Yersinia enterocolitica: Prevalence, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance from retail and processed meat in Egypt

Research (Published online: 21-07-2019)

23. Yersinia enterocolitica: Prevalence, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance from retail and processed meat in Egypt

Gamal Younis, Mona Mady and Amal Awad

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1078-1084

ABSTRACT

Aim: The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in retail chicken meat, ground and processed beef meat, determine their virulence-associated genes, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, molecular detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, and their capability of biofilm formation in vitro.


Materials and Methods: A total of 210 samples (120 retail chicken meat, 30 ground beef, 30 beef burger, and 30 sausage samples) were collected from different retail chicken outlets and markets located at Mansoura city between December 2016 and April 2017. Meat samples were examined bacteriologically for the existence of Y. enterocolitica; bacterial colonies that displayed positive biochemical properties were subjected to polymerase chain reaction targeting 16 rRNA gene. Y. enterocolitica isolates were tested for their susceptibility to six antimicrobial agents using disk diffusion method. Uniplex PCR was used for screening Y. enterocoliticaisolates for the presence of two virulence chromosome-associated genes (ail and yst), and β-lactamases (blaTEM and blaSHV). The capability of Y. enterocolitica to form biofilms was detected by tube method.

Results:   Thirty Y. enterocolitica isolates (14.29%) were recovered including 19 (15.83%) isolates from chicken meat, 3 (10%) from ground beef, 5 (16.67%) from beef burger, and 3 (10%) from sausage samples. Regarding ail gene, it was detected in 6.67% (2/30), while yst gene detected in 20% (6/30) Y. enterocolitica isolates. About 80%, 70%, 63.33%, and 50% of Y. enterocolitica isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, and streptomycin, respectively, while 83.33% of Y. enterocolitica isolates were resistant to both ampicillin and cephalothin. Interestingly, 21 (70%) isolates had the capability of biofilms formation in vitro. Among the multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, a significant difference (p<0 .05="" and="" antimicrobials="" between="" biofilm="" correlated="" formation.="" formation="" found="" genes.="" however="" isolates="" lactam-resistant="" lactam="" mdr="" of="" presence="" resistance="" span="" the="" to="" was="" with="">

Conclusion: The presence of Y. enterocolitica in chicken meat, ground and processed beef meat represents a significant health risk for meat consumers, which reflects the contamination of slaughterhouses and processing operations, therefore, strict hygienic measures should be applied to minimize carcasses contamination.

Keywords: antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation, virulence genes, Yersinia enterocolitica.

Opportunistic pathogenic fungi isolated from feces of feral pigeons in Mafikeng, North West Province of South Africa

Research (Published online: 18-07-2019)

21. Opportunistic pathogenic fungi isolated from feces of feral pigeons in Mafikeng, North West Province of South Africa

Michelo Syakalima, Tsepo Ramatla and Ngoma Lubanza

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1066-1069

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Pigeon feces are increasingly being implicated in the spread of bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria, and Chlamydia. Fungi are rarely investigated except for Cryptococcus that has emerged as an important pathogen in old people and immunosuppressed patients. This study investigated fungi in pigeon feces collected from Mafikeng, the North West Province of South Africa.

Materials and Methods: Freshly dropped feces were collected and enriched in phosphate-buffered saline overnight at 48°C and then subcultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar and incubated at 48°C for 2 weeks observing any fungal growth from day 2. The growths were picked up, DNA extracted, and polymerase chain reaction was done using the internal transcribed spacer primers.

Results: Fungi isolated included: Aspergillus (Aspergillus tubingensis), Cryptococcus (Cryptococcus albidus and Cryptococcus randhawai), Fusarium spp., and Rhodotorula (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Rhodotorula kratochvilovae). Most of these isolates are known opportunistic pathogens and have been isolated in clinical conditions elsewhere. Other isolates such as Graphium dubautiae, Myrmecridium schulzeri, Naganishia albida, Paecilomyces lilacinus, and Zygopleurage zygospora were not found to be of any human health significance.

Conclusion: We, therefore, concluded that the presence of these opportunistic pathogens is a significant human health risk, especially in the face of the HIV/AIDS pandemic that results in immunosuppression.

Keywords: chain reaction, fungi, opportunistic pathogens, pigeon feces, polymerase.

Weissella, a novel lactic acid bacteria isolated from wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii)

Research (Published online: 18-07-2019)

20. Weissella, a novel lactic acid bacteria isolated from wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii)

Safika Safika, Wardinal Wardinal, Yulia Sari Ismail, Khairun Nisa and Wenny Novita Sari

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1060-1065

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in wild Sumatran orangutans to provide more information about LAB diversity derived from Sumatran orangutan feces.

Materials and Methods: Fecal sampling from three female orangutans, around 35 years old, was carried out in the wild forest areas at the research station of Suaq Belimbing Gunung Leuser National Park located in the South Aceh district. Orangutan fecal samples were taken in the morning when the orangutans first defecated. The orangutans were above the tree, which is approximately 12-15 m from the ground where feces were found.

Results: Fermentation testing using the API 50 CHL Kit showed that OUL4 isolates were identified as Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis with an identity value of 73.5%. Homology analysis demonstrated that the OUL4 isolates have 93% similarity to Weissella cibaria, and phylogenetic trees constructed using Mega 7.0 also showed that OUL4 isolates are related to W. cibaria.

Conclusion: These results show that there is a difference in identification between biochemical testing with API kits and molecular analyses on LAB isolates from wild Sumatran orangutans. Based on 16S rRNA gene homology, the OUL4 LAB isolates from wild Sumatran orangutans have 93% homology to W. cibaria.

Keywords: 16S rRNA, API 50 CHL, lactic acid bacteria, orangutan, Pongo abelii, Weissella.

Impact of lighting color and duration on productive performance and Newcastle disease vaccination efficiency in broiler chickens

Research (Published online: 17-07-2019)

19. Impact of lighting color and duration on productive performance and Newcastle disease vaccination efficiency in broiler chickens

Essam S. Soliman and Rania A. Hassan

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1052-1059

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Manipulating lighting colors and regimens is considered an effective mean for improving broiler productivity. The influence of red, blue, and white light-emitting diode (LED) was investigated using three different regimens of lighting and darkness; continuous 23 h light (L):1 h dark (D), continuous 18 h L:6 h D, and intermittent 16 h L:8 h D hours on the performance, carcass weight (CW), feed and water intake (WI), serum glucose (GLUCO), triglycerides (TG), and cholesterol (TC), intestinal bacterial load, growth and metabolic hormones, and efficiency of Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine.

Materials and Methods: A total of 252 1-day-old Ross broilers on deep litter were divided into nine groups. The 1st, 4th, and 7th groups were exposed to continuous 23L:1D, the 2nd, 5th, and 8th groups were exposed to continuous 18L:6D, and the 3rd, 6th, and 9th groups were exposed to intermittent 16L:8D (4L:2D, 4 times) lighting regimen using red, blue, and white LED lights, respectively. A total of 1350 samples (225 sera, 225 swabs, and 900 organ samples) were collected.

Results: Blue LED group revealed a highly significant increase (p<0.01) in live body weight, body weight gain, performance index, CW, spleen, heart, and liver weights, and anti-ND antibody titer, as well as a highly significant decline (p<0.01) of feed intake, WI, GLUCO, TG, TC, growth hormone, insulin, tri-iodothyronine (T3), tetra-iodothyronine (T4), total bacterial count (TBC), and total Enterobacteriaceae count compared to red and white LED lights in all tested lighting regimens. Continuous 23L:1D and 18L:6D regimens were significantly (p<0.01) superior to intermittent 16L:8D in their influence on the performance, CW, biochemistry, hormonal profile, and bacterial load.

Conclusion: The blue LED light associated with continuous 18L:6D or 23L:1D h regimen is highly recommended in broiler houses for their enhancing the productive performance, growth, and immunity.

Keywords: broilers, light-emitting diode colors, metabolism, Newcastle vaccine, productive performance.

Health problems of Iraqi police dogs referred to Baghdad Veterinary Hospital during 2015-2017

Research (Published online: 16-07-2019)

18. Health problems of Iraqi police dogs referred to Baghdad Veterinary Hospital during 2015-2017

Naqa Saleh Mahdi Tamimi and Abdulraheem Abduljalil Wali

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1046-1051

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Police dogs in Iraq have been working mostly as explosive detectors since 2003. The health problems of these dogs are unique and have not been reported in literature. This investigation assessed the prevalence of health problems in Police dogs referred to Baghdad Veterinary Hospital during 2015-2017.

Materials and Methods: A total of 1220 police dogs that were referred to Baghdad Veterinary Hospital in 2015-2017 were studied. The dogs were mostly German Shepherd dogs (GSDs) or Belgian Malinois (BM), with an average age of 4.6 years. The dogs' health problems and some of their risk factors were studied.

Results: Congestive heart failure (CHF), babesiosis, various malignancies, and intestinal parasites were the most commonly diagnosed health problems, followed by general aging, bronchopneumonia, otitis, nutritional deficiencies, and anemia. GSDs were more prone to CHF, while BM had more diagnoses of malignancies. Age was associated with both health conditions.

Conclusion: The presence of health problems in these working dogs highlights the need for a stricter and more organized preventive schedule to keep the dogs healthy and efficient at old age.

Keywords: health problems, Iraq, police dogs.

First isolation of Dicrocoelium dendriticum among cattle in some Northern Algerian slaughterhouses

Research (Published online: 16-07-2019)

17. First isolation of Dicrocoelium dendriticum among cattle in some Northern Algerian slaughterhouses

Linda Chougar, Kh. Harhoura and M. Aissi

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1039-1045

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Dicrocoelium dendriticum or small liver fluke often causes unnoticed clinical manifestations in cattle. For a live animal, its diagnosis is mainly based on the detection of eggs by coproscopic examination. The objective of this study was to determine the presence or absence of Dicrocoelium spp. never previously reported in the study area but also to establish its prevalence, as well as an association between dicrocoeliasis and sex, age and season of the year, and histological characteristics.

Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in slaughterhouses of three districts (Bouira, Tizi-Ouzou, and Bejaia) from January 2017 to December 2017. To this end, of 4053 cattle, representing more than 10% of the total number of animals slaughtered, stool and bile samples were collected and a liver inspection was carried out to investigate lesions of distomial cholangitis. They were processed for histological analysis. The specimens were morphologically identified according to the orientation of the testicles, the length and width of the body, and the level of the maximum width of the body.

Results: The total prevalence of dicrocoeliasis obtained of the 4053 cattle inspected is 0.52% with a prevalence of 0.66% in Tizi-Ouzou, 0.54% in Bouira, and 0.27% in Bejaia. About 0.52% of livers had distomial cholangitis (21 of the 4053 livers examined had adult D. dendriticum and 15% had non-distomial cholangitis. About 0.25% of cattle had D. dendriticum eggs in the stool versus 0.52% of cattle had parasite eggs in the bile. Statistical analysis revealed no significant association between dicrocoeliasis infection and the season of the year (p>0.05). However, a significant association was found between dicrocoeliasis infection and sex and age of the animal (p<0.05); females and older animals are more likely to have dicrocoeliasis. Histological analysis of the fluke revealed an anterior positioning of the testicles with a slightly oblique tandem orientation, an average body length of 3.69 mm and an average body width of 1 mm. The maximum body width level is either in the middle of the fluke body or in the rear position.

Conclusion: The histological study confirms that the collected fluke is D. dendriticum. Thus, this work reveals for the 1st time in Algeria the presence of D. dendriticum in three districts (Bouira, Tizi-Ouzou, and Bejaia). The results indicate that many cattle farms in the North Central Province of Algeria are infested with D. dendriticum.

Keywords: bile, cattle, dicrocoeliasis, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, liver, stools.

Molecular diversity of the invA gene obtained from human and egg samples

Research (Published online: 15-07-2019)

16. Molecular diversity of the invA gene obtained from human and egg samples

Mona Kadry, Sara Mohamed Nader, Sohad M. Dorgham and Mai M. Kandil

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1033-1038

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodborne bacterial diseases in the world. The great majority of Salmonella infections in humans are foodborne with Salmonella enterica and SalmonellaTyphimurium accounting for a major part of the problem. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of invA gene in strains of Salmonellae isolated from eggs and diarrheal swabs from human cases. In addition, the relationship between invA gene nucleotide sequences from different sources (human stool and egg samples) have been studied through phylogenetic tree.

Materials and Methods: One hundred and seventy eggs (eggshell and its contents) and 160 stool swabs samples were collected from four poultry farms and medical hospital in Giza Governorate.

Results: The study reported the presence of two Salmonella strains in eggshell surface with an overall isolation rate of 1.2 and 0% of the egg content. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium were isolated from eggshell surface with an incidence of 50% for each strain. Six salmonella strains were isolated from human stool with an incidence of 3.75%; the isolated strains are S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, Salmonella Virchow, Salmonella Haifa, and Salmonella Kentucky with an incidence of 33.3%, 16.6%, 16.6%, 16.6%, and 16.6%, respectively. Among eight Salmonella strains, invA gene was detected with percentage of 50%. The phylogenetic analysis of the sequences invA gene, from two isolates included in this study and five isolates retrieved from GenBank showed that sequence from human, layer hens, egg, and water in the same clusters.

Conclusion: Close relation between drinking contaminated water and layer hens and contaminated water is one such source.

Keywords: invA gene, phylogeny, Salmonella.

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in households sheep "Elevage en case" in Dakar, Senegal

Research (Published online: 15-07-2019)

15. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in households sheep "Elevage en case" in Dakar, Senegal

Laibané Dieudonné Dahourou, Oubri Bassa Gbati, Madi Savadogo, Bernadette Yougbare, Amadou Dicko, Alima Hadjia Banyala Combari and Alain Richi Kamga-Waladjo

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1028-1032

ABSTRACT

Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in sheep breeding in a particular husbandry system called "Elevage en case" in Dakar, Senegal.

Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 278 sheep. Serum was harvested and used for analysis. For the detection of T. gondii antibodies, 278 sera were analyzed using the modified agglutination test, while the enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay was used on 174 sheep sera to look for N. caninum antibodies.

Results: This study showed that 29.4±6.8% of sheep carried both T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies. The overall prevalence was 60.1±5.7% and 41.9±7.3% for toxoplasmosis and neosporosis, respectively. For toxoplasmosis, the prevalence was higher in Gueule Tapée (63.3%) than in Medina (58.9%), but the variation was not significant (p=0.45). Regarding the age of animals, the prevalence was significantly higher in animals over 2 years old compared to those under 2 years old (p=0.002). For neosporosis, the prevalence was significantly higher in Medina (48.67%) than Gueule Tapée (16.7%) (p=0.001), but non-significant variation was noted according to animal age.

Conclusion: The study showed that sheep reared in households have carried antibodies of T. gondii and N. caninum. The prevalence was high and it means that consumption of meat from these animals is risky if the meat is eaten undercooked.

Keywords: Elevage en case, Neospora caninum, prevalence, Senegal, sheep, Toxoplasma gondii.

Molecular characterization of Orf virus isolates from Kodai hills, Tamil Nadu, India

Research (Published online: 12-07-2019)

14. Molecular characterization of Orf virus isolates from Kodai hills, Tamil Nadu, India

G. Nagarajan, R. Pourouchottamane, G. B. Manjunatha Reddy, R. Yogisharadhya, K. Sumana, S. Rajapandi, G. Murali, S. M. K. Thirumaran, P. K. Mallick and A. S. Rajendiran

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1022-1027

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was carried out to find out the causative agent of exanthematous skin lesions in sheep maintained by Southern Regional Research Centre, Mannavanur, Kodai hills, Tamil Nadu.

Materials and Methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Orf virus (ORFV) B2L gene-specific primers was carried out by employing the total genomic DNA isolated from the scabs as the template. The ORFV isolates from Kodai hills were characterized by the use of bioinformatics tools.

Results: The amino acid identity of ORFV isolate 1 from Kodai hills is having 98.14%, 96.29%, and 83.59% identity with reference strains of ORFV, Pseudocowpox virus, and bovine papular stomatitis virus, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ORFV isolates from Kodai hills clustered with the other ORFV isolates from different geographical areas of India.

Conclusion: The etiological agent of exanthematous skin lesion among sheep of Kodai hills is ORFV.

Keywords: B2L gene, Kodai hills, Orf virus, phylogenetic analysis, sheep.

The role of edible bird's nest and mechanism of averting lead acetate toxicity effect on rat uterus

Research (Published online: 12-07-2019)

13. The role of edible bird's nest and mechanism of averting lead acetate toxicity effect on rat uterus

Abdulla A. Albishtue, Nurhusien Yimer, Md. Zuki A. Zakaria, Abd Wahid Haron, Abd Salam Babji, Adamu A. Abubakar, Falah H. Baiee, Hazem Kareem Almhanna and Bahaa H. Almhanawi

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1013-1021

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of edible bird's nest (EBN) supplement on the uteri of rats exposed to lead acetate (LA) toxicity.

Materials and Methods: Five treatment groups were established as follows: Group 1 (C), which was given distilled water; Group 2 (T0), which was administered with LA (10 mg/kg body weight [BW]); and Groups 3 (T1), 4 (T2), and 5 (T3), which were given LA (10 mg/kg BW) plus graded concentrations of 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg BW of EBN, respectively, for days. Rats were euthanized at week 5 to collect blood for superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay, and uterus for histomorphological study and expression analyses of epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).

Results: Results revealed that LA causes destruction of uterine lining cells and necrosis of uterine glands of exposed rats without EBN supplement while the degree of damage decreased among EBN treated groups; T3 showed the highest ameliorating effect against LA toxicity, as well as an increased number of uterine glands. Increased levels of SOD were also achieved in EBN supplemented groups than the controls. Results of immunohistochemistry showed significantly higher expressions of EGF, VEGF, and PCNA levels (p<0.05) in T3 compared to other treatments. EBN maintained upregulation of antioxidant – reactive oxygen species balance.

Conclusion: The findings showed that EBN could ameliorate the detrimental effects of LA toxicity on the uterus possibly by enhancing enzymatic antioxidant (SOD) activity as well as expressions of EGF, VEGF, and PCNA with cell proliferation roles.

Keywords: edible bird's nest, growth factors, lead acetate, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, superoxide dismutase, uterus.

Effect of monosodium glutamate on growth performance and blood biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.)

Research (Published online: 11-07-2019)

12. Effect of monosodium glutamate on growth performance and blood biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.)

Georgi Zhelyazkov and Deyan Stratev

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1008-1012

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary monosodium glutamate (MSG) on growth performance and blood biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.).

Materials and Methods: A total of 200 trouts were allotted in five experimental groups (n=40) that for 60 days received feed supplemented with MSG at the following levels: 0% (K) or 0.5% (E) or 1% (F) or 3% (G) or 5% (H).

Results: The average initial weight of trouts was 116.68±1.51 g (K), 116.58±1.33 g (E), 116.43±1.39 g (F), 117.40±1.47 g (G), and 115.95±1.88 g (H). At the end of the trial, control fish (K) had the lowest live weight (242.90±3.87 g) compared to Groups E (252.70±5.69 g), F (250.93±4.82 g), G (248.25±4.98 g), and H (247.95±4.74 g). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of control group (K) was higher (1.11±0.02) versus FCR values established in Groups E (1.03±0.01), F (1.04±0.02), G (1.07±0.03), and H (1.06±0.02). Albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus, magnesium, and triglyceride exhibited statistically significant differences versus controls.

Conclusion: The results from the study showed that dietary supplementation of rainbow trouts with MSG increased live weight and reduced FCR. The optimum level of MSG recommended for addition to feed was 0.5%.

Keywords: blood biochemical parameters, growth performance, monosodium glutamate, rainbow trout.

Variabilities of hydatidosis in domestic animals slaughtered at Cairo and Giza abattoirs, Egypt

Research (Published online: 11-07-2019)

11. Variabilities of hydatidosis in domestic animals slaughtered at Cairo and Giza abattoirs, Egypt

Faten A. M. Abo-Aziza, Samah S. Oda, Dina Aboelsoued, T. K. Farag and Abdulaziz M. Almuzaini

Veterinary World, 12(7): 998-1007

ABSTRACT

Aim: The effect of some variables on hydatidosis in animals slaughtered at Cairo and Giza abattoirs was investigated and the influence on serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant enzymes, and histopathological lesions caused by these parasites as a consequence was estimated.

Materials and Methods: The effect of some variables on hydatidosis in 397 sheep, 401 cattle, 435 buffaloes, and 341 camels slaughtered at Cairo and Giza abattoirs was investigated, and the influence on serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant activity and histopathological lesions caused by these parasites as a consequence was estimated.

Results: The results revealed that 39 sheep (9.8%), 74 cattle (18.4%), 95 buffaloes (21.8%), and 79 camels (23.25%) were infected. Concerning age variations, 165 young and 232 adult sheep, 215 young and 186 adult cattle, 194 young and 241 adult buffaloes, and 112 young and 229 adult camels were examined. The prevalence of hydatidosis was higher in adult sheep, cattle, and camel; 32 (13.8%), 49 (26.3%), and 56 (24.5%) than the younger ones 7 (4.2%), 25 (11.6%), and 23 (20.5%), respectively. Two hundred and eighty-eight sheep, 171 cattle were examined during winter. However, 109 sheep, 230 cattle were examined during summer. Hydatidosis infection in sheep and cattle was higher in winter 26 (9.01%) and 47 (27.5%) than in summer 13 (11.9%) and 27 (11.7%), respectively. Out of 133 sheep and 128 camels slaughtered in El-Basatin abattoirs, 36 (15.3) and 38 (29.7%) showed higher prevalence than that from El-Warak and El-Moneib abattoirs. Comparing with the non-infected groups, alkaline phosphatase activity decreased in hydatid-infected animals, while cholesterol and liver enzymes activities increased. Total lipid and triglyceride levels decreased in infected camels. Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase decreased in hydatid-infected animals.

Conclusion: The disturbance in the biochemical parameters, liver enzymes, and the antioxidant activities was consistent with the pathological findings that indicated the risk of hydatidosis infection. Finally, this study clarified the variabilities of hydatidosis in Cairo and Giza abattoirs as a starting point for future studies in different regions in Egypt.

Keywords: abattoirs, antioxidant activity, hydatidosis, prevalence.

Determination of testicular estrogen receptor alpha expression of male chickens (Gallus domesticus) with age

Research (Published online: 08-07-2019)

10. Determination of testicular estrogen receptor alpha expression of male chickens (Gallus domesticus) with age

W. K. Ramesha Nirmali, Lakshan Warnakula, Ruwini Cooray, Nimanie Sachithra Hapuarachchi and Manjula P. S. Magamage

Veterinary World, 12(7): 994-997

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Estrogen activity, a central component of reproductive growth, is regulated by the receptor proteins, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), and ER beta (ERβ) in chickens as in many other species. ERα expresses predominantly in gonads. Although the expression of ERα in embryonic gonads has been studied in detail, the expression of ERα in post-hatching male gonads has not been studied adequately. Therefore, the current research was conducted to determine the post-hatching changes in the expression of ERα in the left gonads of male chickens with age.

Materials and Methods: Shaver Brown male chickens were raised and cared for according to the management guide and sacrificed at the intervals of 1, 4, and 8 weeks of age. The total RNA was extracted from the left gonads using the Trizol method and reverse transcribed using a pair of gene-specific primers. Following polymerase chain reaction amplification, the expression of ERα was quantified relative to the expression of the reference gene GAPDH.

Results: The results showed that ERα expression significantly increases with age at p=0.0032. However, the increment of ERα expression from week 1 to week 4 was 2.04-fold and from week 4 to week 8 was 1.39-fold, with the later age reflecting a diminishing pattern in the increment.

Conclusion: These results differentiate the post-hatching ERα expression of the left gonads of male chickens increase with age but with a diminishing gradient that may support their reproductive functions in later stages of life.

Keywords: age, chicken, estrogen receptor alpha, gene expression, testicular.

Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. associated with dairy cattle and farm environment having public health significance

Research (Published online: 08-07-2019)

9. Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. associated with dairy cattle and farm environment having public health significance

Md. Abdus Sobur, Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj, Ripon Sarker, A. M. M. Taufiqur Rahman, S. M. Lutful Kabir and Md. Tanvir Rahman

Veterinary World, 12(7): 984-993

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was carried out to determine load of total bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in dairy farm and its environmental components. In addition, the antibiogram profile of the isolated bacteria having public health impact was also determined along with identification of virulence and resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) under a one-health approach.

Materials and Methods: A total of 240 samples of six types (cow dung - 15, milk - 10, milkers' hand wash - 10, soil - 10 water - 5, and vegetables - 10) were collected from four dairy farms. For enumeration, the samples were cultured onto plate count agar, eosin methylene blue, and xylose-lysine deoxycholate agar and the isolation and identification of the E. coli and Salmonella spp. were performed based on morphology, cultural, staining, and biochemical properties followed by PCR. The pathogenic strains of E. coli stx1, stx2, and rfbO157 were also identified through PCR. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test against 12 commonly used antibiotics by disk diffusion method. Detection of antibiotic resistance genes ereA, tetA, tetB, and SHV were performed by PCR.

Results: The mean total bacterial count, E. coli and Salmonella spp. count in the samples ranged from 4.54±0.05 to 8.65±0.06, 3.62±0.07 to 7.04±0.48, and 2.52±0.08 to 5.87±0.05 log colony-forming unit/g or ml, respectively. Out of 240 samples, 180 (75%) isolates of E. coli and 136 (56.67%) isolates of Salmonella spp. were recovered through cultural and molecular tests. Among the 180 E. coli isolates, 47 (26.11%) were found positive for the presence of all the three virulent genes, of which stx1 was the most prevalent (13.33%). Only three isolates were identified as enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that both E. coliand Salmonella spp. were found highly resistant to azithromycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, and ertapenem and susceptible to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem. Among the four antibiotic resistance genes, the most observable was tetA (80.51-84.74%) in E. coli and Salmonella spp. and SHV genes were the lowest one (22.06-25%).

Conclusion: Dairy farm and their environmental components carry antibiotic-resistant pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. that are potential threat for human health which requires a one-health approach to combat the threat.

Keywords: one-health, antibiotic resistance genes, dairy farm, Escherichia coli, carbapenem resistance, Salmonella spp., virulence.

Association between Mannheimia haemolytica infection with reproductive physiology and performance in small ruminants: A review

Review (Published online: 06-07-2019)

8. Association between Mannheimia haemolytica infection with reproductive physiology and performance in small ruminants: A review

Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse, Nur Azhar Amira, Kamarulrizal Mat Isa, Arsalan Maqbool, Naveed Mohamad Ali, Eric Lim Teik Chung and Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila

Veterinary World, 12(7): 978-983

ABSTRACT

Mannheimiosis or pneumonic pasteurellosis commonly occurs in small ruminants. Mannheimiosis is caused by Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) a Gram-negative coccobacillus producing acute febrile and infectious condition resulting in death of animal if not diagnosed and treated promptly. M. haemolytica serotype A2 is a commensal of the nasopharynx, gaining access to the lungs when host defenses are compromised by stress or infection in small ruminants. Till date, there is a vast literature and research that has been conducted on the pathogenesis of M. haemolytica invariably on respiratory system and its related immune system and mechanisms. From the clinical point of view, infection or diseases involving vital organs will systemically affect the production and performance of the infected animal. Therefore, there is a huge gap of knowledge and research to answer the question whether there is any association between M. haemolytica infection with reproductive physiology and performance in small ruminants and how it affects the productivity level. This review will explore the possibilities of involvement and new potential research to be carried out to determine the involvement of male and female reproductive system with M. haemolyticainfection among small ruminants.

Keywords: Mannheimia haemolytica, performance, physiology, pneumonic pasteurellosis, reproductive, small ruminants.

Efficacy of tetravalent coryza vaccine against the challenge of Avibacterium paragallinarum serovars A and B isolates from Indonesia in chickens

Research (Published online: 05-07-2019)

7. Efficacy of tetravalent coryza vaccine against the challenge of Avibacterium paragallinarum serovars A and B isolates from Indonesia in chickens

Agnesia Endang Tri Hastuti Wahyuni, Dhasia Ramandani, Vinsa Cantya Prakasita and Sitarina Widyarini

Veterinary World, 12(7): 972-977

ABSTRACT

Aim: Infectious coryza is caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum. In Indonesia, this infection results in a 10%-40% decrease in egg production by laying hens. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of tetravalent coryza vaccine contained A. paragallinarum bacterin serovars A, B, C2, and C3; strain A-221, B-Spross, C2-Modesto, and C-3-Akko in layers based on antibody titer and clinical signs using a post-challenge test.

Materials and Methods: Forty four-week-old Lohmanns strain chickens were used in this study. Forty chickens were divided into four groups for serological and challenge test: Group 1 (unvaccinated and challenged by A. paragallinarum serovar A), Group 2 (unvaccinated and challenged by A. paragallinarum serovar B), Group 3 (vaccinated and challenged by A. paragallinarum serovar A), and Group 4 (vaccinated and challenged by A. paragallinarum serovar B). Vaccination was done using the tetravalent vaccine in oil-emulsion adjuvant contained A. paragallinarum bacterin serovars A, B, C2, and C3; strain A-221, B-Spross, C2-Modesto, and C-3-Akko. Vaccination was performed at day 1 and booster was done at day 14. Blood serum was collected on days 0, 14, and 28 for the hemagglutination-hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The challenge test was given at day 29 through intranasal administration using A. paragallinarum serovars A-L2447 and B-L1710 approximately 6×108 CFU/mL. Clinical signs were observed for 14 days post-infection. At the end of the study, chickens were euthanized, and pathological features of the infraorbital sinus, facial skin, and trachea were recorded.

Results: Data analysis of antibody titers and pathological changes was performed descriptively, while clinical symptom scores were analyzed non-parametrically with the Mann–Whitney U-test using SPSS version 21. At days 14 and 28 post-vaccination, the antibody titer in Group 3 was 5 HI and 20 HI, respectively. However, the antibody titers in Group 4 at 28 days post-vaccination were 0 HI. Clinical observations, the vaccinated groups that were challenged with A. paragallinarum serovars A and B showed clinical symptoms on days 4 and 6 post-infection, namely mild unilateral facial edema and severe bilateral facial edema, respectively. Clinical signs in Groups 3 and 4 were less severe than in Groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05). Pathological examination findings supported clinical observations and serological testing.

Conclusion: Tetravalent coryza vaccine in chickens has efficacy to protect against the challenge test of A. paragallinarum serovars A and B isolated from Indonesia.

Keywords: Avibacterium paragallinarum, challenge test, clinical signs, serological test, vaccine.

Forecasting delay times in post-exposure prophylaxis to human animal bite injuries in Central Iran: A decision tree analysis

Research (Published online: 05-07-2019)

6. Forecasting delay times in post-exposure prophylaxis to human animal bite injuries in Central Iran: A decision tree analysis

Amir Hamta, Abedin Saghafipour, Seyed Abbas Hosseinalipour and Fatemeh Rezaei

Veterinary World, 12(7): 965-971

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Data mining in medical sciences provides countless opportunities for demonstrating hidden patterns of a data set. These patterns can help general physicians and health workers in preventing diseases. This study aimed to forecast delay times in post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to human animal bite injuries in central Iran using a decision tree analysis.

Materials and Methods: The data of 2072 human animal bite cases were collected from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention unit of Qom Provincial Health Center, Iran from January 2017 to December 2018. The information related to animal bite incidents, including the biting animal characteristics and data on the bitten humans, was obtained by investigating the epidemiological survey forms of human animal bites. The decision tree model was applied to forecast the delay time of receiving PEP.

Results: A delay of more than 48 h in the initiation of PEP was estimated among 12.73% of animal bite victims. The most important variables to predict delay time of receiving PEP were the species of biting animal, time and cause of animal bite occurrences in 24 h a day, respectively. Hence, the model showed a delay in the initiation of PEP if the biting animal was a cattle or, a carnivore, and the time of being bitten was from 7 am to 1 pm, or if the animal was carnivore and the time of being bitten was between 1 and 7 pm, and the cause of animal bite was playing with the animal.

Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study on different variables affecting the initiation of PEP, the concepts related to animal bite and rabies, including the timely injection of anti-rabies vaccine to prevent rabies, it is a must to educate and train, all the people, especially housewives and students.

Keywords: decision tree analysis, human animal bite injuries, Iran, post-exposure prophylaxis.

Sequence analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene of Sarcoptes scabiei isolated from goats and rabbits in East Java, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 05-07-2019)

5. Sequence analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene of Sarcoptes scabiei isolated from goats and rabbits in East Java, Indonesia

Nunuk Dyah Retno Lastuti, Ali Rohman, Didik Handiyatno, Dony Chrismanto and Kurnia Desiandura

Veterinary World, 12(7): 959-964

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to sequence the Cytochrome c oxidase (COX-1) gene sequence from mitochondrial DNA of Sarcoptes scabiei isolated from Lamongan goats and Mojokerto rabbits, align it with DNA isolated from Zi'gong rabbit (GenBank accession No. EU256389.1), and produce a phylogenetic analysis of S. scabiei COX-1 gene.

Materials and Methods: S. scabiei mites were obtained from goats and rabbits, and DNA was extracted using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit. The forward and reverse primer sequences were designed based on the DNA sequence of an S. scabiei COX-1 gene isolated from the Zi'gong rabbit (5'-TCTTAGGGGCTGGATTTAGTATG-3' and 5'-AGTTCCTCTACCAGTTCCAC-3', respectively). To confirm sequencing output, the sequence resulting from the reverse primer was inverted and aligned to the sequence from the forward primer using Clone Manager Professional Version 9 for Windows (Scientific & Educational Software; http://www.scied.com). This alignment was subsequently used to build a phylogenetic tree, using the Neighbor- Joining method, in the MEGA6 program (https://www.megasoftware.net/).

Results: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products from S. scabiei isolates from Lamongan goats and Mojokerto rabbits produced bands of around 290 bp with 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Comparing the DNA sequences of the S. scabiei COX-1 gene with those isolated from Lamongan goats and Mojokerto rabbits showed 99% homology.

Conclusion: PCR products of the S. scabiei COX-1 gene isolated from Lamongan goats and Mojokerto rabbits were around 290 bp long. The sequences had more than 99% homology. The sequences of the COX-1 gene of S. scabiei from Lamongan goats and Mojokerto rabbits were relatively close to the sequence of the gene in S. scabiei obtained from various hosts according to National Center for Biotechnology Information data.

Keywords: cytochrome c oxidase-1, East Java, goat, Indonesia, rabbit, Sarcoptes scabiei.

Seroprevalence and risk factor associated with respiratory viral pathogens in dual-purpose cattle of Aguachica, Rio de Oro, and La Gloria municipalities in Cesar department, Colombia

Research (Published online: 04-07-2019)

4. Seroprevalence and risk factor associated with respiratory viral pathogens in dual-purpose cattle of Aguachica, Rio de Oro, and La Gloria municipalities in Cesar department, Colombia

Juan Carlos Pinilla León, Wilson Diaz, María Cristina Vasquez, Julio Cesar Tobón, Alfredo Sánchez and Diego Ortiz

Veterinary World, 12(7): 951-958

ABSTRACT

Aim: The research was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and risk factor associated with respiratory viral pathogens in dual-purpose cattle of Aguachica, Rio de Oro and La Gloria municipalities in Cesar department, Colombia.

Materials and Methods: The seroprevalence study was done from the random sampling (n=1000) of blood collected from 29 dual-purpose herds, located in three municipalities (Aguachica, Rio de Oro, and La Gloria) of Cesar department. The presence of antibodies against bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (BPI-3V) in the samples was detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Epidemiological data were obtained using a questionnaire administered to the owner or manager of each herd.

Results: The overall highest seroprevalence was observed for BHV-1 (94.7%), followed by BRSV (98.6%), BVDV (35.2%), and BPI-3V (47.1%). Regarding the seroprevalence by municipalities, there was a statistical association (p<0.05) for BVDV; however, for BRSV, BHV-1, and BPI-3V, no statistical association was found (p>0.05) between seropositive values and the municipalities, indicating that animal was seropositive in similar proportions in the three municipalities. Female sex and older animals (>24 months) were a significant risk factor for BHV-1 and BPI-3V infection. Regarding the clinical signs, there was a statistical association (p<0.05) between the seropositive values of BVDV and most of clinical signs observed, except for abortion.

Conclusion: This research confirms the high seroprevalence of the respiratory viral pathogens in nonvaccinated cattle within the study areas. Therefore, appropriate sanitary management practices and routine vaccination programs should be adopted to reduce the seroprevalence of these infectious agents.

Keywords: bovine herpesvirus type 1, bovine parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, seroprevalence, viral diseases.