Evaluation of the hematological and clinical biochemical markers of stress in broiler chickens

Research (Published online: 31-10-2020)

35. Evaluation of the hematological and clinical biochemical markers of stress in broiler chickens

Chioma U. Nwaigwe, John I. Ihedioha, Shodeinde V. Shoyinka and Chukwuemeka O. Nwaigwe

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2294-2300

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Stress significantly affects health and productivity of animals. There is need for affordable and easy-to-assay markers of physiological stress in broilers. This study evaluated hematological and serum biochemical markers of physiologic stress in broiler chickens.

Materials and Methods: Thirty day-old broiler chickens were assigned to three groups of ten broilers each during the 56-day study. Group 1 broilers served as the control and were not exposed to any stressors; Group 2 broilers were stocked at the stress density of 50 kg BW m–2 from day 49 to 56 while Group 3 broilers had their feed withdrawn 36 h before blood collection on day 56. Blood samples were collected on day 49 (pre-stress sample) and day 56 (post-stress sample) from all the birds and subjected to hematological and serum biochemical analysis.

Results: The parameters did not vary significantly (p>0.05) pre-stress. Post-stress, there were significant variations in the heterophil, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts and in the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio across the three groups. The concentrations of the plasma fibrinogen and serum albumins, sodium, and sodium to potassium ratio of the broilers varied significantly across the groups.

Conclusion: Heterophil, eosinophil, and lymphocyte counts, the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, plasma fibrinogen, serum albumin, sodium, and sodium to potassium ratio are significant markers of physiological stress in broilers.

Keywords: broiler chickens, hematology, physiological stress, serum biochemistry.

The combined effect of magnetic and electric fields using on/off infrared light on the blood sugar level and the diameter of Langerhans islets of diabetic mice

Research (Published online: 31-10-2020)

34. The combined effect of magnetic and electric fields using on/off infrared light on the blood sugar level and the diameter of Langerhans islets of diabetic mice

S. Suhariningsih, Suryani Dyah Astuti, Saikhu Akhmad Husen, Dwi Winarni, Dian Astri Rahmawati, Akhmad Taufiq Mukti, Alfian Pramudita Putra and Muhammad Miftahussurur

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2286-2293

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: At present, diabetes is treated with oral antidiabetic medicines, such as sulfonylureas and thiazolidine, as well as insulin injection. However, these methods have several shortcomings. Therefore, alternatives for treating diabetes mellitus (DM) are needed. This study aims to determine the combined effect of magnetic and electric fields on blood sugar levels and the diameter of Langerhans islets of diabetic mice.

Materials and Methods: Induction of DM in mice was carried out by administering lard for 2 weeks and continued with an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, dissolved in a 4.5 pH citrate buffer, and administered in a dose of 30 mg/kg bodyweight for 5 days. Treatments were used in combination with magnetic and electric fields using on/off infrared light. Blood samples were pipetted through the tip of mice's tails to establish the blood sugar level for each individual mouse. Histology preparation of the pancreas organ was affected using the histology standard as well as hematoxylin and eosin staining methods. Langerhans islet diameter data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Duncan's multiple range test. Data analysis was performed at α=0.05.

Results: The results showed that the combined treatment of permanent magnetic and unidirectional electric fields (PS) caused changes in blood sugar levels that were not significantly different from the normal control group. The PS treatment improved the diameter of the Langerhans islets but not to a significant degree compared to other treatments.

Conclusion: The use of PS treatment is effective for reducing the blood sugar levels of diabetic mice and improving the diameter of their Langerhans islets.

Keywords: blood sugar level, diabetic mice, electric field, infrared light, Langerhans islets diameter, magnetic field.

African swine fever: A permanent threat to Indian pigs

Review (Published online: 29-10-2020)

33. African swine fever: A permanent threat to Indian pigs

Sharanagouda S. Patil, Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh, Vikram Vashist, Awadhesh Prajapati, Bramhadev Pattnaik and Parimal Roy

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2275-2285

ABSTRACT

India has 9 million pigs, of which 45% are in the North eastern (NE) states of India. Viral diseases affecting pigs are a major concern of mortality causing huge loss to the pig farmers. One such disease is African swine fever (ASF) that has already knocked the porous borders of NE states of India. ASF is a highly contagious devastating disease of pigs and wild boars causing 100% mortality. The causative agent African swine fever virus (ASFV) belongs to the genus Asfivirus, family Asfarviridae. Pig is the only species affected by this virus. Soft ticks (Ornithodoros genus) are shown to be reservoir and transmission vectors of ASFV. Transmission is very rapid and quickly engulfs the entire pig population. It is very difficult to differentiate classical swine fever from ASF since clinical symptoms overlap. Infected and in contact pigs should be culled immediately and buried deep, and sheds and premises be disinfected to control the disease. There is no vaccine available commercially. Since its first report in Kenya in 1921, the disease has been reported from the countries in Europe, Russian federation, China, and Myanmar. The disease is a threat to Indian pigs. OIE published the first report of ASF in India on May 21, 2020, wherein, a total of 3701 pigs died from 11 outbreaks (Morbidity - 38.45% and mortality - 33.89%) in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh states of India. ASF is non-zoonotic.

Keywords: African swine fever, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, first outbreak, India, North eastern states, pigs, social and economic factors.

Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 and other verotoxin-producing E. coli in healthy Indian cattle

Research (Published online: 29-10-2020)

32. Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 and other verotoxin-producing E. coli in healthy Indian cattle

Dasharath B. Shinde, Surbhi Singhvi, Santosh S. Koratkar and Sunil D. Saroj

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2269-2274

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Cattle are the main reservoir of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC); therefore, there is an increased risk of infection to humans by either direct or indirect mode of transmissions. However, the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in the healthy cattle population of India is yet to be ascertained. This study aimed to screen the dairy cattle in and around Pune, Maharashtra, India, for verotoxin-producing E. coli O157:H7.

Materials and Methods: A total of 257 rectal swabs were collected from 15 different organized and unorganized dairy farms of Pune during the period, January-March 2015. The screening involved enrichment in EC broth followed by differential identification on MacConkey sorbitol agar. The presumptive positive isolates were further confirmed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers specific to rfbE (O157), fliC (H7), VT1 (MK1), and VT2 (MK2). Vero-toxicity and antibiotic sensitivity were examined in PCR confirmed isolates.

Results: Out of the 257 samples analyzed, 1.9% (2/105) were positive for O157:H7 and 39% (41/105) were positive for VTEC. Two PCR confirmed positive O157:H7 strains and two randomly selected PCR-positive VT strains exhibited in vitro cytopathic effect on Vero cells on day-7 post-inoculation. Antibiotic sensitivity profiling of O157:H7 strains exhibited resistance against penicillin G, kanamycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamycin, cefotaxime, streptomycin, and piperacillin.

Conclusion: These findings reveal the presence of pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 in the healthy cattle of Pune; in a situation, wherein regular surveillance for O157:H7 is not a norm. Therefore, the findings presented herein warrant routine surveillance and public awareness to prevent the transfer of such pathogens and manage health risks to the public.

Keywords: cattle, Escherichia coli O157:H7, shiga toxin, vero cells, verotoxin.

Short-term effects of sildenafil in the treatment of dogs with pulmonary hypertension secondary to degenerative mitral valve disease

Research (Published online: 29-10-2020)

31. Short-term effects of sildenafil in the treatment of dogs with pulmonary hypertension secondary to degenerative mitral valve disease

Karun Saetang and Sirilak Disatian Surachetpong

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2260-2268

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD). Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, has effects in reducing pulmonary arterial pressure by selectively dilating pulmonary vessels. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of sildenafil in combination with conventional therapy in dogs with PH caused by DMVD.

Materials and Methods: Fourteen dogs diagnosed with PH secondary to DMVD Stage C on conventional therapy were randomly assigned to placebo (n=7) and sildenafil (n=7) groups. On day 0, the recruited dogs underwent physical examinations, clinical score assessments, electrocardiography, systolic blood pressure measurements, blood collection, thoracic radiography, and echocardiography for baseline. The dogs then received a combination of conventional therapy with sildenafil or placebo every 8 h for 1 week. On day 7, all dogs underwent the baseline evaluations again.

Results: The sildenafil group experienced a significant decrease in estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) (p=0.043) from day 0 to day 7. Moreover, the total clinical scores were decreased in dogs treated with sildenafil relative to those who received the placebo (p=0.007); however, the lung scores were not different between before and after treatment with sildenafil.

Conclusion: Sildenafil had a synergistic effect with conventional therapy in reducing the estimated sPAP and clinical scores in dogs with PH secondary to DMVD.

Keywords: degenerative mitral valve disease, dogs, pulmonary hypertension, sildenafil.

Current advances in molecular subtyping using multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in Egyptian chickens

Research (Published online: 28-10-2020)

30. Current advances in molecular subtyping using multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in Egyptian chickens

Wafaa M. M. Hassan, Ashraf A. Abd El Tawab and Sara M. El-Shannat

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2252-2259

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity, evolutionary level, and prevalence of genotypes of common isolates of Salmonella (Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium). Using one of the most advanced molecular recognition techniques, multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), we characterized the genotype and prevalence of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium.

Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty-five internal organ samples were collected from the major chicken slaughterhouses in Egypt, and Salmonella species were isolated. PCR was utilized to amplify the IE-1 and Flic-C genes to identify S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium DNA, respectively, from Salmonella isolates. MLVA was applied on nine samples of S. Enteritidis DNA and three samples of S. Typhimurium DNA. Six variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci (Sal02, Sal04, Sal06, Sal10, Sal20, and Sal23) were amplified.

Results: Of the examined samples (n=125), a total of 12 isolates (9.6%) were either identified as Enteritidis or Typhimurium. PCR-mediated amplification of IE-1 and Flic-C revealed that 75% (n=9) of the 12 Salmonella isolates were S. Enteritidis and 25% (n=3) were S. Typhimurium. The six loci amplified through MLVA had allelic diversity. The most discriminatory heterogenic locus for S. Enteritidis was Sal20. Sal04 and Sal23 were the most discriminatory heterogenic loci for S. Typhimurium. VNTR allelic profile analysis revealed nine unique genotypes for S. Enteritidis and three for S. Typhimurium.

Conclusion: This study was the first to use MLVA analysis to identify S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium strains isolated from chickens in Egypt. The molecular typing data reported herein allowed us to characterize the genotypes of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium that are most prevalent in Egyptian chickens. Moreover, this epidemiological information provides valuable insight on how to prevent disease transmission. Moreover, our methods provide an alternative to traditional serotyping techniques that may produce inaccurate strain identifications for organisms with rough lipopolysaccharide structures.

Keywords: lipopolysaccharides, multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis, Salmonella, serotyping.

Evaluating Flinders Technology Associates card for transporting bacterial isolates and retrieval of bacterial DNA after various storage conditions

Research (Published online: 28-10-2020)

29. Evaluating Flinders Technology Associates card for transporting bacterial isolates and retrieval of bacterial DNA after various storage conditions

Azhar G. Shalaby, Neveen R. Bakry, Abeer A. E. Mohamed and Ashraf A. Khalil

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2243-2251

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) cards simplify sample storage, transport, and extraction by reducing cost and time for diagnosis. This study evaluated the FTA suitability for safe transport and storage of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cells of animal origin on its liquid culture form and from organ impression smears (tissues) under the same routine condition of microbiological laboratory along with detecting their nucleic acid over different storage conditions.

Materials and Methods: Increase in bacterial count from 104 to 107 (colony-forming units/mL) of 78 isolates representing seven bacterial species was applied onto cards. FTA cards were grouped and inoculated by these bacteria and then stored at different conditions of 24-27°C, 4°C, and –20°C for 24 h, for 2 weeks, for 1 and 3 month storage, respectively. Bacteriological examination was done, after which bacterial DNA was identified using specific primers for each bacterial type and detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results: The total percentage of recovered bacteria from FTA cards was 66.7% at 24-27–C for 24 h, the detection limit was 100% in Gram-positive species, while it was 57.4% in Gram-negative ones. Regarding viable cell detection from organ impression smears, it was successful under the previous conditions. No live bacterial cells were observed by bacteriological isolation rather than only at 24-27°C for 24 h storage. All bacterial DNA were sufficiently confirmed by the PCR technique at different conditions.

Conclusion: Overall, the FTA card method was observed to be a valid tool for nucleic acid purification for bacteria of animal origin in the form of culture or organ smears regardless of its Gram type and is used for a short time only 24 h for storage and transport of live bacteria specifically Gram-positive type. Moreover, the bacterial nucleic acid was intact after storage in –20°C for 3 months and was PCR amplifiable.

Keywords: bacteria, colony-forming units, Flinders Technology Associates, nucleic acid, polymerase chain reaction.

Seroprevalence of Brucella abortus in cattle in Southern Lebanon using different diagnostic tests

Research (Published online: 28-10-2020)

28. Seroprevalence of Brucella abortus in cattle in Southern Lebanon using different diagnostic tests

Hussein Hassan, Ali Salami, Ghassan Ghssein, Jeanne El-Hage, Nada Nehme and Rana Awada

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2234-2242

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Brucellosis is endemic zoonotic and highly contagious bacterial disease. Recently, several brucellosis cases were reported in Lebanon, causing significant economic losses; however, no study was done so far on farms located in the southern part of the country. Thus, the aim of our study was to estimate the prevalence of Brucella abortus in South Lebanon using three different serological tests in the diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle.

Materials and Methods: Seventeen farms from 14 locations in Southern Lebanon were selected. Two hundred and three bovine blood samples of different ages, and 121 milk samples collected from older than 2 years cattle were tested using different serological tests: Rose Bengal test (RBT), milk ring test (MRT), indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA), and confirmed with competitive ELISA (C-ELISA).

Results: Results revealed that approximately 15.3% (confidence interval [CI] 95 10.3-20.2%) and 15.7% (CI 95 9.2-22.2%) of samples were positive using RBT and MRT, respectively. This percentage was significantly higher when using I-ELISA (18.3%) (CI 95 12.9-23.5%) and C-ELISA (18.7%) (CI 95 9.8-27.5%). Among used diagnostic tests, our results showed that ELISA was more accurate for the detection of brucellosis, especially since it detects the late stages of the infection, which is characterized by the presence of immunoglobulin G. The seroprevalence of brucellosis was higher among females. All positive tests were of cattle Holstein breed older than 2 years. Tyre and Jezzine cities had a higher significance in bovine brucellosis than Saida. A positive correlation between human and cattle brucellosis was found.

Conclusion: Our results showed that bovine brucellosis is prevalent in southern Lebanon. Lack of research, in addition to little feedback of occurring illness or symptoms, creates a gap in helping to control the spread of the disease.

Keywords: Brucellosis, Brucella abortus, diagnostic tests, prevalence, Southern Lebanon.

Gastrointestinal parasite infection intensity and hematological parameters in South African communal indigenous goats in relation to anemia

Research (Published online: 27-10-2020)

27. Gastrointestinal parasite infection intensity and hematological parameters in South African communal indigenous goats in relation to anemia

Takalani Judas Mpofu, Khathutshelo Agree Nephawe and Bohani Mtileni

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2226-2233

ABSTRACT

Aim: The study was conducted to determine the intensity of gastrointestinal parasite (GIP) infections and hematological parameters in South African communal indigenous goats in relation to anemia.

Materials and Methods: A total of 288 goats were randomly sampled in areas representing four agro-ecological zones. Fecal and blood samples were collected from the rectum and jugular vein, respectively, of each animal. The number of eggs per gram (EPG) and oocysts per gram (OPG) of feces and the hematological parameters were determined using the modified McMaster technique and a BC-2800Vet® automatic hematology analyzer, respectively. Data were analyzed using the repeated measures techniques of Minitab 17, modeling the covariance structure of the observed data.

Results: Based on EPG and OPG, goats in humid zone were significantly infected (p<0.05) with strongyles, Eimeria, Moniezia, and Trichuris spp. Hematological parameters of goats in arid and humid zone were lower (p<0.05) than those in semi-arid and dry sub-humid zone. GIP infection intensities were higher (p<0.05) in young animals than in adult and suckling goats. GIP infection intensity was similar between goat sexes, while hematological parameters were higher (p<0.05) in females. Higher (p<0.05) infection intensities for strongyles (302.90 EPG) and Eimeria (216.09 EPG) were observed in winter compared to summer (strongyles: 302.90, Eimeria: 216.09 EPG). Higher (p<0.05) values for the hematological parameters were observed during summer compared to that in winter.

Conclusion: GIP infection intensity in the winter could be associated with hypochromic and normocytic anemia which likely to affects suckling goats while in the summer could be associated with normochromic and normocytic anemia which likely to affect young goats.

Keywords: hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, packed cell volume, strongyles.

Effectivity of zinc oxide-turmeric extract dressing in stimulating the reepithelization phase of wound healing

Research (Published online: 27-10-2020)

26. Effectivity of zinc oxide-turmeric extract dressing in stimulating the reepithelization phase of wound healing

Asti Meizarini, Aryati Aryati, Devi Rianti, Wibi Riawan and Astari Puteri

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2221-2225

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Reepithelialization can be described as the resurfacing of a wound with new epithelium in the process of healing, with the overlapping step from keratinocyte migration and proliferation to the tissue contraction. Zinc oxide-turmeric extract dressing has been proven to have anti-inflammatory properties, but its effectivity in the reepithelialization process is still unknown. This study aimed to determine the effect of a wound dressing consisting of zinc oxide and turmeric extract on wound reepithelialization by assessing the expression of cytokeratin 14 (CK14), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin).

Materials and Methods: A total of 40 Wistar rats were randomized into four control and four treatment groups (n=5 per group). On day 1, a square-shaped full-thickness skin excision measuring 6×6 mm in size was created in the dorsal thoracic area of the rats, and the wounds were either dressed with a combination of zinc oxide and turmeric extract in the treatment groups or left undressed in the control groups. Then, the rats were sequentially sacrificed on days 3, 5, 7, and 14 to obtain subepithelial excision samples, which were subsequently subjected to immunohistochemistry analysis for the expression of CK14, EGFR, and E-cadherin to ascertain wound reepithelization. The data were tabulated and analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance and least significant difference test.

Results: The highest expression levels of CK14, EGFR, and E-cadherin were observed on days 7 and 14 in the treatment and control groups, respectively. While the expression levels of these markers on day 7 were found to be significantly higher in the treatment than the control groups, no significant difference in the expression levels on day 14 was detected between the control and treatment groups (p<0.05).

Conclusion: A wound dressing consisting of zinc oxide and turmeric extract can help accelerate reepithelization in the wound healing process.

Keywords: cytokeratin 14, epithelial cadherin, epidermal growth factor receptor, turmeric extract, wound dressing.

A study on the electrocardiography in dogs: Reference values and their comparison among breeds, sex, and age groups

Research (Published online: 23-10-2020)

25. A study on the electrocardiography in dogs: Reference values and their comparison among breeds, sex, and age groups

Joydip Mukherjee, Smruti Smita Mohapatra, Sonali Jana, Pradip Kumar Das, Prabal Ranjan Ghosh, Kinsuk Das and Dipak Banerjee

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2216-2220

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present investigation was intended to generate some basic data on electrocardiography (ECG) parameters in different breeds and their alterations in respect to sex and age.

Materials and Methods: The present investigation was carried out on 239 owned dogs of 11 different breeds presented to the Institute Veterinary Clinic during 2018-2019. The animals, irrespective of breed and sex were grouped on the basis of their age groups. Recordings of ECG were performed by a single-channel ECG machine (CardiartR, BPL, India) at 25 mm/s paper speed and 10 mm=1 mV calibration keeping the animals on the right lateral recumbence without any anesthesia. Heart rate, along with the amplitude and duration of different waves and complexes was measured.

Results: Heart rate did not vary significantly among breeds, sex, and different age groups. The highest heart rate has been reported in Doberman and the lowest in Beagle. The heart rate was lowest at the age group of 6 months-2.5 years and highest around 10.5-12.5 years irrespective of breed and sex. The incidence of sinus arrhythmia was mostly seen in older dogs. All the waves and complexes did not vary significantly between breeds, age, and sex except P duration which was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Golden retriever and Doberman breeds.

Conclusion: The present investigation generated some reference values of ECG in dogs which will help the clinicians to diagnose different cardiac abnormalities through ECG.

Keywords: dogs, electrocardiogram, heart rate, rhythm.

The effect of Aspergillus niger as a dietary supplement on blood parameters, intestinal morphology, and gut microflora in Haidong chicks reared in a high altitude environment

Research (Published online: 23-10-2020)

24. The effect of Aspergillus niger as a dietary supplement on blood parameters, intestinal morphology, and gut microflora in Haidong chicks reared in a high altitude environment

Hao Lin, Baoan Ding, Lingyun Chen, Zhenming Zhang, Hailian He, Jingge Wang, Xiezhong Wang, Licheng Zhang, Xiaoming Ni and Baldassare Fronte

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2209-2215

ABSTRACT

Aim: The effects of the inclusion of Aspergillus niger in the diet of Haidong chicks reared in the Qing-Zang high altitude area (China) under hypoxic conditions.

Materials and Methods: A total of 720 Haidong chicks were randomly divided into six groups and fed diets supplemented with 0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.25%, and 1.5% of A. niger to determine blood parameters, intestinal morphology, and gut microflora in Haidong chicks reared in a high altitude environment.

Results: Packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell count, and hemoglobin concentration increased in the groups fed diets containing A. niger. The administration of A. niger in 1.0% and 1.25% significantly decreased the concentration of Escherichia coli in the cecum, while the concentration of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the cecum and ileum was increased in the treated groups. When compared to the control groups, villi height, crypt depth, and goblet cell density in the intestine was raised, in general, in the groups treated with A. niger.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that 1.25% A. niger as dietary supplement may improve the resistance to ascites among birds reared under hypoxic conditions.

Keywords: Aspergillus niger, gut microflora, Haidong chicks, intestinal morphology, probiotic.

Pathological effect of infectious bronchitis disease virus on broiler chicken trachea and kidney tissues

Research (Published online: 21-10-2020)

23. Pathological effect of infectious bronchitis disease virus on broiler chicken trachea and kidney tissues

Ismael I. Hasan, Saad T. Rasheed, Nawar A. Jasim and Mohammed K. Shakor

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2203-2208

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the pathological effects of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) on chicken trachea and kidney tissues and also desired to diagnose the virus genome using a molecular tool.

Materials and Methods: Twenty trachea and kidney samples collected from one broiler farm contain 10,000 chickens at Tikrit city. The chickens showed signs of gasping and mortality (20%) at early ages (20 days old), the presence of IBV investigated using conventional reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction technique with routine histopathological study to tracheal and renal tissue.

Results: Postmortem lesion showed severe respiratory inflammation with abscesses at tracheal bifurcation lead to airway blog. Molecular results showed two genotypes of IBV, one of them not included in primer designer research. The histological study showed different stages of inflammation, degeneration, and necrosis to the renal and tracheal tissues.

Conclusion: The respiratory and renal pathological effect of the virus responsible for the symptoms appeared on the affected chicks that caused mortality, with a high probability of presence of a new viral genotype added to the untranslated region.

Keywords: infections bronchitis virus, kidney, serotypes, trachea.

Effects of gentaminoseleferon on blood parameters during treatment of Mycoplasma dispar respiratory infection in calves

Research (Published online: 21-10-2020)

22. Effects of gentaminoseleferon on blood parameters during treatment of Mycoplasma dispar respiratory infection in calves

Mohammad Abed Alhussen, Hamdan Naef and Yury Anatolyevich Vatnikov

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2197-2202

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Respiratory diseases in young cattle are among the significant cattle pathologies that cause considerable economic damage globally. For the treatment of respiratory diseases, coformulated drugs that increase general nonspecific resistance, exhibit adaptogenic and anti-inflammatory properties, and normalize metabolic processes in animals are currently being used. The aim of our study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of the complex drug "gentaminoseleferon", used in the treatment of respiratory diseases in calves, especially in Mycoplasma dispar infection.

Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into three groups. Calves with the first clinical signs of respiratory pathology were randomly divided into two groups. The first experimental group (n=5) was intramuscularly injected with sulfetrisan at a dose of 5-10 mL/animal once per day for 7 days. The second experimental group (n=5) was given gentaminoseleferon at a dose of 1 mL/10 kg of body weight once per day for 7 days. The drugs were not used in the control group, the "healthy animals (n=5)". Blood samples were taken 10 days before and after treatment and compared between the experimental and healthy calves. The changes in the hematological and biochemical parameters of blood and serum were evaluated.

Results: During the recovery process of animals in the experimental groups, a normalization of the hematological and biochemical parameters of blood and serum was noted. Interestingly, in calves of the second experimental group, an increase in the total serum protein content by 2.2% (p<0.05) was recorded in comparison with the first group. The second group, furthermore, showed an increase in Vitamins A, E, and C concentrations by 13.5% (p<0.05), 11.9% (p<0.005), and 15.1% (p<0.0005), respectively, as well as in zinc and iron concentrations by 4.1% (p<0.05) and 9.3% (p<0.0001), respectively. These findings indicate a more pronounced decrease in the inflammatory process in the respiratory system and intensive restoration of metabolism, thereby establishing the high therapeutic efficacy of gentaminoseleferon.

Conclusion: Gentaminoseleferon was proven highly effective in the treatment of calves with respiratory illnesses and in restoring homeostasis in the organisms of animals after treatment, as indicated by the normalization of morphological and biochemical blood parameters with a reduction in the recovery time.

Keywords: blood parameters, calves, gentaminoseleferon, Mycoplasma dispar, respiratory diseases.

The optimal therapeutic irisin dose intervention in animal model: A systematic review

Research (Published online: 20-10-2020)

21. The optimal therapeutic irisin dose intervention in animal model: A systematic review

Foad Alzoughool, Mohammad Borhan Al-Zghoul, Saad Al-Nassan, Lo'ai Alanagreh, Dana Mufleh and Manar Atoum

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2191-2196

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Irisin, a novel myocyte-secreted hormone, was proposed to mediate some of the beneficial effects of exercise such as browning of adipocytes, thermogenesis, and metabolic homeostasis. Recently, several animals' models' studies have been performed to investigate the therapeutic impact of irisin in several disorders. Several interventional trials used different doses. However, optimum dose was not determined. This systematic review aims to identify the optimal dose of interventional irisin in mice and rat animal models.

Materials and Methods: Online databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and Springer were systematically searched from 2012 to 2019. The words searched were irisin, irisin and animal model, physical activity, and irisin and irisin dosage. Non-irisin doses, in vitro studies, and factors influencing irisin levels were excluded.

Results: Eleven of the total 391 qualifying studies were included. A daily injection of 500 μg/kg irisin may be the optimum dose of effect in mice and rats.

Conclusion: More studies are required to determine the optimum dose of irisin to be used as a therapeutic intervention based on animal model.

Keywords: animal model, Irisin, systematic review, therapeutic dose.

Bacteriological and molecular study of Salmonella species associated with central nervous system manifestation in chicken flocks

Research (Published online: 20-10-2020)

20. Bacteriological and molecular study of Salmonella species associated with central nervous system manifestation in chicken flocks

Heba Badr, Mohamed A. Soliman and Soad A. Nasef

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2183-2190

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Salmonella species often cause systemic health problems in poultry flocks, sometimes including nervous systems manifestations. This impact of Salmonella has rarely been studied. This study aimed to define an alternative pathogenic pathway for Salmonella spp. invasion of brain tissue in chicken flocks. Brain infection produces neurological manifestations; Salmonella strains isolated from brain tissue showed the presences of two virulence genes. Confirmation of the pathway of isolates from intestinal mucosa through the blood–brain barrier was attained using experimental infections in specific pathogen-free (SPF)-day-old chicks through two routes of inoculation.

Materials and Methods: Isolation of Salmonella spp. from five chicken flocks that showed signs of the central nervous system (CNS) effects were isolated. Isolates were characterized by serotyping, and antimicrobial assays. In addition, virulence profiles were described using detection of virulence plasmid spvC, and Salmonella plasmid sopB. A pathogenicity study of isolates in specific pathogen-free (SPF)-day-old chicks through oral and intracerebral administration performed, and experimental infection in SPF embryonated chicken eggs through intra-yolk and intra-allantoic administration was investigated. Supporting histopathology and immunohistopathology against Salmonella antigen in brain tissue were performed for flock and experimental infections.

Results: Three serotypes of Salmonella were isolated from the brains of five flocks (two Salmonella Virchow, two Salmonella Kentucky, and one Salmonella Enteritidis isolates). Phage related gene sopB and plasmid-mediated operon spvC were identified in all isolated strains. The Salmonella strains were re-isolated and identified from the brain and internal organs of post-experimental infected chicks. Infected chicks showed nervous manifestations associated with Salmonella infection. The presence of positively stained Salmonella antigen in brain tissues indicates penetration of the blood–brain barrier by the Salmonella species.

Conclusion: Our results indicate that some virulent systemic strains of Salmonella spp. can induce CNS manifestations in chicken hosts.

Keywords: chicken, experimental study, CNS manifestations, polymerase chain reaction, Salmonella spp., virulence genes.

Antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities of four Andean plant extracts from Colombia

Research (Published online: 19-10-2020)

19. Antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities of four Andean plant extracts from Colombia

Wilson Cardona-G, Sara Robledo, Fernando Alzate, Andrés F. Yepes, Cristian Hernandez, Ivan Dario Velez, Juan Carlos Calderon and Isabel Vásquez Tabares

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2178-2182

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Licania salicifolia (L.S) Cuatrec., Persea ferruginea (P.F) Kunth, Oreopanax floribundus (O.F), and Psychotria buchtienii (P.B) belong to the families Chrysobalanaceae, Lauraceae, Araliaceae, and Rubiaceae, respectively, which have been used as medicines by communities in the Andes. This study evaluated the leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activities of alcohol and non-alcohol extracts from four Andean plant extracts (L.S, O.F, P.F, and P.B).

Materials and Methods: Extracts were obtained by percolation with solvents of different polarities – hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Phytochemical screening was conducted based on reported methods. All products were evaluated in vitro to determine the leishmanicidal activity against amastigotes of Leishmania panamensis and cytotoxicity against U937 cells.

Results: Flavonoids, triterpenes, and tannins were the main secondary metabolites found. From the results, dichloromethane extracts from O.F and P.B, ethanol extract from P.B, and ethyl acetate extracts of all plants were active, with EC50 <30 μg/mL. Ethyl acetate was the most active extract, which showed EC50 values of 9.8, 14.1, 23.7, and 25.5 μg/mL, for L.S, P.B, O.F, and P.F, respectively. Hexane extracts from P.B and O.F exhibited moderate activity with EC50 values of 84.8 and 87.4 μg/mL, respectively. Hexane and ethanol extracts from O.F, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts from L.S, and all extracts from P.F were not toxic. Alternatively, hexane and dichloromethane extracts from L.S and P.B as well as dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts from O.F displayed high toxicity.

Conclusion: Based on the activity we observed, ethyl acetate extract can continue in its usage in the search for new antileishmanial drugs, mainly ethyl acetate extract from L.S showed activity comparable to meglumine antimoniate and was not cytotoxic.

Keywords: Araliaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Lauraceae, Rubiaceae, Leishmaniasis, Licania salicifolia, Oreopanax floribundus, Persea ferruginea, Psychotria buchtienii.

Risk factors associated with stillbirth of piglets born from oxytocin-assisted parturitions

Research (Published online: 17-10-2020)

18. Risk factors associated with stillbirth of piglets born from oxytocin-assisted parturitions

Nguyen Hoai Nam and Peerapol Sukon

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2172-2177

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different risk factors on stillbirth of piglets born from oxytocin-assisted parturitions.

Materials and Methods: Data were collected from a total of 1121 piglets born from 74 Landrace x Yorkshire crossbred sows from a herd. Logistic regression models were used to determine the associations between stillbirth and different risk factors including parity (1, 2, 3-5, and 6-10), gestation length (GL) (112-113, 114-116, and 117-119 days), litter size, birth order (BO), sex, birth interval (BI), cumulative farrowing duration, birth weight (BW), crown rump length, BW deviation, body mass index, ponderal index (PI), and the use of oxytocin during expulsive stage of farrowing.

Results: The incidence of stillbirth at litter level and stillbirth rate was 59.5% (44/74) and 8.1% (89/1094), respectively. The final multivariate logistic regression selected BO, BI, PI, GL, and parity as the five most significant risk factors for stillbirth. Increased BO and BI, GL <114 and >116 days, parity 6-10, and low PI increased the stillbirth rate in piglets.

Conclusion: Several factors previously determined as risks for stillbirth in exogenous oxytocin-free parturitions also existed in exogenous oxytocin-assisted parturitions. One dose of oxytocin at fairly high BO did not increase stillbirth, whereas two doses of oxytocin were potentially associated with increased values.

Keywords: birth order, oxytocin, pig, ponderal index, stillbirth.

Antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis mossambicus) in Malaysia

Research (Published online: 16-10-2020)

17. Antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis mossambicus) in Malaysia

Nurfarahin Ahmad Pauzi, Nurliyana Mohamad, Mohamad Azzam-Sayuti, Ina Salwany Md. Yasin, Mohd Zamri Saad, Nurrul Shaqinah Nasruddin and Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai

Veterinary World, 13(10): 2166-2171

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Aeromonas hydrophila is a major cause of bacterial infections affecting a wide range of warm water fishes worldwide. In Malaysia, A. hydrophila isolations from diseased fishes were previously reported; however, with limited information. The present study investigates the antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenicity of A. hydrophila isolated from farmed red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) in Malaysia.

Materials and Methods: A. hydrophila was biochemically identified and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility tests. The isolate was then intraperitoneally injected into red hybrid tilapia, and the mortality, clinicopathological changes, and LD50 were determined up to 240 h post-infection (hpi).

Results: The isolate demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) toward amikacin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, amoxicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, and streptomycin, with a MAR index of 0.5. The experimental infection of A. hydrophila at 105 CFU/mL in the red hybrid tilapia resulted in 100% mortality at 240 hpi. The LD50 was determined at 1.1×104 CFU/mL. Infected fish demonstrated occasional erratic swimming patterns, localized hemorrhages and depigmentation on the body and operculum areas, fin erosion, enlargement of the gall bladder, and hemorrhage in internal organs. Microscopic observation of infected fish revealed brain congestion, tubular necrosis, and glomerular shrinkage in the kidneys, necrosis of hepatocytes, and congestion of blood vessels in the liver.

Conclusion: The high virulence of A. hydrophila to the red hybrid tilapia emphasizes the importance of active, on-going monitoring of its prevalence in Malaysian tilapia farming.

Keywords: Aeromonas hydrophila, antibiotic sensitivity, aquaculture, pathogenicity, tilapia.