Molecular diversity of the invA gene obtained from human and egg samples

Research (Published online: 15-07-2019)

16. Molecular diversity of the invA gene obtained from human and egg samples

Mona Kadry, Sara Mohamed Nader, Sohad M. Dorgham and Mai M. Kandil

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1033-1038

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodborne bacterial diseases in the world. The great majority of Salmonella infections in humans are foodborne with Salmonella enterica and SalmonellaTyphimurium accounting for a major part of the problem. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of invA gene in strains of Salmonellae isolated from eggs and diarrheal swabs from human cases. In addition, the relationship between invA gene nucleotide sequences from different sources (human stool and egg samples) have been studied through phylogenetic tree.

Materials and Methods: One hundred and seventy eggs (eggshell and its contents) and 160 stool swabs samples were collected from four poultry farms and medical hospital in Giza Governorate.

Results: The study reported the presence of two Salmonella strains in eggshell surface with an overall isolation rate of 1.2 and 0% of the egg content. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium were isolated from eggshell surface with an incidence of 50% for each strain. Six salmonella strains were isolated from human stool with an incidence of 3.75%; the isolated strains are S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, Salmonella Virchow, Salmonella Haifa, and Salmonella Kentucky with an incidence of 33.3%, 16.6%, 16.6%, 16.6%, and 16.6%, respectively. Among eight Salmonella strains, invA gene was detected with percentage of 50%. The phylogenetic analysis of the sequences invA gene, from two isolates included in this study and five isolates retrieved from GenBank showed that sequence from human, layer hens, egg, and water in the same clusters.

Conclusion: Close relation between drinking contaminated water and layer hens and contaminated water is one such source.

Keywords: invA gene, phylogeny, Salmonella.

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in households sheep "Elevage en case" in Dakar, Senegal

Research (Published online: 15-07-2019)

15. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in households sheep "Elevage en case" in Dakar, Senegal

Laibané Dieudonné Dahourou, Oubri Bassa Gbati, Madi Savadogo, Bernadette Yougbare, Amadou Dicko, Alima Hadjia Banyala Combari and Alain Richi Kamga-Waladjo

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1028-1032

ABSTRACT

Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in sheep breeding in a particular husbandry system called "Elevage en case" in Dakar, Senegal.

Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 278 sheep. Serum was harvested and used for analysis. For the detection of T. gondii antibodies, 278 sera were analyzed using the modified agglutination test, while the enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay was used on 174 sheep sera to look for N. caninum antibodies.

Results: This study showed that 29.4±6.8% of sheep carried both T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies. The overall prevalence was 60.1±5.7% and 41.9±7.3% for toxoplasmosis and neosporosis, respectively. For toxoplasmosis, the prevalence was higher in Gueule Tapée (63.3%) than in Medina (58.9%), but the variation was not significant (p=0.45). Regarding the age of animals, the prevalence was significantly higher in animals over 2 years old compared to those under 2 years old (p=0.002). For neosporosis, the prevalence was significantly higher in Medina (48.67%) than Gueule Tapée (16.7%) (p=0.001), but non-significant variation was noted according to animal age.

Conclusion: The study showed that sheep reared in households have carried antibodies of T. gondii and N. caninum. The prevalence was high and it means that consumption of meat from these animals is risky if the meat is eaten undercooked.

Keywords: Elevage en case, Neospora caninum, prevalence, Senegal, sheep, Toxoplasma gondii.

Molecular characterization of Orf virus isolates from Kodai hills, Tamil Nadu, India

Research (Published online: 12-07-2019)

14. Molecular characterization of Orf virus isolates from Kodai hills, Tamil Nadu, India

G. Nagarajan, R. Pourouchottamane, G. B. Manjunatha Reddy, R. Yogisharadhya, K. Sumana, S. Rajapandi, G. Murali, S. M. K. Thirumaran, P. K. Mallick and A. S. Rajendiran

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1022-1027

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was carried out to find out the causative agent of exanthematous skin lesions in sheep maintained by Southern Regional Research Centre, Mannavanur, Kodai hills, Tamil Nadu.

Materials and Methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Orf virus (ORFV) B2L gene-specific primers was carried out by employing the total genomic DNA isolated from the scabs as the template. The ORFV isolates from Kodai hills were characterized by the use of bioinformatics tools.

Results: The amino acid identity of ORFV isolate 1 from Kodai hills is having 98.14%, 96.29%, and 83.59% identity with reference strains of ORFV, Pseudocowpox virus, and bovine papular stomatitis virus, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ORFV isolates from Kodai hills clustered with the other ORFV isolates from different geographical areas of India.

Conclusion: The etiological agent of exanthematous skin lesion among sheep of Kodai hills is ORFV.

Keywords: B2L gene, Kodai hills, Orf virus, phylogenetic analysis, sheep.

The role of edible bird's nest and mechanism of averting lead acetate toxicity effect on rat uterus

Research (Published online: 12-07-2019)

13. The role of edible bird's nest and mechanism of averting lead acetate toxicity effect on rat uterus

Abdulla A. Albishtue, Nurhusien Yimer, Md. Zuki A. Zakaria, Abd Wahid Haron, Abd Salam Babji, Adamu A. Abubakar, Falah H. Baiee, Hazem Kareem Almhanna and Bahaa H. Almhanawi

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1013-1021

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of edible bird's nest (EBN) supplement on the uteri of rats exposed to lead acetate (LA) toxicity.

Materials and Methods: Five treatment groups were established as follows: Group 1 (C), which was given distilled water; Group 2 (T0), which was administered with LA (10 mg/kg body weight [BW]); and Groups 3 (T1), 4 (T2), and 5 (T3), which were given LA (10 mg/kg BW) plus graded concentrations of 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg BW of EBN, respectively, for days. Rats were euthanized at week 5 to collect blood for superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay, and uterus for histomorphological study and expression analyses of epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).

Results: Results revealed that LA causes destruction of uterine lining cells and necrosis of uterine glands of exposed rats without EBN supplement while the degree of damage decreased among EBN treated groups; T3 showed the highest ameliorating effect against LA toxicity, as well as an increased number of uterine glands. Increased levels of SOD were also achieved in EBN supplemented groups than the controls. Results of immunohistochemistry showed significantly higher expressions of EGF, VEGF, and PCNA levels (p<0.05) in T3 compared to other treatments. EBN maintained upregulation of antioxidant – reactive oxygen species balance.

Conclusion: The findings showed that EBN could ameliorate the detrimental effects of LA toxicity on the uterus possibly by enhancing enzymatic antioxidant (SOD) activity as well as expressions of EGF, VEGF, and PCNA with cell proliferation roles.

Keywords: edible bird's nest, growth factors, lead acetate, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, superoxide dismutase, uterus.

Effect of monosodium glutamate on growth performance and blood biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.)

Research (Published online: 11-07-2019)

12. Effect of monosodium glutamate on growth performance and blood biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.)

Georgi Zhelyazkov and Deyan Stratev

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1008-1012

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary monosodium glutamate (MSG) on growth performance and blood biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.).

Materials and Methods: A total of 200 trouts were allotted in five experimental groups (n=40) that for 60 days received feed supplemented with MSG at the following levels: 0% (K) or 0.5% (E) or 1% (F) or 3% (G) or 5% (H).

Results: The average initial weight of trouts was 116.68±1.51 g (K), 116.58±1.33 g (E), 116.43±1.39 g (F), 117.40±1.47 g (G), and 115.95±1.88 g (H). At the end of the trial, control fish (K) had the lowest live weight (242.90±3.87 g) compared to Groups E (252.70±5.69 g), F (250.93±4.82 g), G (248.25±4.98 g), and H (247.95±4.74 g). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of control group (K) was higher (1.11±0.02) versus FCR values established in Groups E (1.03±0.01), F (1.04±0.02), G (1.07±0.03), and H (1.06±0.02). Albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus, magnesium, and triglyceride exhibited statistically significant differences versus controls.

Conclusion: The results from the study showed that dietary supplementation of rainbow trouts with MSG increased live weight and reduced FCR. The optimum level of MSG recommended for addition to feed was 0.5%.

Keywords: blood biochemical parameters, growth performance, monosodium glutamate, rainbow trout.

Variabilities of hydatidosis in domestic animals slaughtered at Cairo and Giza abattoirs, Egypt

Research (Published online: 11-07-2019)

11. Variabilities of hydatidosis in domestic animals slaughtered at Cairo and Giza abattoirs, Egypt

Faten A. M. Abo-Aziza, Samah S. Oda, Dina Aboelsoued, T. K. Farag and Abdulaziz M. Almuzaini

Veterinary World, 12(7): 998-1007

ABSTRACT

Aim: The effect of some variables on hydatidosis in animals slaughtered at Cairo and Giza abattoirs was investigated and the influence on serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant enzymes, and histopathological lesions caused by these parasites as a consequence was estimated.

Materials and Methods: The effect of some variables on hydatidosis in 397 sheep, 401 cattle, 435 buffaloes, and 341 camels slaughtered at Cairo and Giza abattoirs was investigated, and the influence on serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant activity and histopathological lesions caused by these parasites as a consequence was estimated.

Results: The results revealed that 39 sheep (9.8%), 74 cattle (18.4%), 95 buffaloes (21.8%), and 79 camels (23.25%) were infected. Concerning age variations, 165 young and 232 adult sheep, 215 young and 186 adult cattle, 194 young and 241 adult buffaloes, and 112 young and 229 adult camels were examined. The prevalence of hydatidosis was higher in adult sheep, cattle, and camel; 32 (13.8%), 49 (26.3%), and 56 (24.5%) than the younger ones 7 (4.2%), 25 (11.6%), and 23 (20.5%), respectively. Two hundred and eighty-eight sheep, 171 cattle were examined during winter. However, 109 sheep, 230 cattle were examined during summer. Hydatidosis infection in sheep and cattle was higher in winter 26 (9.01%) and 47 (27.5%) than in summer 13 (11.9%) and 27 (11.7%), respectively. Out of 133 sheep and 128 camels slaughtered in El-Basatin abattoirs, 36 (15.3) and 38 (29.7%) showed higher prevalence than that from El-Warak and El-Moneib abattoirs. Comparing with the non-infected groups, alkaline phosphatase activity decreased in hydatid-infected animals, while cholesterol and liver enzymes activities increased. Total lipid and triglyceride levels decreased in infected camels. Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase decreased in hydatid-infected animals.

Conclusion: The disturbance in the biochemical parameters, liver enzymes, and the antioxidant activities was consistent with the pathological findings that indicated the risk of hydatidosis infection. Finally, this study clarified the variabilities of hydatidosis in Cairo and Giza abattoirs as a starting point for future studies in different regions in Egypt.

Keywords: abattoirs, antioxidant activity, hydatidosis, prevalence.

Determination of testicular estrogen receptor alpha expression of male chickens (Gallus domesticus) with age

Research (Published online: 08-07-2019)

10. Determination of testicular estrogen receptor alpha expression of male chickens (Gallus domesticus) with age

W. K. Ramesha Nirmali, Lakshan Warnakula, Ruwini Cooray, Nimanie Sachithra Hapuarachchi and Manjula P. S. Magamage

Veterinary World, 12(7): 994-997

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Estrogen activity, a central component of reproductive growth, is regulated by the receptor proteins, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), and ER beta (ERβ) in chickens as in many other species. ERα expresses predominantly in gonads. Although the expression of ERα in embryonic gonads has been studied in detail, the expression of ERα in post-hatching male gonads has not been studied adequately. Therefore, the current research was conducted to determine the post-hatching changes in the expression of ERα in the left gonads of male chickens with age.

Materials and Methods: Shaver Brown male chickens were raised and cared for according to the management guide and sacrificed at the intervals of 1, 4, and 8 weeks of age. The total RNA was extracted from the left gonads using the Trizol method and reverse transcribed using a pair of gene-specific primers. Following polymerase chain reaction amplification, the expression of ERα was quantified relative to the expression of the reference gene GAPDH.

Results: The results showed that ERα expression significantly increases with age at p=0.0032. However, the increment of ERα expression from week 1 to week 4 was 2.04-fold and from week 4 to week 8 was 1.39-fold, with the later age reflecting a diminishing pattern in the increment.

Conclusion: These results differentiate the post-hatching ERα expression of the left gonads of male chickens increase with age but with a diminishing gradient that may support their reproductive functions in later stages of life.

Keywords: age, chicken, estrogen receptor alpha, gene expression, testicular.

Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. associated with dairy cattle and farm environment having public health significance

Research (Published online: 08-07-2019)

9. Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. associated with dairy cattle and farm environment having public health significance

Md. Abdus Sobur, Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj, Ripon Sarker, A. M. M. Taufiqur Rahman, S. M. Lutful Kabir and Md. Tanvir Rahman

Veterinary World, 12(7): 984-993

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was carried out to determine load of total bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in dairy farm and its environmental components. In addition, the antibiogram profile of the isolated bacteria having public health impact was also determined along with identification of virulence and resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) under a one-health approach.

Materials and Methods: A total of 240 samples of six types (cow dung - 15, milk - 10, milkers' hand wash - 10, soil - 10 water - 5, and vegetables - 10) were collected from four dairy farms. For enumeration, the samples were cultured onto plate count agar, eosin methylene blue, and xylose-lysine deoxycholate agar and the isolation and identification of the E. coli and Salmonella spp. were performed based on morphology, cultural, staining, and biochemical properties followed by PCR. The pathogenic strains of E. coli stx1, stx2, and rfbO157 were also identified through PCR. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test against 12 commonly used antibiotics by disk diffusion method. Detection of antibiotic resistance genes ereA, tetA, tetB, and SHV were performed by PCR.

Results: The mean total bacterial count, E. coli and Salmonella spp. count in the samples ranged from 4.54±0.05 to 8.65±0.06, 3.62±0.07 to 7.04±0.48, and 2.52±0.08 to 5.87±0.05 log colony-forming unit/g or ml, respectively. Out of 240 samples, 180 (75%) isolates of E. coli and 136 (56.67%) isolates of Salmonella spp. were recovered through cultural and molecular tests. Among the 180 E. coli isolates, 47 (26.11%) were found positive for the presence of all the three virulent genes, of which stx1 was the most prevalent (13.33%). Only three isolates were identified as enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that both E. coliand Salmonella spp. were found highly resistant to azithromycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, and ertapenem and susceptible to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem. Among the four antibiotic resistance genes, the most observable was tetA (80.51-84.74%) in E. coli and Salmonella spp. and SHV genes were the lowest one (22.06-25%).

Conclusion: Dairy farm and their environmental components carry antibiotic-resistant pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. that are potential threat for human health which requires a one-health approach to combat the threat.

Keywords: one-health, antibiotic resistance genes, dairy farm, Escherichia coli, carbapenem resistance, Salmonella spp., virulence.

Association between Mannheimia haemolytica infection with reproductive physiology and performance in small ruminants: A review

Review (Published online: 06-07-2019)

8. Association between Mannheimia haemolytica infection with reproductive physiology and performance in small ruminants: A review

Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse, Nur Azhar Amira, Kamarulrizal Mat Isa, Arsalan Maqbool, Naveed Mohamad Ali, Eric Lim Teik Chung and Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila

Veterinary World, 12(7): 978-983

ABSTRACT

Mannheimiosis or pneumonic pasteurellosis commonly occurs in small ruminants. Mannheimiosis is caused by Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) a Gram-negative coccobacillus producing acute febrile and infectious condition resulting in death of animal if not diagnosed and treated promptly. M. haemolytica serotype A2 is a commensal of the nasopharynx, gaining access to the lungs when host defenses are compromised by stress or infection in small ruminants. Till date, there is a vast literature and research that has been conducted on the pathogenesis of M. haemolytica invariably on respiratory system and its related immune system and mechanisms. From the clinical point of view, infection or diseases involving vital organs will systemically affect the production and performance of the infected animal. Therefore, there is a huge gap of knowledge and research to answer the question whether there is any association between M. haemolytica infection with reproductive physiology and performance in small ruminants and how it affects the productivity level. This review will explore the possibilities of involvement and new potential research to be carried out to determine the involvement of male and female reproductive system with M. haemolyticainfection among small ruminants.

Keywords: Mannheimia haemolytica, performance, physiology, pneumonic pasteurellosis, reproductive, small ruminants.

Efficacy of tetravalent coryza vaccine against the challenge of Avibacterium paragallinarum serovars A and B isolates from Indonesia in chickens

Research (Published online: 05-07-2019)

7. Efficacy of tetravalent coryza vaccine against the challenge of Avibacterium paragallinarum serovars A and B isolates from Indonesia in chickens

Agnesia Endang Tri Hastuti Wahyuni, Dhasia Ramandani, Vinsa Cantya Prakasita and Sitarina Widyarini

Veterinary World, 12(7): 972-977

ABSTRACT

Aim: Infectious coryza is caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum. In Indonesia, this infection results in a 10%-40% decrease in egg production by laying hens. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of tetravalent coryza vaccine contained A. paragallinarum bacterin serovars A, B, C2, and C3; strain A-221, B-Spross, C2-Modesto, and C-3-Akko in layers based on antibody titer and clinical signs using a post-challenge test.

Materials and Methods: Forty four-week-old Lohmanns strain chickens were used in this study. Forty chickens were divided into four groups for serological and challenge test: Group 1 (unvaccinated and challenged by A. paragallinarum serovar A), Group 2 (unvaccinated and challenged by A. paragallinarum serovar B), Group 3 (vaccinated and challenged by A. paragallinarum serovar A), and Group 4 (vaccinated and challenged by A. paragallinarum serovar B). Vaccination was done using the tetravalent vaccine in oil-emulsion adjuvant contained A. paragallinarum bacterin serovars A, B, C2, and C3; strain A-221, B-Spross, C2-Modesto, and C-3-Akko. Vaccination was performed at day 1 and booster was done at day 14. Blood serum was collected on days 0, 14, and 28 for the hemagglutination-hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The challenge test was given at day 29 through intranasal administration using A. paragallinarum serovars A-L2447 and B-L1710 approximately 6×108 CFU/mL. Clinical signs were observed for 14 days post-infection. At the end of the study, chickens were euthanized, and pathological features of the infraorbital sinus, facial skin, and trachea were recorded.

Results: Data analysis of antibody titers and pathological changes was performed descriptively, while clinical symptom scores were analyzed non-parametrically with the Mann–Whitney U-test using SPSS version 21. At days 14 and 28 post-vaccination, the antibody titer in Group 3 was 5 HI and 20 HI, respectively. However, the antibody titers in Group 4 at 28 days post-vaccination were 0 HI. Clinical observations, the vaccinated groups that were challenged with A. paragallinarum serovars A and B showed clinical symptoms on days 4 and 6 post-infection, namely mild unilateral facial edema and severe bilateral facial edema, respectively. Clinical signs in Groups 3 and 4 were less severe than in Groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05). Pathological examination findings supported clinical observations and serological testing.

Conclusion: Tetravalent coryza vaccine in chickens has efficacy to protect against the challenge test of A. paragallinarum serovars A and B isolated from Indonesia.

Keywords: Avibacterium paragallinarum, challenge test, clinical signs, serological test, vaccine.