The first report of seroprevalence of Q fever in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Phatthalung, Thailand

Research (Published online: 29-09-2021)

35. The first report of seroprevalence of Q fever in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Phatthalung, Thailand

Kamchai Kidsin, Decha Panjai and Sumalee Boonmar

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2574-2578

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the intracellular bacterium, Coxiella burnetii. A few studies focused on the occurrence of Q fever infection in water buffaloes in Thailand have been conducted; however, little is known regarding the seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies in buffaloes. In the present study, we describe the prevalence of Q fever infection in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Phatthalung, Thailand.

Materials and Methods: A total of 421 samples (156 blood, 156 sera, and 109 ectoparasites [lice]) were collected from 156 water buffaloes from 29 farms of the Phatthalung Province from January 22, 2021, to March 26, 2021. The blood and ectoparasite samples were screened for C. burnetii DNA using a polymerase chain reaction assay and the sera were tested for C. burnetii antibody using an indirect immunofluorescence assay.

Results: C. burnetii DNA was not detected in blood or ectoparasites; however, the seroprevalence of individual water buffaloes was 4.49% (95% CI: 2.19-8.99%), whereas that of the herd was 13.79%. There was a significant difference between abortion history and Q fever infection at 29 farms (p=0.005; OR=33.55 [95%CI: 156-722.38]).

Conclusion: This is the first report describing the low seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies in water buffaloes in Phatthalung Province, Thailand. The occurrence of this pathogen in buffaloes with reproductive disorders and people working with buffaloes warrant further investigation. Animal health authorities should inform farmers to effectively prevent and control this zoonosis.

Keywords: Coxiella burnetii, indirect immunofluorescence assay, Q fever, seroprevalence, Thailand, water buffaloes.

Effects of pressure- and volume-controlled ventilation on the work of breathing in cats using a cuffed endotracheal tube

Research (Published online: 29-09-2021)

34. Effects of pressure- and volume-controlled ventilation on the work of breathing in cats using a cuffed endotracheal tube

Nutawan Niyatiwatchanchai and Naris Thengchaisri

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2568-2573

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Mechanical ventilation is essential for supporting patients' respiratory function when they are under general anesthesia. For cats with limited lung capacity, the different effects of volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) and pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) on respiratory function remain elusive. The objective of the present study was to compare the efficacy of VCV and PCV in cats under general anesthesia using a cuffed endotracheal tube (ETT).

Materials and Methods: Twelve healthy cats were randomly allocated to either a VCV or PCV group. Five tidal volumes (6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 mL/kg) were randomly applied to assess the efficacy of VCV, and respiratory rates were adjusted to achieve a minute ventilation of 100 mL/kg/min. Peak inspiratory pressures (4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 mmHg) were randomly applied to assess the efficacy of PCV, and respiratory rates were adjusted to achieve a minute ventilation of 100 mL/kg/min. Blood pressure, gas leakages, and end-tidal CO2 were recorded from 60 trials for airway control during the use of VCV or PCV. Data were compared using Fisher's exact test with a significance level of p<0.05.

Results: Leakages did not differ between VCV (1/60 events) and PCV (0/60 events; p=0.500). Hypercapnia was identified when using VCV (6/60 events) less frequently than when using PCV (7/60 events; p=0.762), but did not reach statistical significance. Hypotension (mean arterial blood pressure <60 mmHg) occurred less frequently with VCV (0/60 events) than with PCV (9/60 events; p=0.003). Moreover, VCV provided a significantly lower work of breathing (151.10±65.40 cmH2O mL) compared with PCV (187.84±89.72 cmH2O mL; p<0.05).

Conclusion: VCV in cats using a cuffed ETT causes less hypotension than PCV. It should be noted that VCV provides a more stable tidal volume compared with PCV, resulting in a more stable minute volume. Nonetheless, VCV should not be used in patients with an airway obstruction because higher peak airway pressure may occur and lead to lung injury.

Keywords: endotracheal tube, hypotension, pressure-controlled ventilation, respiratory work, volume-controlled ventilation.

Clinical, histopathological, and molecular characterization of Mycoplasma species in sheep and goats in Egypt

Research (Published online: 28-09-2021)

33. Clinical, histopathological, and molecular characterization of Mycoplasma species in sheep and goats in Egypt

Walid S. Mousa, Ahmed A. Zaghawa, Ahmed M. Elsify, Mohamed A. Nayel, Zarroug H. Ibrahim, Khalid A. Al-Kheraije, Hesham R. Elhalafawy, Dina El-Shafey, Anis Anis and Akram A. Salama

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2561-2567

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Mycoplasma infection in small ruminants is a serious problem in sheep and goat herds around the world. It is responsible for high economic losses and decreased animal productivity. This study aimed to highlight the clinical, histopathological, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and molecular characterization of Mycoplasma species in sheep and goats in Menoufiya Governorate, Egypt.

Materials and Methods: A total of 234 samples were collected; 104 samples were collected from pneumonic lung tissues from the abattoir, in addition, 10 and 20 samples collected from apparently and diseased sheep, respectively, and 40 and 60 samples were collected from apparently and diseased goats, respectively, which were subjected to isolation onto pleuropneumonia-like organism medium. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), histopathological examination, and determination of the MIC were also performed.

Results: Of 104 samples of lung tissues showing pneumonic lesions, 56 (53.84%) were positive for Mycoplasma isolation. The positive isolation of Mycoplasma from 10 and 20 samples from apparently and diseased sheep was 30% and 40%, respectively as well as the positive isolation of Mycoplasma was 17% and 56.66% out of 40 and 60 apparently healthy and diseased field goat's cases, respectively. All the diseased sheep and goats showed respiratory manifestations, including cough, bilateral nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, and systemic reaction. Evaluation of the MIC for Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae revealed that lincospectin and tylosin were the most effective antibiotics at 2.5 μg/mL. Histopathological examination of affected lung tissue showed extensive hemorrhagic pneumonia with extensive alveolar hemorrhage. The PCR technique proved to be a rapid, specific, and sensitive method for the detection of M. ovipneumoniae and Mycoplasma arginini at 390 and 326 bp, respectively.

Conclusion: M. ovipneumoniae and M. arginini were the most prevalent species associated with respiratory infections in sheep and goats in the study area. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of these species in dissemination of the disease within herds of small ruminants.

Keywords: goats, minimum inhibitory concentration, Mycoplasma, polymerase chain reaction, prevalence, sheep.

Awareness and control methods of gastrointestinal parasites of merino sheep among farmers from different agro-ecological zones of Lesotho

Research (Published online: 27-09-2021)

32. Awareness and control methods of gastrointestinal parasites of merino sheep among farmers from different agro-ecological zones of Lesotho

Mots'elisi Aloycia Mahlehla, Setsumi Mots'oene Molapo, Mpho Wycliffe Phoofolo, Puleng Agathah Matebesi, Moeketsi Phalatsi and Morai Johannes Moiloa

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2554-2560

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Sheep production plays a crucial role in the economy of Lesotho by increasing economic state of the rural poor. However, gastrointestinal parasites infection is the most limiting factor in sheep productivity and has a highly detrimental effect on the sheep industry. Therefore this study aimed to evaluate farmers' awareness and understanding of controlling gastrointestinal parasites of merino sheep in four Lesotho agro-ecological zones.

Materials and Methods: Data were collected using a simple random sampling of 106 farmers in the lowlands, foothills, mountains, and Senqu river valley. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 20.00). Descriptive statistics were employed with cross-tabulations and tested with Chi-square and post hoc tests.

Results: The majority of farmers (80%) were aware of the gastrointestinal parasites. Most farmers (70%) reported a high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and associated it with lamb mortality in summer and autumn. Farmers use anthelmintics for treating gastrointestinal parasites in animals, and 93% of them reported the effectiveness of the drugs. However, more than 80% of farmers routinely use anthelmintics. The results revealed that 81.5%, 66.7%, 80%, and 66.7% of farmers from the lowlands, foothills, mountains, and Senqu river valley, respectively, keep sheep in non-roofed enclosures cleaned only after rains to avoid mud. Communal grazing is used as the main source of animal feeding where different livestock species share the same rangelands. Most farmers (more than 70%) believed that grazing lands were the main source of gastrointestinal parasites transmission.

Conclusion: Farmers in Lesotho are aware of gastrointestinal parasites and apply control methods to combat the gastrointestinal parasites in merino sheep. However, a need still exists for them to be empowered with skills for improving management systems and the knowledge on how the gastrointestinal parasites behave at different times of the year and in different agro-ecological zones. This will assist them in adhering to the dosing schedule designed by animal health experts.

Keywords: farmers' perspective, gastrointestinal parasites, Lesotho, Merino sheep farmers.

Assessment of chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from freshly drawn blood versus 24 h refrigerated blood

Research (Published online: 27-09-2021)

31. Assessment of chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from freshly drawn blood versus 24 h refrigerated blood

Chananphat Tantikositruj, Anchalee Buadkhunthod, Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn, Warangkana Kitpipit and Chaiwat Boonkaewwan

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2549-2553

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) is an excellent cell source for in vitro studies, particularly those involving immunology. The aim of this study was to determine the quality and quantity of chicken PBMCs isolated from freshly drawn blood as well as blood that had been chilled for 24 h. In addition, the survival of PBMCs cultured in medium was investigated.

Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 12 Betong and 12 Leghorn chickens. Hemograms were analyzed. Density gradient centrifugation was used to isolate PBMCs. PBMCs (2×106 cells/mL) were cultured in a culture medium and incubated in a CO2 incubator for 5 consecutive days. The number of viable cells was determined using the trypan blue dye exclusion method.

Results: Blood samples were obtained from healthy chickens. There was no statistically significant difference in the total amount of PBMC between fresh and refrigerated blood samples from both chicken breeds. The viability of PBMCs isolated from fresh blood (95%) was significantly greater than blood refrigerated for 24 h (90-92%) in both breeds. Furthermore, the viability of PBMCs isolated from both blood samples decreased significantly over time, from 90-95% to 60-65%.

Conclusion: The total number of PBMC in fresh and refrigerated blood was not significantly different. Fresh blood-derived PBMCs had significantly higher viability than 24 h refrigerated blood PBMCs. Furthermore, the viability of PBMCs decreased significantly over time.

Keywords: Betong chicken, cell viability, leghorn chicken, lifespan, peripheral blood mononuclear cell.

Effectiveness of cauda epididymal plasma-2 and lecithin based diluents to minimize abnormality of sexing albumin spermatozoa during cold storage

Research (Published online: 27-09-2021)

30. Effectiveness of cauda epididymal plasma-2 and lecithin based diluents to minimize abnormality of sexing albumin spermatozoa during cold storage

Frediansyah Firdaus and Dian Ratnawati

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2543-2548

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Lecithin based diluent such as AndroMed, is a semen diluent made without animal components to prevent the risk of disease transmission, while glutathione (GSH) is an intracellular non-enzymatic antioxidant that prevents cell damage due to reactive oxygen species. Meanwhile, the specific impact of AndroMed and GSH combinations on spermatozoa abnormalities has not been fully studied. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of using cauda epididymal plasma-2 (CEP-2) and AndroMed diluents with or without the addition of GSH on the abnormalities of sexing semen of Ongole crossbred bulls in cold storage.

Materials and Methods: This study used a factorial completely randomized design 2×2, the first factor was types of diluent and the second was with or without the addition of GSH. Observation of spermatozoa abnormalities was carried out at a storage time of 0-5 days using 297 ejaculations of liquid semen, with 100 spermatozoa observed per smear of each ejaculate. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance and the significant threshold (p-value) for statistical analysis was set at <0.05.

Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between AndroMed and CEP-2 in minimizing the abnormalities of upper layer spermatozoa (X), with parameters DH and AD on day 0, damage of spermatozoa (DMR) on days 1-5, and dag-like defect (DLD) on day 5. Furthermore, spermatozoa abnormalities in the lower layer (Y) showed a significant difference between diluents in the parameters of AD on day 1, DMR on days 0-5, and DLD on days 1-5. The significant difference between with or without the addition of GSH in the X sperm was observed in the DH parameters on day 0 and DMR on 5, while there was no significant difference in the Y sperm.

Conclusion: Based on the results, AndroMed has the potential to minimize spermatozoa abnormalities compared to CEP-2 diluent in sexed liquid semen. Therefore, AndroMed diluents with or without the addition of 1 mM GSH have no significant effect on spermatozoa abnormalities.

Keywords: Lecithin, cauda epididymal plasma-2, glutathione, spermatozoa abnormality.

First report from Bangladesh on genetic diversity of multidrug-resistant Pasteurella multocida type B:2 in fowl cholera

Research (Published online: 26-09-2021)

29. First report from Bangladesh on genetic diversity of multidrug-resistant Pasteurella multocida type B:2 in fowl cholera

Otun Saha, M. Rafiul Islam, M. Shaminur Rahman, M. Nazmul Hoque, M. Anwar Hossain and Munawar Sultana

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2527-2542

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Fowl cholera (FC) caused by Pasteurella multocida is a highly contagious bacterial disease of global importance for poultry production. The severity and incidence of FC caused by P. multocida may vary considerably depending on several factors associated with the host (including species and age of infected birds), the environment, and the bacterial strain. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of multidrug-resistant P. multocida strains isolated from FC outbreaks in laying hens from commercial farms of Bangladesh.

Materials and Methods: We collected 57 samples of suspected FC, including 36 live and 21 dead laying hens. P. multocida isolates were characterized by biochemical and molecular-biological methods.

Results: Twenty-two strains of P. multocida were isolated from these samples through phenotypic and genotypic characterization. The strains were grouped into two distinct random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) biotypes harboring a range of pathogenic genes; exbB, ompH, ptfA, nanB, sodC, and hgbA. In this study, 90.90% and 81.82% P. multocida strains were multidrug-resistant and biofilm formers, respectively. Whole-genome sequencing of the two representative RAPD phylotypes confirmed as P. multocida type B: L2:ST122, harboring a number of virulence factors-associated genes (VFGs), and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes (ARGs). In addition, pan-genome analysis revealed 90 unique genes in the genomes of P. multocida predicted to be associated with versatile metabolic functions, pathogenicity, virulence, and AMR.

Conclusion: This is first-ever report on the association of P. multocida genotype B: L2:ST122 and related VFGs and ARGs in the pathogenesis of FC in laying hens. This study also provides a genetic context for future researches on the evolutionary diversity of P. multocida strains and their host adaptation.

Keywords: biofilm formation, Fowl cholera, genotype B:2, multidrug-resistance, Pasteurella multocida.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward rabies in three provinces of Indonesia

Research (Published online: 25-09-2021)

28. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward rabies in three provinces of Indonesia

Saifur Rehman, Fedik Abdul Rantam, Abdul Rehman, Mustofa Helmi Effendi and Aamir Shehzad

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2518-2526

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Rabies is an important viral zoonotic disease that is mostly transmitted through the bite of a rabid dog. Despite serious efforts regarding its control, rabies is still endemic in many provinces of Indonesia. The study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to rabies in urban and rural areas in three provinces of Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: A total of 432 respondents of different age groups, educational levels, geographical areas, and occupations participated in this study. Data were collected using a pre-designed questionnaire with online and offline modes to assess the KAP of rabies among the respondents. A series of Chi-square tests and frequency distribution analyses were performed to determine associations between response variables.

Results: Of the 432 participants, 56.9% were aware of the clinical signs of rabies. Excepting for people at high risk of contracting the disease (e.g., veterinarians), most respondents (83.1%) were not vaccinated against rabies. Surprisingly, 79.4 % of those who were bitten by an infected dog did not seek medical care from the doctor and approximately 71.8% had poor knowledge of rabies control and vaccine campaigns. Of all respondents, 64% (p<0.05, odds ratio=1.63) were vaccinated after an infected dog bite. Similarly, 32% (p<0.05, odds ratio=1.59) were aware of surveys and vaccinations in their areas. In contrast, 20.7% (p<0.05, odds ratio=0.593) reported that rabid dogs were killed in their areas. The majority (89.60%) of the respondents were aware of the fact that rabies can cause death. Most of the respondents (93%) knew that rabies is caused by an infected dog bite. The overall levels of KAP among the respondents were good.

Conclusion: The findings of the current study generally show that participants had good knowledge about clinical signs based on their frequency percentage, but lacked knowledge regarding medical treatment and surveys for awareness and vaccination of rabies. Overall, a significant (p<0.05, odds ratio>1) relationship was found among the KAP of participants. This depicts that the majority of the population is aware of rabies and factors involved in its transmission.

Keywords: awareness, Bali, East Java, Indonesia, rabies, West Nusa Tenggara, zoonotic disease.

Follicle-stimulating hormone mediates the consumption of serum-derived glycogen by bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes during in vitro maturation

Research (Published online: 24-09-2021)

27. Follicle-stimulating hormone mediates the consumption of serum-derived glycogen by bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes during in vitro maturation

Ludymila F. Cantanhêde, Cristiane T. Santos-Silva, Marcelo T. Moura, José C. Ferreira-Silva, Júnior M. B. Oliveira, Daniel N. A. Gonçalves, Álvaro A. C. Teixeira, Valéria Wanderley-Teixeira and Marcos A. L. Oliveira

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2512-2517

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) is an appealing approach for several assisted reproductive technologies and dissecting oocyte maturation. Nonetheless, IVM leads to lower developmental competence and usually relies on undefined, serum-containing media. Therefore, biochemical profiling aimed to explore fluctuations in IVM media content during the acquisition of oocyte developmental competence.

Materials and Methods: Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) underwent IVM in TCM199 medium with Earle's salts, supplemented with 2.0 mM L-glutamine, 10% fetal bovine serum, antibiotics, and 0.05 IU/mL porcine follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH+) or vehicle control (CTL) medium for 22 h.

Results: FSH withdrawal (CTL) diminished several processes associated with the acquisition of oocyte developmental competence, such as reduced cumulus cell expansion, diminished estradiol synthesis (FSH+: 116.0±0.0 pg/mL vs. CTL: 97.6±18.0 pg/mL), and lower oocyte nuclear maturation rate (FSH+: 96.47% vs. CTL: 88.76%). Fresh media formulations (i.e., TCM199 with FSH or vehicle) were indistinguishable under biochemical profiling threshold conditions. Biochemical profiling showed similar total protein and lipid concentrations between groups. Further, total sugar concentrations diminished from fresh media to their post-IVM counterparts, albeit in an FSH-independent manner. Glycogen concentrations remained unaltered after IVM within CTL media, albeit were substantially lower after IVM under FSH+ conditions.

Conclusion: FSH mediates the consumption of serum-derived glycogen by bovine COCs during IVM and implies that serum-free media should contain increased glucose concentrations to facilitate the acquisition of oocyte developmental competence.

Keywords: biomolecules, cattle, developmental competence, gonadotropin, granulosa, sera.

Investigation of serum beta-defensin-1 levels in bovine trichophytosis cases

Research (Published online: 24-09-2021)

26. Investigation of serum beta-defensin-1 levels in bovine trichophytosis cases

Aynur Simsek

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2508-2511

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Antimicrobial peptides are polypeptides that are a component of innate immunity and exhibit antifungal activity. This study aimed to investigate serum beta-defensin-1 levels in cattle diagnosed with trichophytosis, which is a zoonotic skin disease that affects several animal species.

Materials and Methods: A total of 23 young cattle, aged 2-4 months, of different breeds and sexes were selected. Of these, 16 cattle were clinically diagnosed with trichophytosis and seven were healthy.

Results: The mean serum beta-defensin-1 levels of the infected animals were lower than those of control animals, yet the difference between the two groups was not significant (p>0.05).

Conclusion: No significant alterations occurred in serum beta-defensin-1 levels of cattle with trichophytosis.

Keywords: beta-defensin-1, bovine, serum, trichophytosis.

Measuring the sustainability of beef supply chain with rapid appraisal for beef supply chain

Research (Published online: 23-09-2021)

25. Measuring the sustainability of beef supply chain with rapid appraisal for beef supply chain

Aries Susanty, Ratna Purwaningsih, Haryo Santoso, Anggun Novi Arista and Benny Tjahjono

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2488-2507

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Nationally, there has always been a gap between the demand for beef and its supply, although supply growth is proportional with demand growth and even exceeds it in some regions in Indonesia. This research study aims to measure the sustainability status of the beef supply chain and applies the developed measurement system to a specific beef supply chain by identifying suitable indicators and their scale. Moreover, this research study provides some recommendations for the improvement of the sustainability status of the beef supply chain.

Materials and Methods: In this research study, 11 and nine indicators were analyzed to assess the sustainability status of the beef supply chain at the farm and slaughterhouse chain levels. A rapid appraisal for beef supply chain was applied to rapidly assess the sustainability status of beef supply chains using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). The Delphi method was utilized as an iterative process to collect data and obtain consensus of experts' judgments regarding the policies that should be implemented to improve the most sensitive indicator affecting the economic, social, and environmental dimensions.

Results: Analysis of ordination with MDS shows the regional sustainability index value for multidimensional approaches of beef cattle farms and beef slaughterhouses. The sustainability index value for beef cattle farms was 56.14 (moderately sustainable), 48.02 (fairly unsustainable), and 48.77 (fairly unsustainable) in Semarang, Sragen, and Boyolali, respectively. Moreover, the sustainability index value for beef slaughterhouses was 47.05 (fairly unsustainable), 54.83 (moderately sustainable), and 54.19 (moderately sustainable) in Semarang, Sragen, and Boyolali, respectively. Policy recommendation was focused on the basis of the results of leverage analysis, which highlighted the most indicative factor affecting sustainability for each dimension.

Conclusion: Measurement results revealed that the achievement of beef supply chain sustainability requires targeted efforts through the deployment of several policies as the current status of sustainability in beef farms and beef slaughterhouses was only inclined toward moderately sustainable and fairly unsustainable. Although all the surveyed regions in this study can meet the regional needs of beef meat on their own and even distribute the excess to other regions, none of the beef supply chains of the surveyed region indicated good sustainability.

Keywords: beef supply chain, indicators, rapid appraisal for beef supply chain, sustainability.

Sparganosis (Spirometra spp.) in Asian Water Monitor (Varanus salvator): A medical implications for veterinarians, breeders, and consumers

Research (Published online: 23-09-2021)

24. Sparganosis (Spirometra spp.) in Asian Water Monitor (Varanus salvator): A medical implications for veterinarians, breeders, and consumers

Aditya Yudhana, Ratih Novita Praja and Anjani Marisa Kartikasari

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2482-2487

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The high prevalence of sparganosis has been reported globally, especially in Asian countries where the majority of individuals consume raw meat from wild-caught reptiles. In Indonesia, similar cases regarding the high prevalence of sparganosis were recorded from wild reptiles such as snakes that utilized for culinary purposes, whereas, there are no data regarding other species such as water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator), which also provided as daily culinary with a high number of trades. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the prevalence of sparganosis in water monitor lizard (V. salvator), which is frequently utilized as culinary products in East Java Province, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: A total of 313 living wild-caught and captive-bred Asian water monitor lizards were collected from the reptile markets and breeders. All samples were euthanized and observed for the presence of plerocercoid. Identification of the plerocercoid as larval infective stage was made using carmine staining method.

Results: The total prevalence of sparganosis was recorded at 69.64%. A total of 393 plerocercoids were collected in which divided 280 (71.24%) infecting muscles and 113 (28.75%) located in subcutaneous tissues.

Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this study not only recorded as the first evidence but also confirms the role of monitor lizards as sparganosis transmitters in Asia and reveals additional routes of sparganosis transmission in Indonesian reptiles. Local conservation laws should be strengthened to effectively control or ban wildlife trade in traditional markets. Moreover, public awareness regarding sparganosis as a neglected zoonotic disease should be applied to prevent disease transmission in Indonesia.

Keywords: infectious disease, sparganosis, Spirometra, Varanus salvator.

The potential of sperm bovine protamine as a protein marker of semen production and quality at the National Artificial Insemination Center of Indonesia

Research (Published online: 23-09-2021)

23. The potential of sperm bovine protamine as a protein marker of semen production and quality at the National Artificial Insemination Center of Indonesia

Berlin Pandapotan Pardede, Tulus Maulana, Ekayanti Mulyawati Kaiin, Muhammad Agil, Ni Wayan Kurniani Karja, Cece Sumantri and Iman Supriatna

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2473-2481

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Protamine (PRM) is the major protein in the sperm nucleus and plays an essential role in its normal function. Moreover, PRM has great potential as a protein marker of semen production and quality. This study aimed to assess the potential of sperm bovine PRM as a protein marker of semen production and quality in bulls at the National Artificial Insemination (AI) Center of Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: The semen production capacity of each bull was collected from frozen semen production data at the Singosari AI Center for 6 months, and was then divided into two groups (high and low). A total of 440 frozen semen straws from six Limousin (LIM), six Friesian Holstein (FH), six Peranakan Ongole (PO), and four Aceh bulls aged 4-5 years were used in the study. The frozen semen was used to measure the concentration of PRM1, PRM2, and PRM3 using the enzyme immunoassay method. The frozen semen was also used to assess the quality of the semen, including progressive motility (PM) through computer-assisted semen analysis, sperm viability through eosin–nigrosin analysis, and the DNA fragmentation index through Acridine Orange staining.

Results: PRM1 was significantly higher in all bull breeds included in the study (p<0.00), followed by PRM2 (p<0.00) and PRM3 (p<0.00). PRM1 significantly affected semen production in LIM, FH, PO, and Aceh bulls (p<0.05). Moreover, PRM2 significantly affected semen production only in FH and Aceh bulls (p<0.05), whereas PRM3 affected this parameter in PO and Aceh bulls exclusively (p<0.05). Consistently and significantly, PRM1 was positively correlated with the PM and viability of sperm and negatively associated with its DNA fragmentation in LIM, FH, PO, and Aceh bulls (p<0.05; p<0.01). The correlation analysis between PRM2 and PRM3 and semen quality parameters varied across all bull breeds; some were positively and negatively correlated (p<0.05; p<0.01), and some were not correlated at all.

Conclusion: PRM1 has excellent potential as a protein marker of semen production and quality in bulls at the National AI Center of Indonesia.

Keywords: bull, protamine, protein marker, semen production, semen quality.

Zoonotic diseases appeared to be a major hurdle to successful deer farming in Bangladesh

Research (Published online: 22-09-2021)

22. Zoonotic diseases appeared to be a major hurdle to successful deer farming in Bangladesh

Sajeda Sultana, Nazneen Sultana, Mahmuda Islam, Munmun Pervin, Md. Ariful Islam Khan and Mohammad Abu Hadi Noor Ali Khan

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2462-2472

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Due to the diversified lifestyle and fancy ecology associated with Chitra deer (Axis axis), deer farming has become popular in Bangladesh. Diseases may be the common constrain of successful deer farming. This study aims to investigate the pathological, bacteriological, and nucleic acid based technologies to identify specific causes of morbidity and mortality of captive deer.

Materials and Methods: Two deer farms and a park deer (designated as farm A, B, and C) entailing 87, 54, and 20 deer, respectively, showed illness and death constitute the study materials. A total of 42 deer died during this investigation. Following death, routine post-mortem examination, histopathology, impression smear staining, isolation, and identification of bacteria were carried out. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR were carried out to safeguard the etiology.

Results: Clinically, farm A and B showed the acute phase of illness and park deer showed chronic illness. Case fatality rates were 90%, 92%, and 100% in farms A, B, and C deer, respectively. Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus pneumoniae were identified from the visceral organs of farm A deer. Farm B deer was infected with Clostridium perfringens type A. Park deer was infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and hydatid cyst.

Conclusion: The infectivity in farm A deer was due to stress as induced by punishing weather. The infectivity in farm B deer was due to feeding a higher volume of protein in the diet. The park C deer may optate infection from companion man and animals living around. The diseases of captive deer identified mainly were zoonotic. It needs extensive veterinary services and specialized technologies to identify these diseases, monitor the infectivity and eliminate the public health important diseases at early onset.

Keywords: deer, enterotoxaemia, mycobacterium, pasteurella, zoonosis.

Effects of dietary supplementation of Vitamins E and C on oxidative stress induced by a Nigerian velogenic strain of the Newcastle disease virus (KUDU 113) in the brain and bursa of Fabricius of broiler chickens

Research (Published online: 21-09-2021)

21. Effects of dietary supplementation of Vitamins E and C on oxidative stress induced by a Nigerian velogenic strain of the Newcastle disease virus (KUDU 113) in the brain and bursa of Fabricius of broiler chickens

Obianuju Nkiruka Okoroafor, Temitope Mofoluso Ogunniran, Nkechi Harriet Ikenna-Ezeh, Ikechukwu John Udeani, Jacinta Ngozi Omeke, Wilfred Sunday Ezema and Boniface Anene

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2452-2461

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Newcastle disease (ND) is widely recognized as an extremely harmful and contagious disease of birds. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of oxidative stress induced by the virulent ND virus (NDV) (KUDU 113) on the plasma, brain, bursa of Fabricius, NDV antibody response, and hematology as well as the ameliorative effect of the individual or combined use of Vitamins E and C on the clinical signs of NDV-infected chickens.

Materials and Methods: In this study, a total of 150 broiler chickens were included and divided into five groups: Group 1, nonsupplemented and unchallenged chickens (UCC); Group 2, nonsupplemented and challenged chickens (ICC); Group 3, Vitamin C-supplemented + challenged chickens; Group 4, Vitamin E-supplemented + challenged chickens; and Group 5, Vitamins E and C-supplemented + challenged chickens. Groups 3, 4, and 5 were supplemented with Vitamins E and C (33 and 400 mg/kg/day, respectively). Virus challenge was done with 0.1 ml of KUDU 113 7 days after the start of vitamin inclusion in their diet. Concentrations of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were analyzed in the plasma, brain, and bursa on days 0, 3, and 7 post-infection (pi) using the biochemical method. The blood samples were randomly collected from five chickens in each group for antibody response and hematological analyses on day 0 previtamin treatment and at 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days pi (dpi).

Results: A significant increase in the concentrations of MDA and NO in the NDV-challenged chickens was observed when compared with the UCCs. Moreover, a significant decrease in GSH concentration was observed in the NDV-challenged chickens when compared with the UCCs. The activities of CAT and SOD were reduced markedly in the NDV-challenged chickens. Increases in the mean antibody titers were observed in the NDV-challenged group when compared with the UCCs from days 3 to 21 pi. The mortality rates of groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were 0%, 30%, 3.3%, 3.3%, and 26.6%, respectively.

Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that KUDU 113 causes oxidative stress in the brain and bursa of Fabricius of chickens. Individual supplementation with Vitamin E or C was found to be more effective in ameliorating oxidative stress, improving the immune response, and reducing mortality in KUDU 113 infections than the combined supplementation of Vitamins C and E.

Keywords: hematologic parameters, Newcastle disease, oxidative stress, Vitamin C, Vitamin E antibody titer.

Comparison among TonoVet, TonoVet Plus, Tono-Pen Avia Vet, and Kowa HA-2 portable tonometers for measuring intraocular pressure in dogs

Research (Published online: 21-09-2021)

20. Comparison among TonoVet, TonoVet Plus, Tono-Pen Avia Vet, and Kowa HA-2 portable tonometers for measuring intraocular pressure in dogs

João Victor Goulart Consoni Passareli, Felipe Franco Nascimento, Giovana José Garcia Estanho, Claudia Lizandra Ricci, Glaucia Prada Kanashiro, Rogério Giuffrida and Silvia Franco Andrade

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2444-2451

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Tonometers are an important instrument for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in the diagnosis of glaucoma or uveitis. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of the main types of tonometers with different IOP measurement methodologies in dogs: TonoVet and TonoVet Plus (rebound), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (applanation), and Kowa HA-2 (Goldmann applanation).

Materials and Methods: IOP was measured in 152 eyes of 76 dogs. A postmortem study was performed by comparing manometry and tonometry values and calculating the correlation coefficient (r2), in vivo real IOP (manometry) among the tonometers was compared, and an outpatient study was conducted with healthy eyes and eyes with signs of glaucoma and uveitis.

Results: In the postmortem study, the values of r2 in descending order were Kowa (0.989), TonoVet Plus (0.984), TonoVet (0.981), and Tono-Pen Avia Vet (0.847). The IOP values in mmHg in the in vivo study were as follows: Aneroid manometer (16.8±2.5.7), TonoVet (18.1±2.9), TonoVet Plus (20.6±2.3), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (17.1±2.5), and Kowa (16.1±1.7); in outpatient clinics: TonoVet (16.8±3.8), TonoVet Plus (19.2±2.9), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (16.2±2.4), and Kowa (15.0±1.3); glaucoma: TonoVet (30.2±3.5), TonoVet Plus (35.0±6.1), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (29.5±4.2), and Kowa (23.9±5.0); and uveitis: TonoVet (14.2±1.4), TonoVet Plus (17.6±1.9), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (13.7±2.1), and Kowa (12.6±1.7).

Conclusion: There was a strong correlation between IOP values and manometry in all the tonometers. The highest values were obtained with TonoVet Plus and the lowest with Kowa HA-2. All tonometers accurately measured IOP in dogs, including the latest TonoVet Plus, which showed an excellent correlation coefficient.

Keywords: applanation tonometry, direct manometry, dogs, Goldmann tonometry, rebound tonometry.

Review (Published online: 20-09-2021)

19. Coronavirus disease 2019 and future pandemics: Impacts on livestock health and production and possible mitigation measures

Md. Hakimul Haque, Md. Aminul Islam, Md. Rezaul Karim, Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh, Subir Sarker, K. H. M. Nazmul Hussain Nazir and M. Sawkat Anwer

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2434-2443

ABSTRACT

The World Health Organization declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic on March 11, 2020. COVID-19, the current global health emergency, is wreaking havoc on human health systems and, to a lesser degree, on animals globally. The outbreak has continued since the first report of COVID-19 in China in December 2019, and the second and third waves of the outbreak have already begun in several countries. COVID-19 is expected to have adverse effects on crop production, food security, integrated pest control, tourism, the car industry, and other sectors of the global economy. COVID-19 induces a range of effects in livestock that is reflected economically since human health and livelihood are intertwined with animal health. We summarize the potentially harmful effects of COVID-19 on livestock and possible mitigation steps in response to this global outbreak. Mitigation of the negative effects of COVID-19 and future pandemics on livestock requires the implementation of current guidelines.

Keywords: coronavirus disease 2019, impact, livestock, mitigation, poultry.

Effects of hydrolyzable tannin extract obtained from sweet chestnut wood (Castanea sativa Mill.) against bacteria causing subclinical mastitis in Thai Friesian dairy cows

Research (Published online: 20-09-2021)

18. Effects of hydrolyzable tannin extract obtained from sweet chestnut wood (Castanea sativa Mill.) against bacteria causing subclinical mastitis in Thai Friesian dairy cows

Tipwadee Prapaiwong, Wuttikorn Srakaew, Chalong Wachirapakorn and Chaiwat Jarassaeng

Veterinary World, 14(9): 2427-2433

Background and Aim: Hydrolyzable tannins are an important group of secondary plant metabolites, which are known for antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to assess the efficiency with which a hydrolyzable tannin extract from sweet chestnut wood (Castanea sativa Mill.) could inhibit mastitis-causing bacteria in vitro.

Materials and Methods: The negative control used was sterile water, and the positive controls were penicillin and gentamicin. The treatments included five concentrations of hydrolyzable tannins (63, 190, 313, 630, and 940 mg/mL). In cows with subclinical mastitis, the bacteria causing the disease were isolated and identified. Then, the antibacterial activity of the hydrolyzable tannin extract was assessed by the disk diffusion method, by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and by determining the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).

Results: Penicillin inhibited (p<0.01) the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but could not inhibit (p>0.05) the growth of Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, gentamicin and hydrolyzable tannins could inhibit (p<0.01) all isolated bacteria. Increasing the concentration of hydrolyzable tannin extract resulted in a quadratic increase in the inhibition zone diameter of S. aureus and S. agalactiae and a linear increase in the inhibition zone diameter of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa. In addition, 630 and 940 mg/mL of hydrolyzable tannin extract showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. agalactiae and E. coli (p<0.01), while 940 mg/mL concentration had the highest antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae (p<0.01). The MIC and MBC of the extract were 27.3-190 mg/mL and 58.8-235 mg/mL, respectively, with the MBC: MIC ratio being 2:1.

Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity of the hydrolyzable tannin extract against subclinical mastitis bacteria was comparable to the antibiotics (positive controls) at concentrations over 630 mg/mL. Although these in vitro findings are promising, further research is needed to determine whether hydrolyzable tannins could be used to control or prevent subclinical mastitis in dairy cows.

Keywords: hydrolyzable tannins, pathogen, subclinical mastitis, Thai Friesian dairy cows.