect of cocoa powder on hypertension and antioxidant status in uninephrectomized hypertensive rats

Research (Published online: 16-04-2020)

13. Effect of cocoa powder on hypertension and antioxidant status in uninephrectomized hypertensive rats

Olayinka Christianah Jayeola, Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi, Omolara Ibiwunmi Okunlola, Olayiwola Olubamiwa, Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale, Temitayo Olabisi Ajibade, Foluso Bolawaye Bolaji-Alabi, Blessing Seun Ogunpolu, Olufunke Olubunmi Falayi, Adebowale Benard Saba, Adeolu Alex Adedapo, Momoh Audu Yakubu, Afolabi Oluwadun and Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju

Veterinary World, 13(4): 695-705

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: High salt diet and uninephrectomy are associated with high blood pressure with attendant cardiovascular disease conditions such as hypertension, renal damage, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of consumption of cocoa and cocoa-containing products in the management of high blood pressure in uninephrectomized hypertensive rats.

Materials and Methods: The effect of cocoa powder on blood pressure, markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and histopathology were investigated in uninephrectomized animals fed with cocoa feed alone or in combination with a high salt diet. Male rats were randomly divided into five groups: Group A was the control group and fed with normal feed alone, Group B was fed with cocoa feed alone, Group C was fed with high salt diet (8% salt), Group D was fed with cocoa-feed compounded with 8% salt for 4 weeks after uninephrectomy, and Group E was uninephrectomized rats on a normal diet. The left kidneys of animals in Groups C, D, and E were removed by surgery. After 4 weeks of treatment, the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure was measured. The serum markers of renal damage and oxidative stress were determined. Histological examination was also performed on renal and cardiac tissues.

Results: Results showed significant increases in biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal damage with a concomitant decrease in antioxidant status in hypertensive uninephrectomized rats. Cocoa feed, however, significantly improved blood pressure and nitric oxide bioavailability, antioxidant status and reduced markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.

Conclusion: These findings show that cocoa powder could be used to maintain blood pressure levels in hypertensive rats through its antioxidant capacity.

Keywords: antioxidant therapy, cocoa powder, high salt diet, hypertension, oxidative stress.

Prevalence and risk factors of trematode infection in swamp buffaloes reared under different agro-climatic conditions in Java Island of Indonesia

Research (Published online: 15-04-2020)

12. Prevalence and risk factors of trematode infection in swamp buffaloes reared under different agro-climatic conditions in Java Island of Indonesia

Nanis Nurhidayah, Fadjar Satrija, Elok Budi Retnani, Dewi Apri Astuti and Sri Murtini

Veterinary World, 13(4): 687-694

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and intensity and to identify the associated risk factors and impact of trematode infection in swamp buffaloes reared under different agro-climatic conditions in Java, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: A total of 580 fecal samples were collected from swamp buffaloes in five different agro-climatic areas in Banten and Central Java Provinces, Indonesia. The fecal samples were examined using the Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory Technique to determine the prevalence and intensity of trematode infection. The risk factors for infection were determined from an in-depth interview of owners/keepers, and the results were analyzed using Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression. The infection was also correlated with swamp buffalo production parameters (body weight and body condition score [BCS]).

Results: From all fecal samples, the overall prevalence of trematode infection was 64.83%, which comprised Fasciola spp. (16.03%; mean eggs per gram [EPG]±SD: 1.02±0.43) and Paramphistomatidae (62.93%; mean EPG±SD: 1.01±0.66). The main risk factor for trematode infection was feeding animals with rice straw (odds ratio [OR]: 40.124); the risk of trematode infection was 40.142 times higher in buffaloes that consumed rice straw. Other risk factors included the frequency of anthelmintic treatment (OR: 4.666), age (OR: 0.449), and drinking water source (OR: 0.358). Trematode infection did not significantly affect the body weight or BCS of swamp buffaloes.

Conclusion: Although the prevalence of trematode infection was high in swamp buffaloes, the intensity of infection was low, and the infection did not affect the animals' physical parameters.

Keywords: epidemiology, Indonesia, swamp buffalo, trematodes.

Age-related functional changes of total thyroid hormones and glycosaminoglycans in growing calves

Research (Published online: 14-04-2020)

11. Age-related functional changes of total thyroid hormones and glycosaminoglycans in growing calves

Pietro Medica, Cristina Cravana, Alida Maria Ferlazzo and Esterina Fazio

Veterinary World, 13(4): 681-686

Background and Aim: During the physiological growing, thyroid and proteoglycan glycosaminoglycan (GAG) changes dynamically occur, according to genetic and non-genetic factors. The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of early postnatal development (10 days) until 210 days of life on the triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), the relative T4:T3 ratio, and GAGs profile, and to define the different reference intervals of the calf's development through the various growing phases.

Materials and Methods: The effect of growing on total thyroid hormones and GAG profiles was studied from 10 days to 210 days of age in 64 clinically healthy Brown calves, 30 males and 34 females. Blood samples were collected at 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 days of age.

Results: The results showed a significant effect of a calf's growth on T3, T4, and GAG values (p<0.0001). Significant correlations between T3 and T4 were observed. Compared to the previous time point, T3 showed a significant decrease at 20 days and at 60 days (p<0.01), while a significant increase was observed at 90 days and 210 days (p<0.05); T4 showed a significant decrease at 20 days (p<0.01), while significant increases were observed at both 180 days and 210 days (p<0.05); GAGs showed a significant increase at 120 days and 210 days (p<0.05). Positive and significant correlations between BW and GAGs in both males (p<0.0057) and females (p<0.0059) were observed.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that the highest T3 and T4 concentrations have been associated with the early growing process (10 days), with an increasing trend also at 210 days, it is possible to hypothesize a probable metabolic effect of thyroid function in anabolic and/or catabolic directions during the calves' development. Likewise, it can be reasonably inferred that the highest plasma GAGs at 210 days may be due to their metabolic role during the development of growing calves. Taken together, these findings suggest the potential and relative contribution made by thyroid and GAGs effects on the dynamics of growing calves.

Keywords: calves, glycosaminoglycans, growth, thyroxine, triiodothyronine.

Evaluation of phytochemical and superoxide dismutase activities of Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle from coastal waters of North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 13-04-2020)

10. Evaluation of phytochemical and superoxide dismutase activities of Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle from coastal waters of North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Febry S. I. Menajang, Mohammad Mahmudi, Uun Yanuhar and Endang Yuli Herawati

Veterinary World, 13(4): 676-680

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Seagrasses are an excellent and potential bioresource to discover new natural bioactive compounds such as antioxidants that have beneficial effects on health. Natural antioxidants have many functions in biological systems, primarily for defense against oxidation which produces free radicals in food, chemicals, and living systems. This study aimed to discover new natural antioxidant agents, Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle was evaluated for phytochemical constituents and the antioxidant activity against superoxide dismutase (SOD) was assessed.

Materials and Methods: Sample specimens of E. acoroides (L.f.) Royle collected from two different areas, Manembo- Nembo, Bitung (SG-A) and Bahoi, Likupang Barat (SG-B) waters, were extracted with methanol and solutions were prepared in a concentration series.

Results: Extracts of the seagrass E. acoroides (L.f.) Royle cultivated in different areas have different phytochemical constituents and SOD activities. The secondary metabolites of phenols, flavonoids, and steroids contained in the ethyl acetic extracts of E. acoroides were linearly correlated with their antioxidant activity, which exhibited an IC50 of 7 ppm.

Conclusion: E. acoroides (L.f.) Royle samples cultivated in the two areas contained different phytochemical constituent profiles, indicating an effect of environmental factors, and both can be used as potential natural sources of antioxidant compounds.

Keywords: Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle, phytochemical, superoxide dismutase.

Potential antimicrobial effect of plant essential oils and virulence genes expression in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates

Research (Published online: 13-04-2020)

9. Potential antimicrobial effect of plant essential oils and virulence genes expression in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates

Mohammad H. Gharaibeh, Mohammad S. Khalifeh, Esam M. Zattout and Luay F. Abu-Qatouseh

Veterinary World, 13(4): 669-675

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial efficacy of eight commercially available essential oil (EO) blends and characterize the effect on the expression of some virulence genes against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Materials and Methods: In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial effects of oils against MRSA was performed using the disk diffusion method and by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The EOs (A-F) were contained (β-pinene, carvacrol, carvone, dimethyl trisulfide, linalool, limonene, menthol, monoterpene hydrocarbons, and thymol) in different amounts. In addition, a real-time polymerase chain reaction was also used to determine the gene expression of the virulence genes (intercellular adhesion cluster [ica]-9, ica-15, and RNA III) against MRSA (ATCC 43300) after treatment with selected oils.

Results: Among the eight EOs evaluated, EO (D), (E), and (A) showed, in general, the greatest antimicrobial activity against MRSA. EO at 1/3 MIC has effectively down-regulated ica-9 and ica-15 of MRSA by 17.83 and 4.94 folds, respectively. Meanwhile, EO (A) has effectively down-regulated RNAIII by 3.74 folds. Our results indicated that some of the EOs exhibit promising antimicrobial effects against MRSA isolates. Moreover, the results of the analyzed virulence genes related to the pathogenicity of MRSA were down-regulated at the sub-MIC concentrations of EOs, indicated that EOs could be successfully used to suppress the virulence factors and, consequently, decreased the pathogenicity of MRSA.

Conclusion: These encouraging results indicate that some of the EOs used in this study can be utilized as a natural antibiotic for the treatment of MRSA disease.

Keywords: accessory gene regulator locus, antibacterial activity, essential oils, intercellular adhesion cluster, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, minimum inhibitory concentration, virulence factors.

In vitro rumen biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in tropical grass-legume rations

Research (Published online: 12-04-2020)

8. In vitro rumen biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in tropical grass-legume rations

Malik Makmur, Mardiati Zain, Fauzia Agustin, Riesi Sriagtula and Ezi Masdia Putri

Veterinary World, 13(4): 661-668

ABSTACT

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of various combinations of tropical grass-legume species in rations on the biohydrogenation (BH) activity of unsaturated fatty acids (FAs), C18:0 composition, and fermentation profile in an in vitro rumen system.

Materials and Methods: Samples of the following five fodder plants were used: One species of grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and four species of tree legumes (Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, Calliandra calothyrsus, and Indigofera zollingeriana). The following eight experimental diets were evaluated: 50% P. purpureum + 50% L. leucocephala (LL I); 50% P. purpureum + 50% G. sepium (GS I); 50% P. purpureum + 50% C. calothyrsus (CC I); 50% P. purpureum + 50% I. zollingeriana (IZ I); 75% P. purpureum + 25% L. leucocephala (LL II); 75% P. purpureum + 25% G. sepium (GS II); 75% P. purpureum + 25% C. calothyrsus (CC II); and 75% P. purpureum + 25% I. zollingeriana (IZ II). Each ration was replicated 3 times. In vitro rumen incubation was performed for 48 h, according to the Tilley and Terry method. Determination of the FA profiles of the forage materials and rumen fluid samples was performed using gas chromatography.

Results: The percentage of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) in the forage materials ranged from 34.18% (P. purpureum) to 74.51% (C. calothyrsus). The percentage of monounsaturated FA (MUFA) ranged from 5.06% (P. purpureum) to 8.71% (L. leucocephala). The percentage of saturated FA (SFA) was the lowest at 19.12% (C. calothyrsus) and highest at 60.76% (P. purpureum). In vitro BH of C18:3 n-3, C18:2 n-6, C18:1 n-9, and C18 PUFA in the experimental diets ranged from 72% to 100%. The BH of C18:1 n-9 in GS I (80%) and IZ I (72%) was significantly different (p<0.05). The percentage of C18:0 was 10-50% and significantly different (p<0.05) among treatments, with the highest (of 50%) in GS II. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in the fermentation parameters (pH, total volatile FAs, in vitro dry matter digestibility, and in vitro organic matter digestibility) among the treatments, except in NH3 concentration (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The various combinations of tropical legumes do not have significant inhibitory effects on the BH of C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3, and C18 PUFA after in vitro incubation for 48 h. Furthermore, an increase in the tropical legume ratio in the ration tends to suppress C18:0 formation after the fermentation simulation process. IZ I has the potential to reduce C18:1 n-9 (MUFA) disappearance and yield an ideal rumen fermentation profile.

Keywords: biohydrogenation, in vitro rumen, tropical grass-legume rations, unsaturated fatty acid.

Comparison of the first Iranian native Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale vaccine with conventional vaccine: A challenge study

Research (Published online: 12-04-2020)

7. Comparison of the first Iranian native Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale vaccine with conventional vaccine: A challenge study

N. Ghasemipour, H. Goudarzi, M. Banani and K. Asasi

Veterinary World, 13(4): 655-660

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The best strategy to prevent or control an Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) infection is vaccination. The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of the first Iranian inactivated ORT vaccine (Razi, Iran), which had been prepared from a native strain, with the Nobilis ORT Inac (Intervet, The Netherlands) through a challenge trial.

Materials and Methods: Seventy-two 1-day-old specific pathogen-free White Leghorn chickens were used in this study. The birds were divided randomly into four groups. Following the vaccination and challenge of the birds, the efficacy of the Razi and the Intervet ORT vaccines was evaluated by serological, bacteriological, and molecular methods.

Results: The antibody titer in vaccinated groups was determined to be significantly higher than unvaccinated birds. In addition, the difference in postmortem lesion scores between the vaccinated and unvaccinated birds was significant. The differences in the means of the antibody titers and postmortem lesion scores in birds that were vaccinated by the Razi and Intervet ORT vaccines were not significant.

Conclusion: Considering the results of this study, it can be concluded that the Iranian native ORT vaccine was comparable to the Intervet vaccine. The Razi ORT vaccine has effectively decreased the duration of the ORT infection and can effectively protect the chickens against an ORT infection.

Keywords: challenge, chickens, efficacy, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, polymerase chain reaction, vaccine.

Butylated hydroxytoluene protects bull sperm surface protein-P25b in different extenders following cryopreservation

Research (Published online: 11-04-2020)

6. Butylated hydroxytoluene protects bull sperm surface protein-P25b in different extenders following cryopreservation

A. M. Khumran, N. Yimer, Y. Rosnina, H. Wahid, M. O. Ariff, H. Homayoun, K. Asmatullah and T. K. Bello

Veterinary World, 13(4): 649-654

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentration of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on sperm membrane surface protein "P25b" from cryopreserved bull semen in either lecithin based Bioxcell® (BX) or two egg-yolk based extenders, tris-egg yolk (TEY), and citrate-egg yolk (CEY).

Materials and Methods: Forty-five semen samples, 15 each were extended with either BX, TEY, or CEY extender which contained different concentrations (0.0 - control, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 mM/mL) of BHT. The extended semen samples were frozen at a concentration of 20×106/mL in 0.25 mL straws and stored in liquid nitrogen for 2 weeks. The frozen samples were thereafter thawed, proteins extracted and analyzed for quantities of protein P25b through direct sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel densitometry. Peptides were confirmed by Western blotting (WB).

Results: Results showed that supplementation of BHT improved (p<0.05) quantity of protein P25b at concentrations of 0.5 mM/mL for BX and at 1.0 mM/mL for TEY and CE when compared with the controls and other treatments.

Conclusion: BHT supplementation at 0.5 in BX and 1.0 mM/mL in TEY and CEY has protected bull sperm fertility marker protein P25b in frozen-thawed bull sperm.

Keywords: bull sperm, butylated hydroxytoluene, extender, P25b, Western blotting.

Coenzyme Q10 coadministration with diclofenac augmented impaired renal function in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Research (Published online: 10-04-2020)

5. Coenzyme Q10 coadministration with diclofenac augmented impaired renal function in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Yasser Albadrany and Ahmed Naser

Veterinary World, 13(4): 642-648

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of coenzyme Q10 (COQ10) and diclofenac coadministration on the hepatorenal function in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus).

Materials and Methods: Birds (21 days old) were divided into six groups of eight birds each. The 1st group was the control, the 2nd group was treated orally with COQ10 (30 mg/kg b.wt), the 3rd and 4th groups were treated intraperitoneally with diclofenac sodium at doses 1 and 2 mg/kg b.wt, respectively, and the 5th and 6th groups were treated with COQ10 (dose 30 mg/kg b.wt, P.O.) and diclofenac sodium (dose 1 mg/kg b.wt, I.P.) and COQ10 (dose 30 mg/kg b.wt, P.O.) and diclofenac sodium (dose 2 mg/kg b.wt, I.P.), respectively. The experiment lasted 5 days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, all the birds were sacrificed through cervical dislocation; blood samples were collected for serum biochemical analysis.

Results: COQ10 induced a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, and chloride, while diclofenac induced a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), AST, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, and chloride. However, when COQ10 and diclofenac were coadministered, we observed that COQ10 decreased the liver injury caused by diclofenac. However, COQ10 could not relieve the kidney injury caused by diclofenac, but worsened the impaired renal function.

Conclusion: COQ10 protects the liver against diclofenac-induced liver injury while augmenting diclofenac-induced kidney injury.

Keywords: broiler, coadministration, COQ10, diclofenac, kidney liver.