Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in raw retail table eggs in Lusaka, Zambia

Research (Published online: 26-11-2020)

32. Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in raw retail table eggs in Lusaka, Zambia

Munsanda Susan Kapena, John Bwalya Muma, Charles Miyanda Mubita and Musso Munyeme

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2528-2533

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has risen as a serious cross-cutting global public health emergency. At the center of this emergency, foods of animal origin have particularly been singled out as possible drivers despite the paucity of information. This study has been formulated to provide answers to the identified critical gaps in the food safety industry and the public health sphere. In particular, this study was undertaken to investigate the AMR of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in raw retail table eggs in Lusaka, Zambia.

Materials and Methods: Accordingly, a cross-sectional study to determine antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli and Salmonella from raw retail table eggs was undertaken. Standard bacteriological methods involving culture and phenotypic characterization were applied. A total of 1080 raw table eggs pooled into composite samples (five eggs per composite sample) translating into 216 distinct and independently identifiable compounded sample units were collected from randomly selected supermarkets and open markets over 4 months (August 2018-November 2018). The eggs were screened for the presence of E. coli and Salmonella within 24 h of sample collection by standard microbiological methods. The Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing using a panel of nine different antibiotics.

Results: A total of 216 pooled egg samples were analyzed at two levels of contamination, (i) eggshell and (ii) egg content. From the eggshell, five compounded samples were positive for Salmonella spp. representing 2.31% (5/216), while 34.26% (74/216) were positive for E. coli. On the other hand, samples from egg contents were negative for Salmonella and E. coli. Eggshells were more likely to be contaminated by E. coli compared to the egg content (χ2=20.95, p<0.0001). Imipenem was 100% effective against E. coli isolates. With Salmonella, high resistance was seen in 80% against tetracycline (TE) and 60% to ampicillin (AMP). E. coli showed 94.6% resistance to colistin sulfate, 83.8% resistance to TE, and 59.5% resistance to AMP.

Conclusion: Overall, this study has been able to demonstrate the presence of E. coli and Salmonella outside and inside table eggs in Zambia. It has also shown the resistance of identified isolates which poses a serious public health concern given the consumption patterns of these table eggs.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, eggs, Escherichia coli, retail markets, Salmonella.

The effect of complete feed to carcass characteristics and meat quality of male Bali cattle fattened in West Timor, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 26-11-2020)

31. The effect of complete feed to carcass characteristics and meat quality of male Bali cattle fattened in West Timor, Indonesia

Paulus Klau Tahuk, Oktovianus R. Nahak and Gerson F. Bira

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2515-2527

ABSTRACT

Aim: This research aimed to know the effect of the use of complete feed on Bali cattle fattening performance seen from the carcass characteristics.

Materials and Methods: The cattle employed in this research were 12 male Bali cattle aged between 2 and 2.5 years old based on the teeth estimation. The average initial body weight of the cattle during the research was 181.50±16.51 kg. The complete feed contained Gliricidia sepium, natural grass, ground corn, bran pollard, and rice bran which have been compiled into three types of ration of T1, T2, and T3. The T1 ration contained standard crude protein (CP) and high energy (11% CP; 72% total digestible nutrient [TDN]), and T2 contained medium protein and high energy (13% CP; 72% TDN), while T3 ration contained high protein and high energy (%15 CP; 72% TDN).

Results: The meat percentage of T2 and T3 was relatively the same, but higher than T1 (p<0.05). The bone percentage and meat: A bone ratio of T2 was higher than T1; in contrast, and T3 was relatively the same with T2 and T1 (p<0.05). The weight of slaughter, carcass percentage, and weight of meat, bone, and fat were relatively the same among the treatments.

Conclusion: The application of complete feed with protein source from G. sepium with CP and TDN of 13 and 72%, respectively, can improve carcass percentage and meat: A bone ratio of male Bali cattle fattening. The treatments have not had a positive effect on slaughter weight (kg), hot and cool carcass weight (kg), meat and fat weight (kg), fat percentage, and non-carcass (kg).

Keywords: Bali cattle fattened, carcass characteristics, complete feed, Gliricidia sepium, meat quality.

The wound healing action of a cream latex formulation of Jatropha gaumeri Greenm. in a pre-clinical model

Research (Published online: 25-11-2020)

30. The wound healing action of a cream latex formulation of Jatropha gaumeri Greenm. in a pre-clinical model

Floribeth León, Vianey Hernandez-Zapata, Manuel Chan Bacab, Guadalupe Maldonado, Juan Arana Lezama and Victor Monteon

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2508-2514

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Jatropha gaumeri Greenm. is commonly used to treat mouth blisters and skin rashes, its latex has analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity on buccal ulcer. This study aimed to demonstrate the wound healing activity of a cream formulation of Jatropha gaumeri Greenm. latex in a murine model, provide a histological assessment of its scarring effects, and identify the family of phytochemicals involved in these effects.

Materials and Methods: Latex was obtained from the cut stalk leaves and young stems of J. gaumeri and stored in sterile tubes with protection from light. Chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions of the latex were obtained. Fifty male Balb/c mice aged 10-12 weeks were divided into 10 groups of five mice: Group 1 corresponded to healthy mice with wounds; Group 2 corresponded to mice with wounds and treated with A-Derma®; and from Group 3 to group 10 corresponded to mice treated with a different latex fraction. A circular skin wound of about 1 cm was made on the paravertebral region of each mouse under anesthetized and aseptic conditions. The wounds were topically treated every 24 h with the respective extracts for 22 days, after which skin tissue specimens were obtained and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome. The efficiency of healing was measured by quantifying the tensile strength of the scars. The phytochemicals in the latex were elucidated using thin chromatography.

Results: The aqueous latex fraction produced the best wound healing activity and was superior to the positive control. Reepithelialization at the histological level resulted in tissue that resembled healthy skin in terms of the appearance of collagen, the regeneration of hair follicles, and cellularity of the dermis, which showed organized epithelialization. A wound healing efficacy of 97% was observed, and it seems that alkaloids were the phytochemicals mostly likely responsible for these effects.

Conclusion: J. gaumeri latex exhibited wound healing activity, possibly mediated by phytochemicals such as alkaloids in the aqueous fraction.

Keywords: alkaloids, Jatropha gaumeri latex, wound healing.

Frequency and diversity of trypanosomes in sheep and goats from Mongo County in South Gabon, Central Africa

Research (Published online: 24-11-2020)

29. Frequency and diversity of trypanosomes in sheep and goats from Mongo County in South Gabon, Central Africa

Gael Darren Maganga, Larson Boundenga, Emmanuella Jacqueline Ologui-Minkue-Edzo, Linda Bohou Kombila, Telstar Ghestin Ndong Mebaley, Brice Kumulungui and Jacques François Mavoungou

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2502-2507

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Trypanosomosis is a major impediment to livestock farming in sub-Saharan Africa. It is a vector-borne disease caused by several species of protozoan parasites, namely, trypanosomes. The present study aimed to identify the diversity of trypanosome species infecting sheep and goats from Mongo County and to determine the frequency of these parasites.

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 286 trypanotolerant goats and sheep from Mongo regions located in South Gabon, using polymerase chain reaction.

Results: Analyses showed that the overall occurrence of trypanosomosis in small ruminants was 13.6% (39/286). Our results also showed that two factors, species and season, could affect the occurrence rate of Trypanosoma. A total of six Trypanosoma species were identified, two in sheep (Trypanosoma simiae and Trypanosoma theileri) and five in goats (Trypanosoma vivax, T. simiae, T. simiae Tsavo, Trypanosoma congolense, and Trypanosoma brucei), though Trypanosoma simiae was the most important species. Mixed infections were also found in goats (54.5%) and sheep (3.57%).

Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that small ruminants could represent a reservoir of biodiversity for Trypanosoma parasites.

Keywords: diversity, Gabon, goat, polymerase chain reaction, Sheep, Trypanosoma.

Comparative safety and efficacy of two bivalent vaccines containing Newcastle disease LaSota and avian influenza H9N2 Sidrap isolate formulated with different oil adjuvants

Research (Published online: 24-11-2020)

28. Comparative safety and efficacy of two bivalent vaccines containing Newcastle disease LaSota and avian influenza H9N2 Sidrap isolate formulated with different oil adjuvants

Jossie Intan Cahyani, Sitarina Widyarini and Michael Haryadi Wibowo

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2493-2501

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI) are two devastating diseases of poultry, which cause great economic losses to the poultry industry and disrupt food security in our country. The use of ND-AI inactive bivalent vaccine is very effective and economical to prevent and control ND and AI disease. Bivalent ND LaSota-AI H9N2 vaccine is not yet available in Indonesia. The inactivated vaccines used in poultry industry often require oil adjuvant to elicit a sufficient immune response. This study aimed to develop the bivalent inactive vaccines containing ND LaSota and AI H9N2 Sidrap isolate which are local isolates as poultry vaccine candidates, and formulated with two different commercial adjuvants, then compared.

Materials and Methods: Two vaccines bivalent were prepared by emulsifying inactivated Newcastle disease virus (LaSota strain) and AI H9N2 Sidrap isolate viruses with Marcol white mineral oil and Montanide ISA70 adjuvants. Both of bivalent vaccines were tested for safety (physical and histopathological at the injection site) and efficacy in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Parameters used for the evaluation of the efficacy were immunogenicity by hemagglutination inhibition and protection percentage.

Results: Both bivalent vaccines are safe to use. Post-vaccination (PV) immune response was observed using a hemagglutination inhibition test at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 weeks of PV. The bivalent vaccine B gives a better immune response to ND at 2, 3, and 4 weeks of PV (p<0.05) compared to the bivalent vaccine A, but in 5, 6, 7, and 8 weeks, the PV does not show differences in the immune response. The immune response to AI H9N2 showed differences at weeks 2 and 3 PV (p<0.05) with the bivalent vaccine B indicated higher immunity. A single immunization with both bivalent vaccines induces 100% protection in chickens that have been vaccinated against the deadly challenge with the virulent ND virus.

Conclusion: Both of bivalent vaccines are safe to use and provide good efficacy against virulent ND viruses, but bivalent vaccine B (with Montanide ISA70 adjuvant) shows better immune response than bivalent vaccine A (Marcol white mineral oil adjuvant).

Keywords: avian influenza H9N2 Sidrap isolate, bivalent vaccine Newcastle disease-avian influenza H9N2, Marcol, Montanide ISA70.

Effects of Bacillus cereus and coumarin on growth performance, blood biochemical parameters, and meat quality in broilers

Research (Published online: 23-11-2020)

27. Effects of Bacillus cereus and coumarin on growth performance, blood biochemical parameters, and meat quality in broilers

Galimzhan Duskaev, Shamil Rakhmatullin and Olga Kvan

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2484-2492

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Progressive antibiotic resistance has become the primary threat to public health. The search for alternative substances with similar effects is now a global challenge for poultry farming. The aim of this study was to investigate the action of the probiotic Bacillus cereus (BC) and coumarin (CO) on broiler productivity, biochemical indicators of blood, and muscular and liver tissues.

Materials and Methods: The trial of this study included Arbor Acres cross broiler chickens that were grown up to the age of 42 days. The experiment was conducted on 200 broiler chickens divided into four experimental groups of 50 individuals each: The control group received ration without additives (main ration [MR]), the first experimental group received MR+BC, the second received MR+CO, and the third received –MR+BC+CO. A biochemical and hematological analyzer was used to estimate elemental concentrations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.

Results: Inclusion of CO and CO+BC in the diet improved growth rates and reduced feed consumption (FC) per kg of live weight gain. Decreased white blood cell count, increased creatinine and triglycerides (CO), changes in aminotransferase and transpeptidase activity, and increases in chemical elements in the liver and pectoral muscles (BC+CO) were observed. The inclusion of BC+CO in the diet contributed to increases in a greater number of chemical elements in the liver (calcium [Ca], K, magnesium, Mn, Si, and Zn) and the pectoral muscles (Ca, Na, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn).

Conclusion: The inclusion of CO and CO+BC in the diet improves growth rates and reduces FC in broilers against a background of the absence of mortality during the experiment.

Keywords: Bacillus cereus, blood, broilers, coumarin, muscles, productivity.

Tilapia viscera hydrolysate extract alleviates oxidative stress and renal damage in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension rats

Research (Published online: 23-11-2020)

26. Tilapia viscera hydrolysate extract alleviates oxidative stress and renal damage in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension rats

Putut Har Riyadi, Mochammad Fitri Atho'illah, Wendy Alexander Tanod and Irma Sarita Rahmawati

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2477-2483

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Hypertension is closely related to oxidative stress conditions, which increases malondialdehyde (MDA) expression and renal damage. Tilapia viscera hydrolysate extract (TVHE) contains compounds and peptides that act as antioxidants. This study aimed to investigate TVHE therapy effect on MDA levels and renal histological conditions in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt-induced hypertension rats.

Materials and Methods: Tilapia viscera were defatted and hydrolyzed using Alcalase enzyme to obtain TVHE. TVHE antioxidant activity was measured using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method. Fifteen Wistar male rats were divided into five groups: Normal control (without induced DOCA-salt), DOCA-salt, DOCA-salt+Captopril 5 mg/kg body weight (BW), DOCA-salt+TVHE 150 mg/kg BW, and DOCA-salt+TVHE 300 mg/kg BW. MDA level and renal histology were observed in each group.

Results: TVHE half maximal inhibitory concentration values ranged from 3.87±0.35 μg/mL to 42.03±3.55 μg/mL, which were identified as in the very strong Blois category. TVHE and captopril therapy reduced MDA expression significantly (p<0.05) compared to DOCA-salt only. TVHE and captopril therapy also improved glomerular damage in DOCA-salt-induced hypertension rats.

Conclusion: TVHE has antioxidant ability, decreased MDA level, and decreased glomerular damage in DOCA-salt-induced hypertension rats.

Keywords: antioxidant, hydrolysate, peptide, tilapia, viscera.

Effect of low oxygen tension on transcriptional factor OCT4 and SOX2 expression in New Zealand rabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Research (Published online: 18-11-2020)

25. Effect of low oxygen tension on transcriptional factor OCT4 and SOX2 expression in New Zealand rabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Erma Safitri

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2469-2476

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) and sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) are transcription factors whose functions are essential to maintain the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. The purpose of this study was to derive stem cells for in vitro culture and to maintain their viability and pluripotency, with the goal to obtain a cell line for transplantation in patients with degenerative diseases or injuries. This research focused on examining the effect of low oxygen tension on the ability of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) to express OCT4 and SOX2 in vitro.

Materials and Methods: BM-MSCs were obtained from femurs of 2000 to 3000 g New Zealand male rabbits. BM-MSCs were divided into three groups to test different culture conditions: A control group under hyperoxia condition (21% O2) and two treatment groups with low oxygen tension (1% and 3% O2). We characterized the BM-MSCs using flow cytometric measurement of cluster differentiation 44 (CD44) and cluster differentiation 90 (CD90) expression. The expression of OCT4 and SOX2 was measured by immunofluorescence staining after 48 h of incubation in chambers with normal or low oxygen tension with controlled internal atmosphere consisting of 95% N2, 5% CO2, and 1% O2 (T1) and 3% O2 (T2). We considered OCT4 and SOX2 as two markers of pluripotency induction. All immunofluorescence data were subjected to a post hoc normality Tukey's honestly significant difference test; all differences with p<5% were considered significant.

Results: BM-MSCs were positive for CD44 and CD90 expression after isolation. Oxygen tension culture conditions of 1% and 3% O2 led to OCT4 and SOX2 expression on culture days 2 and 4 (p<0.05), respectively, as compared to the hyperoxia condition (21% O2).

Conclusion: Based on the OCT4 and SOX2 immunofluorescence data, we conclude that the stem cells were pluripotent at low O2 tension (at 1% O2 on day 2 and at 3% O2 on day 4), whereas under 21% O2 the OCT4 and SOX2 were not expressed.

Keywords: bone marrow, cluster differentiation 44, cluster differentiation 90, culture in vitro, low O2 tension, mesenchymal stem cells, octamer-binding transcription factor 4, pluripotency, sex-determining region Y-box 2.

Characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei from spontaneous melioidosis in a Bornean orangutan

Research (Published online: 18-11-2020)

24. Characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei from spontaneous melioidosis in a Bornean orangutan

Vincentius Arca Testamenti, Maryati Surya, Uus Saepuloh, Diah Iskandriati, Maryos Vigouri Tandang, Lia Kristina, Aris Tri Wahyudi, Dondin Sajuthi, Vivi Dwi Santi, Fiet Hayu Patispathika, Muhtadin Wahyu, Anton Nurcahyo and Joko Pamungkas

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2459-2468

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Melioidosis is a potentially fatal disease affecting humans and a wide range of animal species; it is often underdiagnosed and underreported in veterinary medicine in Indonesia. This study aimed to characterize morphological and molecular features of Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis which caused the death of a Bornean orangutan.

Materials and Methods: Pulmonary abscess samples were cultured on several types of media, including Ashdown agar, Ashdown broth, and MacConkey agar. Type three secretion system orf 2 real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and latex agglutination tests were performed to identify the bacteria. Morphological characteristics were compared to all previously published morphotypes. Subsequently, the bacteria were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and Yersinia-like flagellum/Burkholderia thailandensis-like flagellum and chemotaxis PCR. The results of the genotyping were afterward compared to all genotypes from Southeast Asia.

Results: Multiple morphotypes of B. pseudomallei were perceived during the growth on Ashdown agar. Furthermore, it was identified by MLST that the Type I and Type II morphotypes observed in this study were clones of a single ST, ST54, which is predominantly found in humans and the environment in Malaysia and Thailand, although a very limited number of reports was published in association with animals. Moreover, the E-BURST analysis showed that the ST is grouped together with isolates from Southeast Asian countries, including Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and Cambodia. ST54 was predicted to be the founding genotype of several STs from those regions.

Conclusion: B. pseudomallei ST54 that caused the death of a Bornean orangutan has a distant genetic relationship with other STs which were previously reported in Indonesia, implying a vast genetic diversity in Indonesia that has not been discovered yet.

Keywords: Burkholderia pseudomallei, melioidosis, molecular characterization, nonhuman primate, orangutan.

Efficacy of novel antiseptic product containing essential oil of Lippia origanoides to reduce intramammary infections in cows

Research (Published online: 17-11-2020)

23. Efficacy of novel antiseptic product containing essential oil of Lippia origanoides to reduce intramammary infections in cows

Natalia Arantes Marcelo, Viviane Aguiar Andrade, Cintya Neves Souza, Rodrigo Pereira Mourão, Mário Henrique França Mourthe, Lívia Mara Vitorino Silva, Alessandra Rejane Ericsson de Oliveira Xavier, Mauro Aparecido de Sousa Xavier, André Augusto Gomes Faraco and Anna Christina Almeida

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2452-2458

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The use of antimicrobials in the control of mastitis is of concern in public health due to their inefficiency in targeting microorganisms. Studies with medicinal plants have risen as an alternative to the use of conventional products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an experimental disinfectant based on the essential oil (EO) from Lippia origanoides in preventing the development of new intramammary infections (IMI) in Holstein cows.

Materials and Methods: The conventional protocol of pre- and post-milking was used and the control (Conventional treatment [CNV]) and experimental (Experimental treatment [PEX]) products containing EO at 120 μL/mL were applied by immersion. Individual milk samples were analyzed using sheep blood agar methodologies and biochemical tests. The efficiency of the treatment was defined by the presence or absence of Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus spp.

Results: There were no clinical and subclinical mastitis cases, no lesions in the mucosal of teats, nor dirt score between groups in this study. Both treatments did not influence the occurrence of IMI.

Conclusion: The results revealed that PEX acts efficiently against microorganisms compared to the disinfection by the conventional product demonstrating the efficacy of the alternative product on the prevention of new IMIs in dairy cows.

Keywords: Intramammary infections, Lippia origanoides, mastitis, pre- and post-milking, teat disinfectant.