Efficacy of celery (Apium graveolens L.) alcoholic extract against systemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in rat models

Research (Published online: 12-04-2022)

11. Efficacy of celery (Apium graveolens L.) alcoholic extract against systemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in rat models

Yos Adi Prakoso and Agustina Dwi Wijayanti

Veterinary World, 15(4): 898-905

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic caused global economic and health problems. The pandemic increased the number of infectious diseases categorized as neglected diseases, such as staphylococcosis, which is caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Celery is an herb that consist of antioxidants that can potentially act as antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to analyze the efficacy of celery alcoholic extract against systemic MRSA infections in rat models.

Materials and Methods: In this study, 36 male, 6-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats (average weight: 300 g) were used as models. The rats were divided into six groups: Group K– (negative control), Group K+ (infected with MRSA without therapy), Group V (infected with MRSA+100 mg vancomycin per kg body weight [BW]), Group P1 (infected with MRSA+1 mg celery extract per kg BW), Group P2 (infected with MRSA+2 mg celery extract per kg BW), and Group P4 (infected with MRSA+4 mg celery extract per kg BW). The therapy was given once daily for 7 days. Blood and organs were taken on day 7 for hematology, serology, immunohistochemistry, and histopathology.

Results: Results showed that 4 mg celery extract per kg BW promotes the healing of MRSA systemic infections in rat models (p≤0.05). The better prognosis was indicated by the normalization of red blood cell indices, white blood cell, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, Cluster of differentiation 4+, Cluster of differentiation 8+, and Cyclooxygenase-2 expression and absence of severe tissue damage. Celery extracts inhibited MRSA growth in the blood samples.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that celery alcoholic extract can potentially be used as an antimicrobial agent against systemic MRSA infections. A clinical study regarding the efficacy of celery extract must be conducted to ensure its potency against MRSA infections in humans.

Keywords: celery, efficacy, healing, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, systemic infection.

Phenotyping and genotyping studies on extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates from mastitic cows on dairy farms in Egypt

Research (Published online: 11-04-2022)

10. Phenotyping and genotyping studies on extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates from mastitic cows on dairy farms in Egypt

Shereen S. El-Mohandes, Rasha H. Eid, Ahmad M. Allam, Hala A. A. Abou-Zeina and Mohamed K. Elbayoumy

Veterinary World, 15(4): 890-897

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae have become a serious public health hazard worldwide. This importance is derived from the increase of new variants, particularly blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M genes. This study aimed to examine ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolated from different governorates in Egypt from dairy cows infected with subclinical and clinical mastitis.

Materials and Methods: This study examined 207 milk samples for the resistance of isolates against 14 different antibiotics and ran serological identification of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates with complete antibiotic resistance. Genotypic and sequencing analyses of several resistance genes were conducted using a polymerase chain reaction.

Results: E. coli was identified in cases with subclinical mastitis (80.5%) and clinical mastitis (85.7%). ESBL-producing E. coli was isolated from 38.2% of subclinical mastitic milk compared to 39.3% in clinical cases, where O26:k60, O125:k70, and O25:k11 were the serotypes with complete resistance to antibiotics. ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were resistant to cefotaxime, amoxicillin, cloxacillin, oxacillin, rifampicin, and penicillin in 100% but susceptible to amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in 82.5% of the cases. Results also revealed that 51.25%, 52.5%, 66.25%, 77.5% and 60% of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were responsive to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, and gentamycin, respectively. The detected genes were registered in GenBank as MW345819.1 and MW345820.1 for the E. coli blaTEM gene and MW295407 for the E. coli blaSHV gene.

Conclusion: This study found ESBL-producing E. coli in mastitic milk samples from Egyptian dairy farms and confirmed the occurrence and circulation of the main antibiotic genes (blaTEM and blaSHV) in the samples. Regular and thorough surveillance of ESBL-producing E. coli and subsequent preventive actions are essential for preventing the spread of these resistance genes in the future, which could pose serious and catastrophic health risks. Authorities should cling to the concept of One Health to minimize the risk of new varieties.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance, Escherichia coli, extended-spectrum β-lactamases, mastitis.

Pro-inflammatory cytokine release from chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide

Research (Published online: 11-04-2022)

9. Pro-inflammatory cytokine release from chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide

Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn, Chananphat Tantikositruj, Anyarat Thiptara, Warangkana Kitpipit, Ittidet Wichianrat, Autchara Kayan and Chaiwat Boonkaewwan

Veterinary World, 15(4): 885-889

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The principal cytokines released by the host on infection include pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). These cytokines were regarded as regulators of the host's response to infection. This study aimed to determine the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.

Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from six Betong chickens. To isolate PBMCs, density gradient centrifugation was utilized. PBMC culture in RPMI1640 with 10% fetal bovine serum was stimulated with various concentrations of LPS (0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 μg/mL). The production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: When the PBMCs were cultured for 24 h with varying doses of LPS, there was no significant variation in cell viability. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were measured in Betong chicken PBMC. The release of these cytokines increased considerably as LPS concentration (0.01-1 μg/mL) increased (p<0.05).

Conclusion: In vitro studies of the chicken immune response, notably the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, can be conducted using PBMCs obtained from chicken blood.

Keywords: chicken, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, peripheral blood mononuclear cell, tumor necrosis factor-α.

Effects of synbiotics preparations added to Pengging duck diets on egg production and egg quality and hematological traits

Research (Published online: 10-04-2022)

8. Effects of synbiotics preparations added to Pengging duck diets on egg production and egg quality and hematological traits

Sri Kismiati, Luthfi Djauhari, Dwi Sunarti and Teysar Adi Sarjana

Veterinary World, 15(4): 878-884

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Duck eggs have high cholesterol levels; inulin addition combined with probiotic is known in several studies to lower cholesterol, while maintaining egg production capacity and blood hematology. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the addition of synbiotic preparations on egg production, egg quality, and hematology of Pengging ducks.

Materials and Methods: A total of 200 female Pengging ducks aged 75 weeks (late production phase) and weighing 1467±90.87 g were maintained in litter cages, each measuring 1×1 ducks. The treatment included the addition of synbiotics between the inulin of gembili tuber (Dioscorea esculenta L. and Lactobacillus plantarum Ina CC B76) as follows: T0=control feed ("farmer feed"), T1=control feed+synbiotics 1 mL/100 g, T2=control feed+synbiotics 1.5 mL/g, and T3=control feed+synbiotics 2 mL/100 g in the feed. A completely randomized design was used in this study. The production performance, physical and chemical qualities of eggs, and hematological parameters of Pengging ducks were evaluated.

Results: The addition of synbiotics had no significant impact on the production performance, physical and chemical qualities of eggs, and hematological parameters (p>0.05), except for the egg yolk cholesterol content. The cholesterol content decreased significantly (p<0.05) with T2 and T3 treatments, but they had no significant effect (p>0.05). A significant decrease (p<0.01) in cholesterol levels was observed when the synbiotic dose was given at 1.5 ml/100 g feed (T2). However, there was no further decrease in cholesterol level when the synbiotic dose was increased to 2 ml/100g fed (T3).

Conclusion: The addition of synbiotics preparations at 1.5 mL/100 g reduced the cholesterol content but did not improve egg production, egg physical quality, and hematology of Pengging ducks.

Keywords: cholesterol, egg production, egg quality, inulin, late phase, Pengging duck.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with repeat breeding of beef cattle in Sleman Regency, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 08-04-2022)

7. Prevalence and risk factors associated with repeat breeding of beef cattle in Sleman Regency, Indonesia

Rian Maulana, Heru Susetya and Surya Agus Prihatno

Veterinary World, 15(4): 870-877

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Various management practices may cause the occurrence of reproductive failure indicated by repeat breeding in beef cattle. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and the risk factors of repeat breeding in beef cattle in Sleman Regency, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: Observational and cross-sectional studies were used to determine the prevalence and the risk factors of repeat breeding. Sampling was conducted using a multistage cluster design. The sample size was determined using a sampling formula (n=4 PQ/L2). Questionnaire and interview data were evaluated descriptively. Chi-square analysis and odds ratio (OR) test were conducted to determine the association and association strength with a confidence level of 95%. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis through multivariate logistic regression test was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 21.0 software.

Results: The results indicated that the prevalence of repeat breeding in beef cattle in the Sleman Regency was 30.4%. Multivariate analysis indicated that risk factors that significantly affected the repeat breeding were breeding experience (p=0.000; OR=3.378), knowledge of estrus cycle (p=0.000; OR=5.263), feed type (p=0.001; OR=6.061), feeding frequency (p=0.003; OR=2.77), shed hygiene (p=0.33; OR=2,381), and drainage system (p=0.000; OR=4,484).

Conclusion: Various husbandry management significantly influence the incidence of repeat breeding in beef cattle in Sleman Regency with the type of feed, which was the highest risk factor. Hay should not be used as the main feed source since it might increase the incidence of repeat breeding. However, the other environmental factors such as season and presence of infection or parasite also need to be investigated further.

Keywords: breeder, cow, epidemiology, reproductive failure, statistical analysis.

Udder health, conceptual construct, and uses of the term: A systematic review from 1962 to 2019

Research (Published online: 08-04-2022)

6. Udder health, conceptual construct, and uses of the term: A systematic review from 1962 to 2019

Richard Zapata-Salas, José F. Guarín and Leonardo A. Ríos-Osorio

Veterinary World, 15(4): 855-869

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Udder health management is essential for the further development of milk production systems and public health. This process depends on the generation of knowledge regarding control, prevention, and promotion of health. In scientific literature, it is impossible to find a synthesis of the categories that would allow comprehension of the complex phenomenon udder health. Different research approaches have allowed this polysemic concept, described by some researchers as multifactorial and by philosophical perspectives as a social phenomenon, to be further studied. Thus, the objective of this systematic review was to systematize the conceptual categories of udder health and the use of the term in the original articles published in the scientific literature from the period 1962 to 2019.

Materials and Methods: A systematic review with a broad approach was designed by applying the phases of identification, screening, selection, and inclusion criteria described in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyzes guide. An exhaustive search of original articles by specificity was carried out in the Science Direct, PubMed, Scielo, LILACS, and Google Scholar databases. The investigation was carried out on November 22, 2019. According to the inclusion criteria established, articles needed to be original studies, to be publications on bovine livestock, written in English, Spanish and Portuguese. Furthermore, the articles considered needed to tackle the term udder health so that its conceptual categorization could be extracted. Google Scholar patents and citations and articles removed from databases or not available were excluded from the study and those that, based on the reading of the complete text, considered the farming of animal species other than bovine. A qualitative synthesis of the year of publication, continent, approach, type of study, and conceptual category of udder health was carried out by calculating frequencies (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 24).

Results: In total, 165 articles were included in the study. Eight conceptual categories, consolidated over time, were systematized, showing that udder health is not a static problem, and that science has been responding through the generation of new knowledge around conceptual categories as different udder health problems emerge.

Conclusion: Culture and politics were two categories, related to all the others, that stood out in the results. These two categories were of great interest in countries advanced in milk production and in the implementation of udder health policies, which acknowledge the producer and other actors of the production chain as fundamental political actors for policies, decision-making processes, and public health care to be effective. The lack of synonyms for the term udder health (e.g., mastitis) may have led to the exclusion of important articles in each category. However, the constriction to the term udder health was intentional and aimed at constructing the concept. Udder health is hereby understood as a health-disease process, different from the term mastitis, which from its semantic origin, refers only to the disease process. According to this study, the concept can be understood through the categories of traditional epidemiology based on risk factors and disease; microbiology; genetics, resistance, and immunity; animal welfare; nutrition; organic production; culture; and politics.

Keywords: conceptual categories, culture, livestock productivity, politics, public health, udder health.

Enhancement of the antifungal activity of some antimycotics by farnesol and reduction of Candida albicans pathogenicity in a quail model experiment

Research (Published online: 08-04-2022)

5. Enhancement of the antifungal activity of some antimycotics by farnesol and reduction of Candida albicans pathogenicity in a quail model experiment

Nadezhda Sachivkina, Alexander Senyagin, Irina Podoprigora, Elena Vasilieva, Olga Kuznetsova, Arfenia Karamyan, Alfia Ibragimova, Natalia Zhabo and Maria Molchanova

Veterinary World, 15(4): 848-854

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Clinical strains of microorganisms, including pathogenic yeast-like fungi (YLF), are resistant to currently used antifungal agents. Thus, it is relevant to study the combinations of existing antimicrobial drugs and a medicinal extract of plant origin (farnesol). In previous studies, farnesol showed a relatively strong anti-biofilm effect against Candida albicans. This study aimed to determine how much the resistance profile of non-biofilm microorganisms can change.

Materials and Methods: Six clinical isolates of C. albicans and one reference strain were used to study the interaction of farnesol with the most used antimycotics. To determine the sensitivity of YLF to antimycotic drugs, such as nystatin (50 μg), amphotericin B (10 μg), ketoconazole (10 μg), clotrimazole (10 μg), voriconazole (10 μg), fluconazole (25 μg), miconazole (10 μg), and intraconazole (10 μg), the classic disk diffusion method was used. In the second stage, one of the six strains was used to simulate candidiasis of the gastrointestinal tract in an in vivo quail model. As an unusual experimental design, this study investigated the effects of pretreated C. albicans in quails, not the in vivo pathogenicity of C. albicans, after treatment with farnesol.

Results: The resistance profiles of Candida strains did not improve with farnesol in all strains. All concentrations of farnesol (100, 50, and 25 μM) demonstrated a fungistatic effect (i.e., an increase in drug sensitivity) in 23 of 56 (7×8) cases (41%). The remaining 54% demonstrated no changes in the resistance to antifungal drugs or deterioration of the indicators in rare cases (5%). At 100 μM farnesol, sensitivity improved in 33 of 56 cases (59%). Candidiasis or the severity of clinical disease of the quail digestive tract developed to a lesser extent if fungi were treated with farnesol.

Conclusion: Farnesol does not always show a positive result on single cells without biofilm in the laboratory. However, in a biofilm or an in vivo model with biofilms, farnesol can be considered a new antimycotic drug or an additive to existing antimycotics.

Keywords: amphotericin B, antimycotics, Candida albicans, clotrimazole, farnesol, fluconazole, intraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, nystatin, quail model, quorum sensing, voriconazole.

The effect of mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium gel on burn wound healing in rat

Research (Published online: 07-04-2022)

4. The effect of mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium gel on burn wound healing in rat

Dian Ratih Laksmitawati, Siti Umrah Noor, Yati Sumiyati, Adrian Hartanto, Wahyu Widowati and Diah Kartika Pratami

Veterinary World, 15(4): 841-847

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Stem cells are cells that can proliferate to form a new tissue, leading to its use in regenerative therapy. Stem cells will secrete biological factors, such as growth factors, cytokines, and other proteins to their surroundings and culture medium/conditioned medium (CM), altering tissue physiology. These factors can help wound healing, but their effect on third-degree burns is poorly understood. This research aimed to study the activity of mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium gel in healing and repairing third-degree burns on rats skin.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-four Sprague–Dawley rats with burn wounds on the dorsal area were divided into four groups; the first group was treated with CM gel, with a concentration equivalent to 0.05% protein, the second group was treated with a placebo gel, the third group with silver sulfadiazine (SSD) cream (SSD-Burnazin contain 10 mg/g SSD), and the fourth group was not given any treatment, for 21 days, and on the final day, the rats were sacrificed, and the skins were taken. All topical treatments completely cover the wound area.

Results: Wound healing process indicators observed include wound diameter, scabs' formation, blister formation, and hair growth every day. The skins taken were processed with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. The indicators studied include neutrophil infiltration, mononuclear cell infiltration, neovascularization, collagen area, and re-epithelization ratio.

Conclusion: CM shows better wound healing than other groups and faster hair growth.

Keywords: conditioned medium, mesenchymal stem cell, third-degree burn.

Effects of high salinity in drinking water on behaviors, growth, and renal electrolyte excretion in crossbred Boer goats under tropical conditions

Research (Published online: 06-04-2022)

3. Effects of high salinity in drinking water on behaviors, growth, and renal electrolyte excretion in crossbred Boer goats under tropical conditions

Nguyen Thiet, Nguyen Van Hon, Nguyen Trong Ngu and Sumpun Thammacharoen

Veterinary World, 15(4): 834-840

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The high salinity of drinking water has been a significant problem of the Mekong Rivers Delta. Animals drinking high salinity water altered feed and water intake (WI), urinary electrolytes excretion, and productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of high salinity in drinking water on drinking and eating behaviors and kidney function in crossbred goats.

Materials and Methods: The experiment was completely randomized with two treatments: freshwater (0%, seawater [SW0]) and water high in salinity (1.5%, SW1.5) from diluted SW, with five replicates (five animals per treatment). This experiment lasted 3 weeks: the 1st week for the pre-treatment period and the 2nd-3rd weeks for the post-treatment. Dry matter intake (DMI) and WI were recorded every day, while urine volume (UV) was determined from day 8 to day 21. Blood and urinary samples were collected on days 6, 14, and 21 of the study for electrolytes and creatinine analysis.

Results: The results demonstrated that both DMI and WI were affected by SW1.5 (p<0.05). Goats drinking from SW1.5 had lower DMI during D19–21, and the ratio of DMI/WI was significantly different during D16–21 (p<0.05). Interestingly, the UV from SW1.5 was higher than that from SW0 during D13–21 (p<0.05). Although the body weights (BW) of both groups were similar (p>0.05), the weight gain observed in the SW1.5 group tended to decrease (p=0.056) at the 2nd week. The concentration of electrolytes in blood did not differ between the groups (p>0.05). In contrast, the concentration and excretion of Na+ and Cl- in urine increased in SW1.5 goats at D14 (p<0.05), while creatinine levels in the blood remained normal (p>0.05).

Conclusion: The study concluded that crossbred male goats can tolerate 1.5% saline water from diluted SW for 2 weeks. The high salinity in water influences drinking and eating behavior in growing goats. However, the adaptive mechanism by increasing urine output and reducing the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- in the kidney is the key function and works faster than behavioral responses. The kidney apparently drives drinking behavior during high salinity water consumption.

Keywords: electrolytes, drinking behavior, goat, kidney, saline water.

Determination of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from horses with respiratory manifestation

Research (Published online: 06-04-2022)

2. Determination of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from horses with respiratory manifestation

Amany A. Arafa, Riham H. Hedia, Sohad M. Dorgham, Eman S. Ibrahim, Magdy A. Bakry, Abeer M. Abdalhamed and Azza S. M. Abuelnaga

Veterinary World, 15(4): 827-833

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The World Health Organization considers multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae a major global threat. Horses harbor commensal isolates of this bacterial species and potentially serve as reservoirs for human MDR bacteria. This study investigated antimicrobial resistance in horses caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae.

Materials and Methods: One hundred fifty-nine nasal swab samples were collected from horses with respiratory distress not treated with cefotaxime and erythromycin. Biochemical and serological identification was performed on all samples. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect 16S-23S ITS, mucoviscosity-associated gene (magA), uridine diphosphate galacturonate 4-epimerase gene (uge), and iron uptake system gene (kfu), blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX genes. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic relatedness of randomly selected K. pneumoniae isolates carrying the blaTEM gene were performed.

Results: Ten isolates of Klebsiella spp. were obtained from 159 samples, with an incidence of 6.28% (10 of 159). Based on biochemical and serological identification, K. pneumoniae was detected in 4.4% (7 of 159) of the samples. Using PCR, all tested K. pneumoniae isolates (n=7) carried the 16S-23S ITS gene. By contrast, no isolates carried magA, uge, and kfu genes. The blaTEM gene was detected in all test isolates. Moreover, all isolates did not harbor the blaSHV or blaCTX gene. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic relatedness reported that the maximum likelihood unrooted tree generated indicated the clustering of the test isolate with the other Gram-negative isolate blaTEM. Finally, the sequence distance of the blaTEM gene of the test isolate (generated by Lasergene) showed an identity range of 98.4-100% with the blaTEM gene of the different test isolates.

Conclusion: The misuse of antimicrobials and insufficient veterinary services might help generate a population of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in equines and humans, representing a public health risk.

Keywords: extended-spectrum β-lactamase, horse, Klebsiella pneumoniae, multidrug-resistant, respiratory manifestation.