Effect of feeding bioactive compounds identified from plant extracts (4-hexylresorcinol, 7-hydroxycoumarin, and gamma-octalactone) on the productivity and quality of broiler meat

Research (Published online: 30-12-2022)

30. Effect of feeding bioactive compounds identified from plant extracts (4-hexylresorcinol, 7-hydroxycoumarin, and gamma-octalactone) on the productivity and quality of broiler meat

Oleg Zavyalov, Duskaev Galimzhan, and Kurilkina Marina

Veterinary World, 15(12): 2986-2996

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Secondary bioactive compounds of medicinal plants exert anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and metabolism-modulating effects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of feeding 4-hexylresorcinol, as well as its combinations with gamma-octalactone and 7-hydroxycoumarin, on the digestibility of dietary nutrients, weight gain, and quality characteristics of the meat and liver of Arbor Acres broiler chickens.

Materials and Methods: The following feeding scheme was applied on the chickens: Control, basal diet (BD); I experimental, BD + 4-hexylresorcinol at 0.5 mg/kg of live weight per day; II experimental, BD + 4-hexylresorcinol + gamma-octalactone at 0.4 mg/kg of live weight per day; III experimental, BD + 4-hexylresorcinol + 7-hydroxycoumarin at 0.1 and 0.15 mg/kg of live weight per day; and IV experimental, BD + 4-hexylresorcinol + gamma-octalactone + 7-hydroxycoumarin at 0.05, 0.15, and 0.01 mg/kg of live weight per day.

Results: Chickens in I, II, and IV experimental groups at the age of 35 days showed superior live weight than chickens in the control group. Supplementation with all the tested additives, except the combination 4-hexylresorcinol + 7-hydroxycoumarin, significantly increased the digestibility coefficients of dietary nutrients. Supplementation with the combinations 4-hexylresorcinol + gamma-octalactone and 4-hexylresorcinol + gamma-octalactone + 7-hydroxycoumarin significantly increased the amount of fat in the pectoral muscles. However, the mass fraction of fat in the thigh muscles of broiler chickens decreased in II, III, and IV experimental groups. The pectoral muscles of broiler chickens in experimental Group IV contained small amounts of lysine, tyrosine, histidine, leucine–isoleucine, methionine, valine, proline, threonine, serine, alanine, and glycine. Supplementation with pure 4-hexylresorcinol significantly reduced the levels of lysine, phenylalanine, histidine, leucine–isoleucine, methionine, valine, proline, threonine, and alanine in the thigh muscles. However, supplementation with pure 4-hexylresorcinol significantly increased the concentrations of P, Fe, Se, Zn, and B and decreased the concentrations of I, Ni, V, Al, and Pb in the pectoral muscles. Supplementation with the combination 4-hexylresorcinol + gamma-octalactone + 7-hydroxycoumarin resulted in the accumulation of Ca, Co, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn, and Li and a decrease in the concentrations of K, Mg, and V.

Conclusion: Supplementation with all the tested additives, except the combination 4-hexylresorcinol + 7-hydroxycoumarin, exerted a positive effect on the indicators of live weight gain and dietary nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. Supplementation with the combinations 4-hexylresorcinol + gamma-octalactone and 4-hexylresorcinol + gamma-octalactone + 7-hydroxycoumarin increased the amount of fat in the pectoral muscles but decreased it in the thigh muscles. Supplementation with all the tested additives decreased the concentrations of I in the pectoral muscles and Zn in the thigh muscles in all the experimental groups compared with those in the control group.

Keywords: chickens, liver, medicinal plants, pectoral muscles.

Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Newcastle disease in backyard chickens in West Kordofan State, Sudan

Research (Published online: 29-12-2022)

29. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Newcastle disease in backyard chickens in West Kordofan State, Sudan

Mutaz A. I. Hussein, Nussieba A. Osman, Mohamed T. Ibrahim, Ayman M. Alhassan, and Naglaa A. Abass

Veterinary World, 15(12): 2979-2985

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Newcastle disease (ND), a major constraint to poultry production worldwide, is a highly contagious disease of many species of domestic, exotic, and wild birds caused by ND virus (NDV). Epidemiological studies are lacking regarding ND in village chickens, including the traditional and intensive production systems used in Sudan. However, it is necessary to develop appropriate strategies to control the disease. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the flock- and bird-level seroprevalence of NDV in backyard chickens in West Kordofan State, Sudan, and to identify the risk factors associated with ND in the study area.

Materials and Methods: The seroprevalence of the circulating NDV and bird-level risk factors associated with ND was determined in backyard chickens from March to October 2017, in six villages (Alnowara, Alleait, Geibaish, Baiad, Sougoh, and Alnuhoud) in the Geibaish and Elnuhoud localities of West Kordofan State.

Results: Using the hemagglutination-inhibition test, the bird- and flock-level seroprevalences of antibodies to NDV were estimated as 20.6% (78/378) and 45% (18/40), respectively. Bird-level NDV seropositivity in backyard chickens was significantly associated with the reason for raising chickens, type of housing, contact with neighboring poultry, contact with wild birds, and chicken mortality caused by infectious diseases (p ≤ 0.05).

Conclusion: This study indicated that NDV is circulating in backyard chickens and may act as a potential source of infection for other birds and thus persistence of ND among local traditionally managed chickens in the areas of West Kordofan State. Risk factors contributing to ND occurrence are important for designing appropriate prevention and control strategies.

Keywords: backyard chickens, epidemiology, Newcastle disease virus, Newcastle disease, risk factors, seroprevalence, Sudan.

First study on molecular epidemiology of dermatophytosis in cats, dogs, and their companions in the Kurdistan region of Iraq

Research (Published online: 29-12-2022)

28. First study on molecular epidemiology of dermatophytosis in cats, dogs, and their companions in the Kurdistan region of Iraq

Karwan Idrees Jarjees and Nawzat Aboziad Issa

Veterinary World, 15(12): 2971-2978

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Dermatophytosis is a zoonotic infection of the hair, skin, or nails in animals and humans caused by dermatophytes fungi. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dermatophytosis and its associated factors in cats, dogs, and humans in the Kurdistan region of Iraq.

Materials and Methods: Skin scraping samples were taken from cats, dogs, and humans with or without skin lesions. In total, 271 samples were collected; 133 from cats, 94 from dogs, and 44 from humans. The collected samples were cultured on dermatophyte test media for fungal isolation and molecular identification.

Results: The prevalence of the disease was 44.36%, 40.43%, and 65.91% in cats, dogs, and humans, respectively. Microsporum canis, the most frequently isolated dermatophyte, occurred in 94.92% of cats, 92.11% of dogs, and 100.0% of humans whereas, Trichophyton mentagrophytes was only isolated from 5.08% of cats to 7.89% of dogs. Animals and humans at younger ages were more susceptible to the infection. Males were more susceptible than females among animals, while the reverse was true in humans. Housed cats were at higher risk of dermatophytosis than outdoor-reared cats, whereas outdoor-reared dogs were at higher risk of dermatophytosis than indoor-reared dogs. The affected skin in animals and humans is significantly associated with higher prevalence rates of the disease. Contact with infected cats and dogs was associated with increased infection rates in humans. Patients with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were found to be at higher risk of dermatophytosis than those with no history of COVID-19.

Conclusion: Awareness should be raised among people about the zoonotic aspect of the disease, especially among those with COVID-19, to avoid contact with cats and dogs, who are at risk of the disease.

Keywords: cats, coronavirus disease 2019, dermatophytosis, dogs and human, Kurdistan region-Iraq, molecular identification.

The prevalence, antimicrobial sensitivity, and factors associated with camel mastitis in Isiolo County, Kenya

Research (Published online: 28-12-2022)

27. The prevalence, antimicrobial sensitivity, and factors associated with camel mastitis in Isiolo County, Kenya

Willy Edwin Mwangi, George Karuoya Gitau, Davis Ikiror, Peter Kimeli, Moses Irungu Gakuru, Douglas Machuchu, and Wallace Kingori

Veterinary World, 15(12): 2962-2970

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) adapt very well to arid and semi-arid (ASALs) environments and continue to thrive and produce milk even during severe droughts when cattle, sheep, and goats experience high mortalities. These attributes make the dromedaries very vital for the survival of pastoralists, especially in the ASALs of Africa. Mastitis is among the most important diseases of camels and can cause significant economic losses, thereby endangering the livelihoods of pastoralists. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial sensitivity of mastitis-causing pathogens in lactating camels in Isiolo County, Kenya.

Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in July and August 2021. A questionnaire was administered to the camel keepers to capture data on herd-level factors. Lactating camels were then examined for any visible signs of clinical mastitis and as well as to capture data on other animal-level factors such as age, weight, and body condition score. A composite milk sample was collected aseptically from randomly selected camels in a herd. The samples were initially tested for somatic cell counts (SCC) using Somatos mini® automatic cell counter. Culture and sensitivity testing was then carried out on any milk sample that had SCC ≥ 200,000 cells/mL. The descriptive analysis was initially used to summarize the continuous and categorical farm and camel factors, while mixed regression models were used to explore the association between/across mastitis and the farm as well as camel-level factors.

Results: A total of 210 lactating camels from 23 herds were selected and sampled in this study. The average age of camel keepers was 48.3 ± 16.3 years and they were involved in rearing camels for a mean of about 14.3 ± 8.6 years. The total number of camels in a herd ranged from 10 to 287, with the mean total herd milk production being 34.5 ± 24.9 L/day. The mean daily milk production per camel was 2.8 ± 1.7 L while the range for days in milk was between 21 and 787 days. The average age of camel first calving and the inter-calving interval was 56.3 ± 9.9 and 27.7 ± 9.9 months, respectively. The median parity of the dam was three and the body condition score was two. About 39.7% (83/210) of the sampled camels had clinical mastitis during the current lactation. The overall prevalence of mastitis (SCC ≥ 200,000 cells/mL) in camels was 17.6%. The main pathogens isolated were Streptococcus and Staphylococcus bacteria. Streptococcus isolates were mainly sensitive to ampicillin and resistant to cefaclor. All 18 Staphylococcus isolates were sensitive to tetracycline, while 12/18 isolates were resistant to ampicillin. The factors that were significantly associated with mastitis were the age of the respondent (p = 0.038), the number of years involved in camel rearing (p = 0.024), presence of clinical mastitis since calving (p = 0.039), body condition score (p = 0.040), and age of the dam at the time of examination (p = 0.072).

Conclusion: Results from this study revealed that mastitis is an important condition among camels in the pastoral communities of Isiolo County, Kenya. Thus, pastoralists should continue to be aware of and trained on mastitis occurrence and its control in the pastoral ecosystem to reduce potential economic losses.

Keywords: camel, drug sensitivity, mastitis, risk factors.

Nationally and locally-initiated One Health approach in controlling rabies in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 28-12-2022)

26. Nationally and locally-initiated One Health approach in controlling rabies in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Cut Desna Aptriana, Etih Sudarnika, and Chaerul Basri

Veterinary World, 15(12): 2953-2961

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Rabies is one of the prioritized zoonoses in Indonesia and West Kalimantan is one of the rabies-endemic provinces in the country. This study aimed to evaluate a locally-initiated One Health approach to implement rabies prevention and control programs in Pontianak City and Sanggau District (through a bottom-up approach), and the central government initiated a program in Ketapang District (through a top-down approach).

Materials and Methods: Data were collected using three focused group discussions involving public health and animal health/veterinary sectors from each district or city. This study collected data from the rabies control program in West Kalimantan from 2014 to 2020.

Results: The evaluation results of the rabies prevention and control program in Pontianak City and Sanggau District that used the local initiative approach were considered effective in reducing the number of rabies cases in these areas, and they overcame the challenges, for example, limited resources, in this area. Pontianak City and Sanggau District initiatives' approach was a bottom-up policy. Thus, this program had better sustainability than the One Health approach in the Ketapang District, which used a top-down implementation. The approach in Ketapang District was also considered adequate to reduce the number of rabies cases in the area. However, the reshuffle of animal health officers and health workers in 2020, which was not followed by training on One Health for the new officers, became a challenge in implementing One Health in Ketapang District.

Conclusion: National and local initiatives' One Health approach implemented by Ketapang District, Sanggau District, and Pontianak City involved multiple sectors and was considered effective in preventing and controlling rabies in these areas. However, the sustainability of this program in the Ketapang District requires commitment and support from the local government.

Keywords: infectious disease, One Health, rabies, zoonoses.

Stimulating immunoglobulin response by intramuscular delivery of exopolysaccharides-adjuvanted mannheimiosis vaccine in goats

Research (Published online: 28-12-2022)

25. Stimulating immunoglobulin response by intramuscular delivery of exopolysaccharides-adjuvanted mannheimiosis vaccine in goats

Ghaith Hussein Mansour, Laith Abdul Razzak, A. Suvik, and Mohd Effendy Abd. Wahid

Veterinary World, 15(12): 2945-2952

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Pneumonic mannheimiosis (PM) is a common respiratory bacterial disease among small ruminants. Despite numerous management methods, vaccination remains a suitable strategy to combat or reduce PM in goats and sheep. Thus, a study was conducted in Malaysia to evaluate the immunogenicity of exopolysaccharide-adjuvanted Mannheimia haemolytica A2 vaccine (EPS-MHA2) under laboratory and field conditions for its potential use as an efficient vaccine against PM.

Materials and Methods: This study induced immunoglobulin (Ig) responses following intramuscular (IM) delivery of the EPS-MHA2 vaccine on 12 goats for about 7 months. Goats were divided into three groups, with three goats per group, and they were vaccinated intramuscularly as follows: Group 1 was vaccinated with an adjuvanted vaccine prepared from formalin-killed M. haemolytica serotypes A2 and EPS excipient; Group 2 was vaccinated with formalin-killed M. haemolytica seed only, whereas Group 3 was injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as the negative control. Measures of specific immunity included serum IgM, IgG, and IgA as well as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid secretory IgA and the size and number of the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT).

Results: From the 1st day of vaccination, Groups 1 and 2 showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum IgM, IgG, and IgA levels. However, the antibodies started to decline 5-week post-vaccination, indicating that the booster dose was necessary. On the second exposure to the same vaccine (booster), the level of antibodies showed a significant increase (p < 0.05), particularly IgG. All groups were challenged intratracheally by virulent MHA2 2 weeks after the decline of second antibodies on the administration of booster. All goats were euthanatized and necropsied 4-week post-challenge. The number and size of the BALT in Group 1 goats significantly increased compared with those in Group 2 and the unvaccinated control. Bacteriological parameters were evaluated, in which MHA2 was reisolated successfully from lung samples in Group 3. The IgA level produced by the group vaccinated with EPS-MHA2 was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that the MHA2 vaccine and PBS groups. All data obtained were analyzed statistically using a one-way analysis of variance. The results indicate that IM injection of EPS-MHA2 vaccine significantly enhanced the immune response against MHA2.

Conclusion: Therefore, the addition of EPS to MHA2 (EPS-MHA2 vaccine) can effectively protect goats from lethal mannheimiosis infection. Factors such as the ideal concentration of EPS should be further studied to verify its application potential as a vaccine adjuvant, and the extraction of EPS from different microalgae species should be further investigated. This study showed a novel and exciting set of data and a vaccination system, in which the suppressive effects of mannheimiosis may be further investigated.

Keywords: adjuvant, immunoglobulin, Mannheimia Haemolytica, mannheimiosis, vaccine.

A urinary proteomic study in hypercalciuric dogs with and without calcium oxalate urolithiasis

Research (Published online: 27-12-2022)

24. A urinary proteomic study in hypercalciuric dogs with and without calcium oxalate urolithiasis

Sumonwan Chamsuwan, Chollada Buranakarl, Kris Angkanaporn, Thasinas Dissayabutra, Natthaya Chuaypen, Trairak Pisitkun, and Nuttiya Kalpongnukul

Veterinary World, 15(12): 2937-2944

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Hypercalciuria is an important predisposing factor commonly found in humans and dogs with calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis. Calcium oxalate crystals can induce an inflammatory reaction that subsequently produces several proteins that have an inhibitory or stimulatory effect on stone formation. This study aimed to evaluate the differences in urinary proteomic profiles between hypercalciuric CaOx stone dogs and hypercalciuric stone-free dogs (CaOx stone and control groups, respectively).

Materials and Methods: Seven dogs with hypercalciuric CaOx urolithiasis and breed-, sex-, and aged-matched controls with hypercalciuria were included in the study. Serum and urine samples were obtained from all dogs to analyze electrolytes. Urinary proteomic profiles were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Student's t-test was used to compare the differences between groups.

Results: Forty-nine urinary proteins were identified in the stone-free and CaOx stone groups, whereas 19 and 6 proteins were unique in the CaOx stone and stone-free groups, respectively. The urinary thrombomodulin level was significantly higher in the CaOx stone group (relative ratio = 1.8, p < 0.01) than in the stone-free group.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that urinary proteomic profiles may be used as a candidate biomarker for urinary tract injury in CaOx urolithiasis in dogs.

Keywords: calcium oxalate stone, dog, hypercalciuria, urinary biomarker.

Intraocular pressure and cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine premedication and tiletamine-zolazepam for anesthetic induction in dogs

Research (Published online: 27-12-2022)

23. Intraocular pressure and cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine premedication and tiletamine-zolazepam for anesthetic induction in dogs

Pradipa Kusolphat, Tanawan Soimala, and Jutapoln Sunghan

Veterinary World, 15(12): 2929-2936

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The effect of anesthetic drugs on intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important concern in ophthalmic surgery. The impact of dexmedetomidine (DEX) combined with tiletamine-zolazepam on IOP is scarcely studied. This study aimed to evaluate IOP and cardiovascular effects in dogs after premedication with 5 μg/kg (DEX5) or 10 μg/kg (DEX10) of intramuscular DEX followed by intravenous tiletamine-zolazepam administration for induction of anesthesia in healthy dogs.

Materials and Methods: Eighteen dogs, American Society of Anesthesiologists I or II, without ocular abnormality were investigated. All dogs were randomly divided into the DEX5 (n = 9) and DEX10 groups (n = 9). The IOP, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), oxygen saturation, and sedation scale were measured before premedication (baseline), after premedication at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min, after tiletamine-zolazepam administration, after endotracheal intubation, and post-operative.

Results: There were no significant differences between the groups at any time point. The DEX5 and DEX10 groups had significantly decreased HR values at 10 min compared with baseline. The IOP at 20 min was significantly lower compared to the baseline in the DEX10 group. Moreover, the DEX10 group showed increased IOP, HR, SBP, and sedation scale values after induction and intubation compared with 20 min, but these values did not differ significantly from baseline. All parameters of both groups did not change significantly between post-operative and baseline.

Conclusion: Intramuscular DEX (10 μg/kg) is an appropriate premedication in ophthalmic examination or surgical procedures. Moreover, it could be combined with tiletamine-zolazepam for generalized anesthesia in dogs with an ophthalmic problem, as it had no clinically significant effects on IOP or cardiovascular values.

Keywords: cardiovascular, dexmedetomidine, intraocular pressure, tiletamine-zolazepam.

Native microbiomes in danger: Could One Health help to cope with this threat to global health?

Review (Published online: 26-12-2022)

9. Native microbiomes in danger: Could One Health help to cope with this threat to global health?

Pablo Zunino

International Journal of One Health, 8(2): 178-184

ABSTRACT

Planetary health faces an emergency associated with global change. Climate change, the increase in world population and urban concentration, the hyperintensification of productive systems, and the associated changes in land use, among other factors, are generating a risky substrate for global health deterioration. The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is an example of the problems that this situation can provoke. Several researchers and health professionals have addressed the role of microorganisms, particularly bacteria, in promoting global health, mainly in the past decades. However, global change has contributed to the extinction of a wide array of bacterial species and the disruption of microbial communities that support the homeostasis of humans, animals, and the environment. The need to protect the diversity and richness of native microbiomes in biotic and abiotic environments is crucial but has been frequently underestimated. The "One Health" approach, based on integrating traditionally unconnected fields such as human, animal, and environmental health, could provide a helpful framework to face this challenge. Anyway, drastic political decisions will be needed to tackle this global health crisis, in which the preservation of native microbial resources plays a critical role, even in preventing the risk of a new pandemic. This review aims to explain the importance of native microbiomes in biotic and abiotic ecosystems and the need to consider bacterial extinction as a crucial problem that could be addressed under a One Health approach.

Keywords: bacteria, global change, health, microbiome, One Health.

The prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. on ocular surfaces of fighting bulls (Bos indicus) in Thailand

Research (Published online: 24-12-2022)

22. The prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. on ocular surfaces of fighting bulls (Bos indicus) in Thailand

Dennapa Saeloh Sotthibandhu, Saowakon Indoung, Husna Niwasawat, Jiradchaya Chaiboon, Nattakan Sungsorn, Nu-issana Longji, Kittipol Polya, Chayanee Noosak, Stefan Schwarz, and Tanawan Soimala

Veterinary World, 15(12): 2922-2928

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Fighting bulls have a high risk of eye injuries, and opportunistic conjunctival bacterial flora may cause subsequent eye diseases. There is little information about the ocular health care of fighting bulls in Thailand. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. from the eyes of fighting bulls and investigate their antimicrobial susceptibility.

Materials and Methods: The samples were collected from the right conjunctival sacs of 105 fighting bulls. Biochemical tests and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used to identify bacteria to genus and species levels. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by agar disk diffusion.

Results: Staphylococcus spp. (36.84%, 56/152) were the most detected bacteria. The most prevalent Staphylococcus spp. was Staphylococcus chromogenes (37.50%, 21/56). The susceptibility test revealed that all isolates were susceptible to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (56/56, 100%) and most were susceptible to chloramphenicol and gentamicin (54/56, 96.43%). The highest resistance rates were seen for tetracycline and doxycycline (23.21%, 13/56) followed by erythromycin (19.64%, 11/56). In addition, S. chromogenes isolates were evaluated for their ability to produce biofilms by a quantitative biofilm production assay. A total of 21 isolates exhibited biofilm production, independent of their antimicrobial susceptibility. Three multidrug-resistant isolates were found, including two Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates and a single S. chromogenes isolate.

Conclusion: As antimicrobial resistant bacteria were detected on the eye surface, veterinarians should always conduct antimicrobial susceptibility testing before using antimicrobial agents. The results from this study will help to improve the standard of eye treatment for fighting bulls in Thailand.

Keywords: antimicrobial susceptibility, conjunctival flora, fighting bulls, Staphylococcus spp.

Theileria infection in bullfighting cattle in Thailand

Research (Published online: 23-12-2022)

21. Theileria infection in bullfighting cattle in Thailand

Pirayu Rakwong, Narissara Keawchana, Ruttayaporn Ngasaman, and Ketsarin Kamyingkird

Veterinary World, 15(12): 2917-2921

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: An apicomplexan protozoan parasite, namely, Theileria, primarily causes theileriosis in cattle worldwide. The virulence of the disease has been neglected because of it's low pathogenicity. However, the disease can have a substantial effect, depending on the virulence of the species, low host immunity, and coinfection. In Thailand, the molecular detection of Theileria infection in bullfighting cattle and its hematological alterations have not been reported. Thus, this study aimed to identify Theileria species in bullfighting cattle in Thailand.

Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from bullfighting cattle presented at the Prince of Songkla University Animal Hospital and were determined on the basis of hematological evaluation and DNA extraction. Molecular detection using the 18s rRNA and merozoite surface antigen genes was conducted for Theileria spp. and Theileria orientalis, respectively. In addition, bidirectional sequencing of the positive samples was performed. Hematological alterations between Theileria infected and uninfected groups were statistically evaluated.

Results: The levels of Theileria spp. and T. orientalis infection in bullfighting cattle were 44.62% (58/130) and 41.54% (54/130), respectively. Theileria orientalis, Theileria sinensis, and Theileria spp. infections were identified in bullfighting cattle samples. Hematological evaluation indicated that the red blood cell (RBC) level was significantly lower in Theileria-infected cattle.

Conclusion: This study was the first to use molecular techniques in the identification of Theileria infection in bullfighting cattle in Thailand, with nearly one-half of the study population infected. Theileria infection in bullfighting cattle altered the RBC level, resulting in anemia. Therefore, tick control measures should be promoted.

Keywords: bullfighting cattle, hematological alteration, molecular identification, Thailand, Theileria.

Common diseases of cattle in Jordan: A retrospective study (2015–2021)

Research (Published online: 23-12-2022)

20. Common diseases of cattle in Jordan: A retrospective study (2015–2021)

Myassar Alekish and Zuhair Bani Ismail

Veterinary World, 15(12): 2910-2916

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: In many developing countries, infectious and non-infectious diseases remain a major hurdle in achieving satisfactory status related to animal health, productivity, and welfare. In Jordan, there are no comprehensive reports describing the most common diseases involving different body systems in different age groups of cattle. Therefore, this retrospective study was designed to report the frequencies of various infectious and non-infectious diseases and their distribution according to sex, age, and body system in cattle in Jordan.

Materials and Methods: Case medical records of cattle presented for clinical evaluation to the Veterinary Health Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Jordan University of Science and Technology between January 2015 and December 2021 were used in this study. The data were categorized based on sex (female vs. male), body system involved in the disease process, nature of the disease process (infectious vs. non-infectious), and age (pre-weaning [<2 months of age], 2 months–2 years of age, and older than 2 years of age). Descriptive analysis was performed to report the frequencies, averages, and range values using Excel spreadsheets.

Results: Medical records of 513 cattle cases were used in the study. All cattle belonged to the Holstein-Friesian dairy breed. The majority of cases were female (91%). The age of animals ranged between 1 day and 8 years. According to age groups, there were 52%, 27%, and 16% of cases older than 2 years, 2 months–2 years, and pre-weaning (<2 months), respectively. Among males and females, the majority of cases were diagnosed with gastrointestinal diseases (30%), followed by udder/teat diseases (18%), reproductive and obstetrical diseases (16%), and respiratory diseases (11%). Other body systems involved in disease processes were metabolic (7%), musculoskeletal (6%), cardiovascular/circulatory (4%), multiple systems (3%), nervous (2%), ear/eye (2%), and skin (1%).

Conclusion: Results of this study provide valuable information on the most likely diagnostic list of diseases involving various body systems of different age groups in cattle in Jordan. This information could serve as a clinical guideline for field diagnosis of cattle diseases and provide an accurate estimate of the current status of cattle welfare, health, and husbandry practices in Jordan.

Keywords: animal welfare, cattle diseases, Holstein-Friesian dairy cows, socioeconomic impact of animal disease.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from pork in Muang district, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand

Research (Published online: 21-12-2022)

19. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from pork in Muang district, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand

Wirunchana Srichumporn, Warangkhana Chaisowwong, Montira Intanon, and Kannika Na-Lampang

Veterinary World, 15(12): 2903-2909

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Contaminated pork is one of the transmission routes for pathogens. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is one of the critical threats to global public health. This study aimed to examine pork from different types of markets in Muang district, Chiangmai Province, Thailand, for a proportion of ESBL-producing E. coli, antibiotic resistance of ESBL-producing E. coli and ESBL-producing E. coli genotypes.

Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from different market types; fresh markets, pork stores, and supermarkets, enriched and inoculated on selective media. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing E. coli was identified using double-disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2016. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed through VITEK® System and ESBL-encoding genes were detected using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction.

Results: About 69% of the samples were positive to ESBL-producing E. coli and showed high rates of resistance for ampicillin (100%), piperacillin (100%), cefalexin (100%), cefpodoxime (100%), cefovecin (100%) and ceftiofur (100%), gentamycin (89.86%), and tetracycline (TE) (84.06%). All isolates were multiple drug resistant; resistance patterns of beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, TEs, nitrobenzene derivatives, and sulfonamide groups were observed. The ESBL-producing E. coli-positive isolates carried blaCTX-M groups (100%), blaTEM (98.55%), and blaSHV (1.45%). None of blaOXA was found in this study.

Conclusion: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing E. coli was found in various types of markets; all isolates were detected as multidrug-resistant. The dissemination of such strains can conceivably cause concerning public health, implying that supervised antimicrobial use in pork production and sanitary food preparation is recommended.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli, pork, Thailand.

Toxicity test of flavonoid compounds from the leaves of Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. using in vitro culture cell models

Research (Published online: 21-12-2022)

18. Toxicity test of flavonoid compounds from the leaves of Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. using in vitro culture cell models

Mochamad Lazuardi, Suharjono Suharjono, Chi-Hsien Chien, Jie-Long He, Chi-Wen Lee, Chia-Kang Peng, Mohammad Sukmanadi, Rahmi Sugihartuti, and Lilik Maslachah

Veterinary World, 15(12): 2896-2902

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The flavonoids from mistletoe are thought to have antimicrobial action. This encouraging finding supports the benefits of medicinal plants as a substitute for synthetic antimicrobials, thus promoting healthy lifestyles. In contrast, it is known that the use of topical drug formulations made from flavonoids of mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. Loranthaceae) with Indonesian name, Benalu duku (BD) is required in skin cell irritation. This study aimed to assess the toxic effects of the flavonoid substances of BD, as an initial screening.

Materials and Methods: A myeloma cell line was cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium, and the Baby Hamster Kidney clone 12 (BHK21) cell line was cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium from stock (±9 × 107 cells/mL), and 1.2 mL of culture were distributed into each well of a microtiter plate. Subsequently, 0.2 mL of serially diluted flavonoid compounds (0.5–3 μg/mL) were added to 12 wells for each concentration, as trial groups (including control groups), followed by a 2-day incubation. Observations were performed based on the cytopathic effect (CPE) using an inverted microscope at a magnification of 100×.

Results: Cytopathic effect was detected on the microtiter plate wells for the groups of myeloma and BHK21 cells at a flavonoid concentration of 0.5 μg/mL–3 μg/mL.

Conclusion: Flavonoid compounds from BD were safely used for topical treatment of cancer cells at a concentration <2.491 μg/mL, whereas for non-cancerous cells, a concentration <2.582 μg/mL was sufficient (p < 0.05).

Keywords: antimicrobial, Baby Hamster Kidney clone 12 cell culture, cytopathic effect, healthy lifestyle, myeloma cell culture.

Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels on egg-laying frequency in hens

Research (Published online: 20-12-2022)

17. Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels on egg-laying frequency in hens

Ragil Angga Prastiya, Sri Pantja Madyawati, Sera Yunita Sari, and Aras Prasetiyo Nugroho

Veterinary World, 15(12): 2890-2895

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Gonadotropins, for example, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), are hormones that affect the reproductive process. In hens, optimal levels of FSH and LH can stimulate follicle growth fairly rapidly and thereby increase egg production through follicle development and increased ovulation. Follicle-stimulating hormone acts in the early stages of follicular growth, whereas LH acts on pre-ovulatory follicles. Normal follicular growth is the result of the complementary action of FSH and LH. Low FSH and LH levels result in the formation of follicles but a lack of egg production in chickens. This study aimed to investigate FSH and LH hormone levels from layer chickens with different egg-laying frequencies.

Materials and Methods: Fifty blood serum samples were collected from 54-week-old ISA brown strain hens that were divided into five groups (with 10 hens per group) as follows: Hens that lay eggs (i) every day, (ii) once every 2 days, (iii) twice every 3 days, (iv) 3 times every 4 days, and (v) hens that do not lay eggs. Follicle-stimulating hormone and LH levels were measured in samples using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance.

Results: Follicle-stimulating hormone levels were significantly associated with the frequency of egg laying in ISA brown strain hens (p < 0.05); the highest FSH level (869.005 ± 149.194 pg/mL) was found in hens that lay eggs every day. In contrast, the highest LH level (51.386 ± 2.410 mIU/mL) was found in hens that lay eggs every 2 days.

Conclusion: High level of FSH (869.005 ± 149.194 pg/mL) was associated with a high frequency of egg laying (every day) in ISA brown strain hens, and LH level of around 30.406 pg/mL was associated with daily egg laying in these hens.

Keywords: egg-laying frequency, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, gonadotropin hormone, laying hens, reproductive health.

Molecular detection and phylogeny of Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys in naturally infected dogs in Central and Northeast Thailand

Research (Published online: 20-12-2022)

16. Molecular detection and phylogeny of Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys in naturally infected dogs in Central and Northeast Thailand

Andaman Purisarn, Sakulchit Wichianchot, Cherdsak Maneeruttanarungroj, Bandid Mangkit, Wuttinun Raksajit, Sarawan Kaewmongkol, Thitichai Jarudecha, Wanat Sricharern, and Rucksak Rucksaken

Veterinary World, 15(12): 2877-2889

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys are tick-borne, Gram-negative bacteria that cause canine monocytic ehrlichiosis and canine cyclic thrombocytopenia, respectively. These diseases are of great importance and are distributed globally. This study aimed to create new primers for the identification of E. canis and A. platys in naturally infected dogs using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis using the 16S rDNA and gltA genes.

Materials and Methods: In total, 120 blood samples were collected from dogs in three different locations (Saraburi, Buriram, and Nakhon Ratchasima provinces) in Central and Northeast Thailand. The molecular prevalence of E. canis and A. platys was assessed using PCR targeting the 16S rDNA and gltA genes. All positive PCR amplicons were sequenced, and phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the maximum likelihood method.

Results: Ehrlichia canis had an overall molecular prevalence of 15.8% based on the 16S rDNA gene, compared to 8.3% based on the gltA gene. In addition, the overall molecular prevalence of A. platys using the 16S rDNA gene was 10.8%, while the prevalence rate was 5.8% using the gltA gene. Coinfection was 0.8% in Saraburi province. The partial sequences of the 16S rDNA and gltA genes of E. canis and A. platys in dogs in Central and Northeast Thailand showed 96.75%–100% identity to reference sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA and gltA genes revealed that E. canis and A. platys sequences were clearly grouped into their own clades.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated the molecular prevalence of E. canis and A. platys in Central and Northeast Thailand. The 16S rDNA and gltA genes were useful for the diagnosis of E. canis and A. platys. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the partial sequences of the 16S rDNA and gltA genes in E. canis and A. platys were related to prior Thai strains and those from other countries.

Keywords: 16S rDNA gene, Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia canis, gltA gene, phylogenetic analysis.

Isolation of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. from sulfonamide-treated diarrheic calves

Research (Published online: 16-12-2022)

15. Isolation of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. from sulfonamide-treated diarrheic calves

Mohammad Amdadul Haque, Muhammad Tofazzal Hossain, Md. Shafiqul Islam, Md. Zahorul Islam, Purba Islam, Sourendra Nath Shaha, Mahmudul Hasan Sikder, and Kazi Rafiq

Veterinary World, 15(12): 2870-2876

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The bovine industry is threatened by one of the most serious and deadly enteric diseases, calf diarrhea, particularly in developing nations like Bangladesh. In this context, bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs and its detrimental consequences have become a critical public health issue that is difficult to address globally. This study aimed to isolate and identify Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. with their antibiogram and antibiotic resistance gene detection from sulfonamide-treated diarrheic calves.

Materials and Methods: Twelve diarrheic calves suffering from calf diarrhea in a dairy farm were selected and a total of 36 fecal samples were aseptically collected directly from rectum before, during, and at the end of treatment for each calf to determine the total viable count, total E. coli count and total Salmonella count. A polymerase chain reaction was used for the specific detection of E. coli and Salmonella genus targeting fliC and invA genes, respectively. Antibiotic sensitivity test of the isolated E. coli and Salmonella spp. were performed by the disk diffusion method for eight commonly used antibiotics.

Results: A total of 36 E. coli (100%) and 12 Salmonella spp. (33%) were isolated from the samples and were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Total viable count was found to be ranged from 35 × 107 to 99 × 1010 colony-forming unit (CFU)/g fecal sample before starting sulfonamide treatment, 34 × 105 to 25 × 1010 CFU/g during treatment with sulfonamide, and 48 × 103 to 69 × 1010 CFU/g immediately after completion of sulfonamide treatment. Total E. coli count was found to be ranged from 4 × 104 to 36 × 1010 CFU/g, 24 × 104 to 23 × 108 CFU/g, and 13 × 104 to 85 × 1010 CFU/g, whereas total Salmonella count was found to be ranged from 16 × 106 to 18.5 × 1011 CFU/g, 15 × 104 to 44 × 107 CFU/g, and 13.2 × 105 to 21 × 1010 CFU/g fecal sample before starting sulfonamide treatment, during treatment with sulfonamide immediately after completion of sulfonamide treatment, respectively. The in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test showed that all the E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from diarrheic calves (100%) contained multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes. Escherichia coli isolates were found 100% resistant to amoxicillin (AMX), cefuroxime, cephalexin (CN), erythromycin (ERY), and tetracycline (TET); whereas 94.4%, 86.1%, and 77.8% isolates were resistant to doxycycline (DOX), moxifloxacin (MOF), and gentamycin (GEN), respectively. In case of Salmonella isolates, all were found 100% resistant to AMX, CN, and ERY; whereas 91.7% of resistance was observed for DOX, MOF, cefuroxime, GEN, and TET. Based on the molecular screening of the antibiotic resistance genes, tetA gene was present in 83.3% of the isolated E. coli and 75% of the isolated Salmonella strains, whereas 83.3% E. coli and 79.2% Salmonella isolates contained blaTEM gene.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that MDR E. coli and Salmonella spp. might be responsible for calf scouring, which is challenging to treat with antibiotics or sulfonamide drugs alone. Therefore, it is important to check the antibiotic sensitivity pattern to select a suitable antibiotic for the treatment of calf scoring. A suitable antibiotic or combination of an antibiotic and sulfonamide could be effective against E. coli and Salmonella spp. responsible for calf scouring.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, calf, diarrhea, Escherichia coli, multidrug-resistant, Salmonella spp.