Supplementation of a low-protein diet with tryptophan, threonine, and valine and its impact on growth performance, blood biochemical constituents, immune parameters, and carcass traits in broiler chickens

Research (Published online: 30-06-2020)

30. Supplementation of a low-protein diet with tryptophan, threonine, and valine and its impact on growth performance, blood biochemical constituents, immune parameters, and carcass traits in broiler chickens

Reham Abou-Elkhair, Hamada Ahmed, Sara Ketkat and Shaimaa Selim

Veterinary World, 13(6): 1234-1244

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of protein reduction with supplementation of limiting amino acids (AA, tryptophan, threonine, and valine) on growth performance, blood biochemical, immunity parameters, and carcass traits in broiler chickens.

Materials and Methods: Three hundred one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted into three treatment groups, with five replicates per treatment and 20 broiler chickens per replicate. The three experimental diets were formulated with different dietary crude protein (CP) %, (control [CON] and CON with 1% [CP-1%] or 2% [CP-2%] less CP units) during the starter, grower, and finisher phases. The CP of the experimental diets were 22, 21, and 20% for the starting period (day 1-14); 20, 19, and 18% CP for the growing period (day 15-28); and 18, 17, and 16% CP for the finishing period (day 29-35) in CON, CP-1%, and CP-2%, respectively. The low-CP diets (CP-1% and CP-2%) were supplemented with combined AA, threonine+tryptophan+valine, to meet the respective levels of the CON diet.

Results: The CP-2% group had greater (p<0.05; linear, p<0.05) final body weight and gain and better feed conversion ratio. The combined AA inclusion in the low-CP diet (CP-1% and CP-2%) increased (p<0.001; linear, p<0.001) carcass and breast meat yield as well as CP% of breast meat. The reduction of CP% with AA supplementation (CP-2%) decreased (p<0.05; linear, p<0.05) serum triglycerides, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase, while increased (p<0.01; linear, p<0.01) phagocytic activity and phagocytic index. The mRNA expression of splenic and cecal tonsil interleukin 4 and interferon gamma was upregulated (p<0.001; linear, p<0.001) in the low-CP diets supplemented with AA (CP-1% and CP-2%). Dietary supplementation with AA to low-protein diets improved (p<0.01; linear, p<0.01) the economic returns of broiler chickens.

Conclusion: A reduction of dietary CP and increased synthetic AA such as threonine, valine, and tryptophan should be considered to improve performance, health, and immunity in broiler chickens.

Keywords: amino acids, broiler chickens, immune-related genes, meat composition, performance.

Assessment of cardiac variables using a new electrocardiography lead system in horses

Research (Published online: 29-06-2020)

29. Assessment of cardiac variables using a new electrocardiography lead system in horses

Worakij Cherdchutham, Kanoklada Koomgun, Suchanan Singtoniwet, Napattra Wongsutthawart, Napass Nontakanun, Wipasitnee Wanmad and Soontaree Petchdee

Veterinary World, 13(6): 1229-1233

ABSTRACT

Aim: The objective of this study was to assess a new lead system method to improve electrocardiographic measurement in horses.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-two horses with an average age of 8.8±0.8 years were enrolled in this study. Horses were divided into two groups, consisting of a control group (n=11) and athlete group (n=11). Electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography were performed to provide information on the structure and function of the heart. Two lead systems, base apex and modified precordial leads, were used for the electrocardiogram to assess the cardiac electrophysiological functions.

Results: PR interval, QT interval, and QRS-T angle presented significant differences between the control and athlete groups when the modified precordial lead system was used. However, significant variations in the mean electrical axis were found when the base apex lead system was used. The modified precordial lead system resulted in more significant differences in cardiac electrophysiological parameters than the base apex lead system. In the athlete group, echocardiography showed cardiac adaptations such as increases in the left atrial and left ventricular dimensions and stroke volume and a decrease in heart rate in response to exercise and training. The observed differences in cardiac morphology and function between groups suggested differences in health performance in the athlete group.

Conclusion: These data provided the first evidence that the modified precordial lead system improved statistical variation in ECG recording and provided the most reliable method for health screening in horses.

Keywords: echocardiography, electrocardiography, horse, non-invasive cardiac evaluation.

Prevalence, seasonality, and antimicrobial resistance of thermotolerant Campylobacter isolated from broiler farms and slaughterhouses in East Algeria

Research (Published online: 28-06-2020)

28. Prevalence, seasonality, and antimicrobial resistance of thermotolerant Campylobacter isolated from broiler farms and slaughterhouses in East Algeria

Mohamed Baali, Mohamed Lounis, Hanan Laidouci Al Amir, Ammar Ayachi, Ahcen Hakem and Ahmed Kassah-Laouar

Veterinary World, 13(6): 1221-1228

ABSTRACT

Aim: The current study was carried out to determine the prevalence, seasonality, and antimicrobial profile of thermotolerant Campylobacter isolated from broiler chickens in Batna, East Algeria, from June 2016 to June 2018.

Materials and Methods: A total of 960 samples, including 480 cloacal swabs, 240 cecal contents, and 240 neck skin samples collected from 6 poultry farms and 12 slaughterhouses, were included in this study. After isolation and identification, susceptibility to seven antimicrobial agents was tested by the disk diffusion method. The seasonality of Campylobacter infection at broiler farms was statistically analyzed.

Results: The data showed that 65%, 55%, and 70% of the cloacal swab, neck skin, and cecal content samples were contaminated with thermotolerant Campylobacter strains, respectively (p<0.05). Among the isolated campylobacteria, Campylobacter jejuni was the predominant species (73.5%). Sampling season exhibited a significant impact on the prevalence of Campylobacter (p<0.01), with peak occurrence in summer. All of the isolates were susceptible to gentamicin and resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, while 83.3% of them were resistant to erythromycin. Interestingly, 16 different resistance profiles were noted, with the combination of "ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and tetracycline" being the most common, identified in 20.7% of isolated strains.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates the presence of a high contamination rate of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter in farms and slaughterhouses in East Algeria. These findings underscore the need to apply strict control measures to avoid any associated public health hazard among Algerian consumers. This initial finding of the contamination of poultry with this zoonotic pathogen in East Algeria suggests the value of periodic comprehensive evaluation of associated disease in poultry as well as in humans in this region.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, broilers, poultry farms, slaughterhouses, thermotolerant Campylobacter.

Genetic characterization and phylogenetic study of Lakor goat from Southwest Maluku Regency based on mitochondrial COI gene

Research (Published online: 28-06-2020)

27. Genetic characterization and phylogenetic study of Lakor goat from Southwest Maluku Regency based on mitochondrial COI gene

Maman Rumanta, Rony Marsyal Kunda, Slamet Diah Volkandari, Indriawati Indriawati and Pieter Kakisina

Veterinary World, 13(6): 1209-1220

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study is aimed at characterizing the genetic and phylogenetic structure of Lakor goats as indigenous livestock from the Southwest Maluku Regency based on mitochondrial COI gene sequences.

Materials and Methods: The genomes of 103 follicle samples from Lakor goats, collected from Lakor Island, were analyzed. The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify 1548 bp of the mitochondrial COI gene using two primer pairs (COIA and COIB). Following sequencing, genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship were established using MEGA version X software.

Results: The results of multiple COI gene alignment of the total sequences identified four polymorphic nucleotides that function as genetic markers between individual animals within the Lakor goat population. These correspond to positions 228 (A-G), 519 (G-A), 900 (C-T), and 1266 (T-C). Phylogenetic signals based on the COI gene showed that Lakor goat breed is a monophyletic group or single clade with a bootstrap value of 100% by the neighbor-joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) evolutionary models. This data indicated that evolutionarily, the Lakor goat breed has a very close kinship with three goat breeds from China: The Meigu goat (KM 244714.1), Chinese Tibet (Capra hircus) (KJ 940969.1), and C. hircus (KP 677510.1). Phylogenetic information based on the cladistics system classified the Lakor goat as a single clade (monophyletic group). The low-genetic diversity within populations indicates that there has been an inbreeding depression occurring at a very high frequency.

Conclusion: We conclude that the Lakor goat may be divided into a single clade or monophyletic group based on the COI gene sequence. Four nucleotides were identified that can be used as genetic markers among individual animals within the Lakor goat population, as well as C. hircus and others as derived from GenBank data. The Lakor goat population has a high level of inbreeding depression as a result of geographical isolation, which supports the formation of a monophyletic group with different genetic characteristics, and does not allow the introduction of males from other breeds. Phylogenetic signals indicated that Capra aegagrus (bezoar) is the ancestor of the native goats in Indonesia, including the Lakor goats.

Keywords: artiodactyla, CO1 gene, Lakor goat, mitochondrial, phylogenetic study.

Occurrence of Vibrio spp. along the Algerian Mediterranean coast in wild and farmed Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax

Research (Published online: 26-06-2020)

26. Occurrence of Vibrio spp. along the Algerian Mediterranean coast in wild and farmed Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax

Sonia Arab, Luca Nalbone, Filippo Giarratana and Ali Berbar

Veterinary World, 13(6): 1199-1208

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Vibrio bacteria are autochthonous inhabitants of aquatic and marine environments. Certain strains are responsible for important seafood-borne outbreaks in developed nations. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Vibrio spp. along the Algerian Mediterranean coast in several samples of two prominent wild and farmed marine fishes, Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax.

Materials and Methods: A total of 350 S. aurata (n=280 farmed and n=70 wild) and 340 D. labrax (n=250 farmed and n=90 wild) were sampled among three different locations along the Algerian Mediterranean coastal area. The samples were processed for Vibrio research according to the ISO methods. Isolated colonies were identified utilizing biochemical tests and consecutively confirmed with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, combined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis when appropriate, or confirmed with PCR analysis alone.

Results: A total of 42 Vibrio spp. were detected only among the farmed fishes. Taking into account, all 690 fishes sampled, the incidence of Vibrio spp. was 6.08% (with peaks up to 7.92%) among the total number of farmed fishes. Overall, 25 strains were isolated from S. aurata and 17 strains were isolated from D. labrax. The isolated strains belonged to four different species and were represented as follows: Vibrio alginolyticus (n=20), Vibrio cholerae (n=15), Vibrio fluvialis (n=5), and Vibrio hollisae (n=2). The incidence of Vibrio was higher in places characterized by greater levels of anthropogenic contamination of seawater.

Conclusion: Considering the growing production and consequent rising consumption of farmed fish in Algeria, the reported incidence of Vibrio and the presence of potentially pathogenic strains of Vibrio such as V. cholerae cause particular concern for food safety matters. Even if innovative and natural techniques are desired in aquaculture, proper hygiene and manufacturing practices are essential for the correct management of Vibrio infection risk in farmed fishes at both industrial and domestic levels.

Keywords: Algeria, gilt head sea bream, Mediterranean sea, sea bass, Vibrio spp.

Prevalence of enterotoxins and other virulence genes of Staphylococcus aureus caused subclinical mastitis in dairy cows

Research (Published online: 26-06-2020)

25. Prevalence of enterotoxins and other virulence genes of Staphylococcus aureus caused subclinical mastitis in dairy cows

Rania M. Ewida and Amira A. T. Al-Hosary

Veterinary World, 13(6): 1193-1198

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Milk production is one of the main props for the national economy. One of the crucial problems in this industry is subclinical mastitis, which harms this industry that considered the backbone of the economy. It is an infectious and zoonotic disease; the infection can spread between dairy animals through milkers' hands, and milking machines, while the human infection occurs due to the consumption of apparently hygienic milk. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main causative agents of clinical and subclinical mastitis. It is also considered one of the bacteria incriminated in food intoxication of humans due to its virulence factors as enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome. The current study was designed to assess the prevalence of S. aureus and its enterotoxins, as well as, its other virulence factors in milk collected from cows that suffer from subclinical mastitis.

Materials and Methods: Sixty cows were collected from different dairy farms located in Assiut Governorate, Egypt. These cows were subjected to the clinical examination of the udder and its lymph nodes before sampling. Milk samples were collected from clinically healthy udders. All the milk samples were examined by California mastitis test (CMT), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for confirmation subclinical mastitis, presence of S. aureus and its enterotoxins genes and other virulence factors in the examined milk samples.

Results: The cows included in the current study had healthy udders. The sixty collected milk samples were tested by CMT. 48/60 (80.0%) were positive samples; from the 48 positive samples, 46 (95.83%) samples were confirmed positive by S. aureus 16s rRNA PCR assay. Multiplex PCRs confirmed the presence of staphylococcus enterotoxin gene C (sec) in one sample, staphylococcus enterotoxin gene D (sed) in 23 samples, while ELISA assay confirmed the presence of the same enterotoxin in only two samples. On the other hand, other groups of genes responsible for some other virulence factors of S. aureus like the extracellular thermostable nuclease (nuc) gene were found in 33 samples, while toxic shock syndrome (tsst) gene and methicillin restraint S. aureus (mecA) gene were not detected in this study.

Conclusion: Subclinical mastitis is one of the hidden factors that adversely affect the health of both animals and humans. The milk is usually appeared good and may be consumed by humans especially children; however, it causes severe public health problems. In addition, the infected animals with this form of mastitis can spread the infection to other dairy animals and may be turned to a clinical case of contagious mastitis that may be ended by animal culling or death. S. aureus is one of the main causes of subclinical mastitis in cattle. In addition to extracellular thermostable nuclease (nuc) gene, staphylococcus enterotoxin gene C (sec) and staphylococcus enterotoxin gene D (sed) are the most common virulence genes confirmed in subclinical mastitis milk. These results highlighted the need to apply more hygienic measures in the dairy farms to avoid spreading the infection between animals to ensure the production of safe and healthy food to humans.

Keywords: enterotoxins, mecA, nuc, polymerase chain reaction, Staphylococcus aureus, subclinical mastitis.

Effects of different sterilization methods of herbal formula on phytochemical compounds and antibacterial activity against mastitis-causing bacteria

Research (Published online: 25-06-2020)

24. Effects of different sterilization methods of herbal formula on phytochemical compounds and antibacterial activity against mastitis-causing bacteria

Dian Wahyu Harjanti, Fajar Wahyono and Vincentia Rizke Ciptaningtyas

Veterinary World, 13(6): 1187-1192

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The current phytobiotic industry is struggling to determine a proper sterilization method for an herbal formula that comprises multiple plant extracts. Hence, this study aims to investigate the effects of two sterilization methods of herbal formula on phytochemical compounds and antibacterial activity against mastitis-causing bacterial isolates.

Materials and Methods: The herbal formula comprised the extracts of Piper betle leaves, Curcuma domestica, and Curcuma zanthorriza. We applied two sterilization methods – sterilization using 0.45 μM syringe filter and sterilization using an autoclave at 121°C for 15 min. After sterilization, we measured phytochemical contents (phenol and flavonoid) of the herbal formula. Using the disk diffusion method, the antibacterial susceptibility test of the sterilized herbal formula against mastitis-causing bacterial isolates was conducted. Tetracycline, erythromycin, and penicillin – common antibiotics for mastitis therapy in dairy farms – were used as standard antibiotics.

Results: Compared with autoclave sterilization, syringe filter sterilization resulted in less (p<0.05) phenolic and flavonoid contents. Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, the filter sterilized herbal formula (E. coli: 65.9%-73%; S. aureus: 6.2%-18.1%) markedly reduced the antibacterial activity than the autoclave-sterilized herbal formula (E. coli: 2.1%- 3%; S. aureus: 4.5%-10.7%).

Conclusion: This study establishes that autoclave sterilization of the herbal formula is the best sterilization method that exerts minimal adverse effects on the phytochemical compounds and could sustain the antibacterial efficacy against mastitis-causing bacteria. Hence, the herbal formula could be used as an alternative treatment for bovine mastitis.

Keywords: herbal extract, mastitis, phytobiotic, phytochemical compound, sterilization method.

Evaluation of lower urinary tract disease in the Yogyakarta cat population, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 25-06-2020)

23. Evaluation of lower urinary tract disease in the Yogyakarta cat population, Indonesia

Alfarisa Nururrozi, Yanuartono Yanuartono, Prisyarlinie Sivananthan, Soedarmanto Indarjulianto

Veterinary World, 13(6): 1182-1186

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: This paper reports a retrospective study performed in 185 cats diagnosed with feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). The analyzed population involved feline patients at the Veterinary Clinic of Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. This research aimed to evaluate the clinical indications and causes of FLUTD in the Yogyakarta cat population.

Materials and Methods: The medical data of all feline patients were obtained to conduct this study. FLUTD diagnoses were based on physical examinations, urinalyses, ultrasound examinations, and bacterial cultures. Only cats with a complete examination were used in the study. The clinical signs were evaluated and accompanied by the results of laboratory tests in cats that showed symptoms of FLUTD. The medical history of all feline patients was analyzed thoroughly. Most of the feline's urine samples were collected by catheterization.

Results: The most commonly diagnosed of FLUTD in the Yogyakarta cat population were: feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) (56%), urinary tract infection (UTI; 25%), urolithiasis (13%), urethral plugs (UP) (4.9%), and neoplasia (0.4%), respectively. The prevalence of UTI is higher than that reported in Europe or the US. Older cats more often show symptoms of UTI and neoplasia, whereas young cats more often show symptoms of FIC and UP. The prevalence of male cats experiencing FLUTD in Yogyakarta is much higher than female cats.

Conclusion: The incidence rate of FLUTD cases in Yogyakarta is related to age and sex. The results of this study are similar to those of the previous research studies conducted in other countries.

Keywords: cats, feline lower urinary tract disease, Yogyakarta.

Profile of antibiotic-resistant and presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from nasal swab of dogs from several animal clinics in Surabaya, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 24-06-2020)

15. Profile of antibiotic-resistant and presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from nasal swab of dogs from several animal clinics in Surabaya, Indonesia

Vega Decline, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Reina Puspita Rahmaniar, Sheila Marty Yanestria and Nenny Harijani

International Journal of One Health, 6(1): 90-94

ABSTRACT

Aim: The research was to investigate the antibiotic resistance profile and to screen for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from nasal mucosa swab of dogs.

Materials and Methods: The samples were collected from three pet clinics, three K9 units, one veterinary teaching hospital, and one kennel in Surabaya. Of the 50 total samples, 24 confirmed S. aureus strains, which were used for antibiotic sensitivity tests using a disk diffusion method and screening of MRSA used oxacillin resistance screening for base (ORSAB).

Results: This study showed that there were differences in antibiotic resistance patterns among different locations. Fourteen isolates were screened for MRSA by culture on ORSAB.

Conclusion: MRSA carriage was found on nasal swab of dogs, and dogs can act as reservoir of MRSA for spreading to human health.

Keywords: antibiotic-resistant, dogs, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus.

A review of the One Health concept and its application as a tool for policy-makers

Review (Published online: 24-06-2020)

14. A review of the One Health concept and its application as a tool for policy-makers

Rodrigo de Macedo Couto and Danie Friguglietti Brandespim

International Journal of One Health, 6(1): 83-89

ABSTRACT

The One Health concept represents the inseparability of human, animal, and environmental health through a unified view of health care. This article addressed the topic of public health policies from the One Health perspective, demonstrating its inclusion in various health agendas such as emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, basic sanitation, mental health, chronic non-communicable diseases, interpersonal violence, and food safety. The results showed that the application of the One Health concept to the development and implementation of policies is associated with a growing need to involve transdisciplinary teams for solving complex problems to improve communication and to ensure the relevance and acceptability of public policies, thus guaranteeing governance. According to the principle of efficiency, the government must be aware of the evolution of technical knowledge and should use the One Health approach to improve the efficacy of already existing systems. We, therefore, conducted this review to contextualize current knowledge in this topic which is becoming an essential tool for public health policy-makers and practitioners around the world promoting a reflection on the importance of multiprofessional articulation in the implementation of intersectoral public health policies.

Keywords: One Health, public administration, public health, public health policies, sustainability.

Dermatophytosis in companion animals: A review

Review (Published online: 22-06-2020)

22. Dermatophytosis in companion animals: A review

Alsi Dara Paryuni, Soedarmanto Indarjulianto and Sitarina Widyarini

Veterinary World, 13(6): 1174-1181

ABSTRACT

Dermatophytosis, a zoonotic disease, is caused by fungi of three main genera, namely, Micropsorum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. Specific lesions of dermatophyte infections are localized in the face, legs, and/or tail. Skin lesions in infected animals demonstrate localized alopecia, erythema, and crust, which are more commonly known as ringworm. Factors that affect dermatophytosis include the dermatophyte species; virulence factors of the agent; and the immune status, age, and sex of the host. High levels of cortisol and pro-inflammatory cytokines have also been reported to play an important role in dermatophyte infection. This review aims to explore and understand factors that affect dermatophyte infection with an emphasis on the prevalence, clinical signs, pathogenesis, immune response, and the roles of cortisol and cytokines in companion animals infected by a dermatophyte.

Keywords: clinical signs, cortisol, cytokine, dermatophytosis, immune response, pathogenesis.

Higher omega-3 index after dietary inclusion of omega-3 phospholipids versus omega-3 triglycerides in Alaskan Huskies

Research (Published online: 22-06-2020)

21. Higher omega-3 index after dietary inclusion of omega-3 phospholipids versus omega-3 triglycerides in Alaskan Huskies

Lena Burri, Knut Heggen and Andreas Berg Storsve

Veterinary World, 13(6): 1167-1173

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Numerous studies have found benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), namely, for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in dogs. The objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy of dietary inclusion of equal amounts of omega-3 FAs in phospholipid (PL) from krill meal to triglyceride structure from fish oil to increase the omega-3 FA profile in red blood cells (RBCs) in dogs.

Materials and Methods: Ten adult Alaskan Huskies of both genders were supplemented with daily 1.7 g EPA and DHA from krill meal for 6 weeks, while another ten dogs received 1.7 g EPA and DHA from fish oil. FA and omega-3 index measurements of the two groups were taken after 0, 3, and 6 weeks for comparison.

Results: It was mainly the EPA levels that increased in the krill meal group (from 1.84% to 4.42%) compared to the fish oil group (from 1.90% to 2.46%) (p<0.001), which drove the group differences in the omega-3 index. This resulted in the krill meal group having a mean omega-3 index increase from 3.9 at baseline to 6.3%, which was significantly greater than the increase from 3.9% to 4.7% observed in the fish oil group (p<0.001). Concomitantly, omega-6 PUFAs, such as arachidonic acid and linoleic acid, were reduced in RBC membranes and the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio was significantly more reduced in the krill meal compared to the fish oil group.

Conclusion: The results showed that krill meal supplementation was associated with a reduction of omega-6 PUFAs, which compensated for the increased omega-3 index, suggesting that PLs are efficient delivery molecules of omega-3 PUFAs.

Keywords: dog, fish oil, krill meal, omega-3 index, phospholipids, triglycerides.

Bacteriological quality of water in private wells and boreholes in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria

Research (Published online: 20-06-2020)

13. Bacteriological quality of water in private wells and boreholes in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria

Ruth Adi Agyo, Raph Agbo Ofukwu, Anthony Ekle J. Okoh and Charity A. Agada

International Journal of One Health, 6(1): 76-82

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed at examined the presence of coliform bacteria in private wells and boreholes (BH) in peri-urban areas of Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, using the approaches of most probable number (MPN) index and coliform count.

Materials and Methods: Seven hundred and sixty-eight water samples were randomly collected during a 1-year period from non-cased wells, burn brick cased wells (BBW), concrete cased wells, and BH in four locations; A, B, C, and D during the wet and dry seasons. One liter of water was obtained from each well at every visit to the four sites, and eight water samples were collected from each visit. The samples were analyzed using multiple tube fermentation methods and pour plate techniques to determine the MPN of coliform/100 ml of water, reading from the MPN statistics table.

Results: One-way analysis of variance statistics was applied using Duncan's new multiple range test to separate the means where there was a significant difference. The result revealed that the MPN index and total coliform counts in all the wells in the locations were above the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit for potable water. The highest MPN index of 54.807 was recorded in Location A and followed by 42.679 in Location B. The MPN index in Locations C and D was 36.740 and 30.943, respectively. There was significantly (p=0.000) higher total coliform count in the wet season (41.48±7.09) than in the dry season (38.33±2.83).

Conclusion: This study shows the presence of coliform bacteria isolates in all the wells and BH that exceeded the WHO permissible limits for drinking water. The water from these sources is unsafe for drinking except after dosing with appropriate germicides. Sensitization of the population on the actions they can take to make the water safe for domestic use is suggested.

Keywords: coliform, contamination, Enterobacteriaceae.

The effect of Beauveria bassiana inoculation on plant growth, volatile constituents, and tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) repellency of acetone extracts of Tulbaghia violacea

Research (Published online: 20-06-2020)

20. The effect of Beauveria bassiana inoculation on plant growth, volatile constituents, and tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) repellency of acetone extracts of Tulbaghia violacea

Pumla Staffa, Nkululeko Nyangiwe, George Msalya, Yakob Petro Nagagi and Felix Nchu

Veterinary World, 13(6): 1159-1166

ABSTRACT

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales) inoculum on plant growth, volatile constituents, and tick repellency of the extracts of Tulbaghia violacea (Amaryllidaceae).

Materials and Methods: Eight-week-old potted seedlings of T. violacea were each inoculated with conidia of B. bassiana (strain SM3) suspended at a concentration of 1×106 conidia mL–1. Tissue colonization by fungal conidia was assessed after 3 weeks. Plant growth, volatile constituents, and tick repellency were assessed after 12 weeks post-treatment.

Results: B. bassiana conidia successfully colonized leaf and root tissues of T. violacea. The growth of fungal hyphae out of the leaf and root sections occurred in 75% and 91.6% of plants, respectively. Inoculation of the plants with B. bassiana significantly (p<0.05) influenced root length and plant height but did not have substantial effects on weights and leaf number of T. violacea. While the fungus did not have significant effects on overall number of the volatile chemical constituents, significant variations in the quantity (area ratio) were observed in at least four compounds that were detected. In the tick repellency bioassay, high concentration (20 w/v%) of acetone extract from fungus-exposed plants produced the least repellent effect on Rhipicephalus appendiculatus larvae (Ixodidae), while at lower concentrations (5 w/v% and 10 w/v%) of acetone extracts of T. violacea, tick repellent activity of the extract of the fungus treatment was significantly improved and was comparable to commercial N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide and the other treatments.

Conclusion: Experimental fungal inoculation positively influenced plant growth in height and root length and tick (R. appendiculatus) repellency of acetone extracts of T. violacea at a concentration of 10 w/v% compared to the control treatment.

Keywords: Beauveria bassiana, fungal endophyte, secondary metabolites, tick repellency, tick toxicity, Tulbaghia violacea.

Detection of esophageal and glandular stomach calcification in cow (Bos taurus)

Research (Published online: 19-06-2020)

19. Detection of esophageal and glandular stomach calcification in cow (Bos taurus)

Esraa Abdul Khaliq Zegyer, Basim Abdullah Al Khuzaee and Ahmed Mahdi Al Badri

Veterinary World, 13(6): 1153-1158

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aims of this study were first to estimate calcification in the esophagus and abomasum of cows and second to quantify its appearance with increasing age using histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques.

Materials and Methods: Esophageal and abomasal samples from 24 healthy cows (Bos taurus) were collected. Hematoxylin and eosin, alizarin red, and von Kossa stains were used for histopathological analysis. Histopathological changes were confirmed with immunohistochemical staining, followed by digital image analysis.

Results: Histological findings revealed the esophagus and abomasum wall comprised four fundamental layers, the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa or adventitia. At 1 year old, calcification was beginning to appear as fine diffused points in mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis of both esophagus and abomasum, appearing as small spots at 2 years old. With advancing age in all animals, this calcification began to appear as medium spots spread throughout all wall layers of these organs at 3 years old. By 4 years old, calcification had evolved into large dark foci spread substantially throughout the tunica submucosa and tunica muscularis. Immunohistochemical results exhibited positive immunoreaction to calcium salts in the esophagus and abomasum layers in all animals, which increased with age.

Conclusion: The current study concluded that calcification is a pathological event appearing spontaneously in various types of soft tissue, significantly increasing with age, either because of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia or secondary to other diseases.

Keywords: abomasum, alizarin red, calcification, esophagus, immunohistochemistry, von Kossa.

Congestive heart failure in cattle; etiology, clinical, and ultrasonographic findings in 67 cases

Research (Published online: 19-06-2020)

18. Congestive heart failure in cattle; etiology, clinical, and ultrasonographic findings in 67 cases

Mustafa Abd El Raouf, Magdy Elgioushy and Shimaa A. Ezzeldein

Veterinary World, 13(6): 1145-1152

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a clinical disorder that results from cardiac dysfunction with subsequent fatal outcomes in most cases. Several diseases are incriminated in occurrence of CHF. Therefore, the aims of this study were to identify CHF etiology and associated clinical findings in 67 cows and to investigate the relationship between CHF and the other body organs using ultrasonographic examination.

Materials and Methods: Sixty-seven cows affected by CHF admitted to the clinic with a history of loss of appetite, decrease in milk production, constipation, and brisket edema were thoroughly investigated clinically and ultrasonographically. In addition, ten apparently healthy cows were used as a control group.

Results: Clinically, cows with CHF manifested jugular engorgement and pulsation (88.1%), brisket and/or intermandibular edema (77.6%), and muffled heart sounds (76.1%). Based on the ultrasonographic examination, traumatic pericarditis (82.1%) was the most prevalent etiology of CHF. Extracardiac etiology of CHF identified were exudative pleurisy (10.4%) and mediastinal abscesses (7.5%). Hepatomegaly (88.1%) and pleural effusion (61.2%) were the most documented consequences.

Conclusion: Both cardiac and extracardiac diseases could be associated with CHF in cattle. Ultrasonographic changes in liver and pleura secondary to CHF were the most common findings. Ultrasonography is a good tool for the diagnosis of cardiac and extracardiac etiologies of CHF in cattle.

Keywords: cattle, congestive heart failure, mediastinal abscess, pericarditis, pleurisy.

Determining highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza clade 2.3.2.1c seroprevalence in ducks, Purbalingga, Central Java, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 18-06-2020)

17. Determining highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza clade 2.3.2.1c seroprevalence in ducks, Purbalingga, Central Java, Indonesia

Imas Yuyun, Hendra Wibawa, Gunawan Setiaji, Tri Anggraeni Kusumastuti, and Widagdo Sri Nugroho

Veterinary World, 13(6): 1138-1144

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: In Indonesia, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks in poultry are still reported. The disease causes a decrease in egg production and an increase in mortality; this has an impact on the economic losses of farmers. Several studies have considered that ducks play a role in the HPAI endemicity in the country; however, little is known about whether or not the type of duck farming is associated with HPAI H5 virus infection, particularly within clade 2.3.2.1c, which has been predominantly found in poultry since 2014. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the HPAI seroprevalence for H5 subtype clade 2.3.2.1c in laying ducks that are kept intensively and nomadically and to determine the associated risk factors.

Materials and Methods: Forty-nine duck farmers were randomly selected from ten sub-districts in Purbalingga District, Central Java, Indonesia; a cross-sectional study was implemented to collect field data. Based on an expected HPAI prevalence level of 10%, estimated accuracy of ± 5%, and 95% confidence interval (CI), the total sample size was calculated at 36 individuals. Samples must be multiplied by 7 to reduce bias; thus, 252 ducks were taken as samples in this study. Considering that the maintenance and duck handling were uniform and farmers complained that the effect of activity to take duck samples would reduce egg production, this study only took samples from 245 ducks (oropharyngeal swabs and serum). Those samples were taken from five birds on each farm. Hemagglutination inhibition tests examined the serum samples for HPAI H5 Clade 2.3.2.1c, and pool swab samples (five swabs in one viral media transport) were examined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) test for influenza Type A and H5 subtype virus. Information regarding farm management was obtained using a questionnaire; face-to-face interviews were conducted with the duck farmers using native Javanese language.

Results: Serum and swabs from 245 ducks were collected in total. For individual birds, 54.69% (134/245) of serum samples were H5 seropositive. Seroprevalence among nomadic ducks was 59.28% (95% CI: 0.48-0.61), which was higher than among intensively farmed ducks (48.57%, 95% CI: 0.38-0.58). Farm-level seroprevalence was 50% (95% CI: 0.30-0.69) for nomadic ducks but only 28.57% (95% CI: 0.11-0.51) for intensively farmed ducks. The farm-level virus prevalence (proportion of flocks with at least one bird positive for influenza Type A) was 17.85% (95% CI: 0.07-0.35) for nomadic ducks and 4.76% (1/21) for intensively farmed ducks (95% CI: 0.008-0.23). All influenza Type A positive samples were negative for the H5 subtype, indicating that another HA subtype AI viruses might have been circulating in ducks in the study area. A relationship between duck farms that were H5 seropositive and their maintenance system was present; however, this relationship was not significant, the nomadic duck system detected 2 times higher H5-seropositive ducks than the intensive farming system (OR: 2.16, 95% CI: 0.33-14.31).

Conclusion: This study found that the seroprevalence of HPAI in the duck population level in Purbalingga was 54.69% and demonstrated that the nomadic duck farming system was more likely to acquire HPAI H5 infection than the intensive farming duck system. Other risk factors should be further investigated as the diversity of the farming system is partially related to HPAI H5 infection.

Keywords: avian influenza, ducks, farming system, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5, risk factors, seroprevalence.

Evaluation of two fixation techniques for direct observation of biofilm formation of Bacillus subtilis in situ, on Congo red agar, using scanning electron microscopy

Research (Published online: 18-06-2020)

16. Evaluation of two fixation techniques for direct observation of biofilm formation of Bacillus subtilis in situ, on Congo red agar, using scanning electron microscopy

Nadia Mahmoud Tawfiq Jebril

Veterinary World, 13(6): 1133-1137

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Direct observation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a common method used for the observations of biofilms. N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide) (EDC) fixation method has proven to be a valuable fixation method in the observation of these biofilms. Still, it entails a method of biofilm fixation that can damage slim structures, leading to the impossible observation of biofilm development. In contrast, alcian blue and lysine (ABL) fixation technique appears more glycocalyx of biofilm, fully preserved samples, which may provide much insight into the development of B. subtilis biofilms.

Materials and Methods: Here, the evaluation of the fixation of ABL technique for the study of B. subtilis biofilms was carried out in situ, on Congo red agar. In doing so, the comparison to commonly use conventional EDC technique for sample fixation, and observation was carried out. Observations were based on SEM over 30 samples.

Results: Overall, ABL technique provided excellent observation of biofilms formed in situ, on Congo red agar, and revealed slime structures, which have not been observed, much in standard EDC fixation or earlier in other studies of these biofilms in B. subtilis.

Conclusion: This study reported the appropriate use of ABL in the fixation technique for the preservation of biofilm of B. subtilis.

Keywords: alcian blue, Bacillus subtilis, biofilm, Congo red agar, scanning electron microscopy.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in FABP4 gene associated with growth traits in Egyptian sheep

Research (Published online: 17-06-2020)

15. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in FABP4 gene associated with growth traits in Egyptian sheep

Heba Ibrahim Shafey, Karima Fathy Mahrous, Amal Ahmed Mohamed Hassan, Hossam Eldin Rushdi and Mohamed Abd El-Aziz Mohamed Ibrahim

Veterinary World, 13(6): 1126-1132

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was performed to assess the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) gene with birth weight (BW), final weight (FW), and average daily gain (ADG) in three Egyptian sheep breeds.

Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood samples of 50 male and female individuals representing Ossimi, Rahmani, and Barki sheep breeds. A 407 bp nucleotide (nt) segment from the first intron of FABP4 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, sequenced, and analyzed in the different samples.

Results: Sequence analysis of the determined segment (407 bp) revealed four SNPs (all transition types) at nt position 372 (CP011894.1:g.57605471) A>G, nt position 211 (CP011894.1:g.57605632) A>G, nt position 143 (CP011894.1:g.57605700) T>C, and nt position 111 (CP011894.1:g.57605732) T>C. The allelic and genotypic frequencies for the identified SNPs in the sheep breeds were calculated. At nt positions 372 and 211, two alleles were identified (A and G). Only two genotypes were present at nt position 372 (AA and AG), while three genotypes were present at nt position 211 (AA, AG, and GG). Two alleles (T and C) and three identified genotypes (TT, TC, and CC) were detected at nt positions 143 and 111. Analysis of the results revealed that AA genotype at nt position 372 is associated with higher estimates for BW, FW, and ADG when compared to all the other genotypes. Very high correlation coefficients were found between the genotypes 143-TT and 111-TT and also between 143-TC and 111-TC. The genotypes 372-AG, 211-GG, 211-AA, 143-TT, 143-CC, 111-TT, 111-TC, and 111-CC were associated with negative effects on BW, FW, and ADG.

Conclusion: The detection of four SNPs in a partial sequence of the Egyptian ovine FABP4 gene intron 1 reflected that this gene harbors substantial diversity. In addition, a novel SNP at nt position 372 (CP011894.1:g.57605471) A>G was associated with higher estimates for BW, FW, and ADG.

Keywords: body weight, FABP4 gene, growth rate, sheep, single-nucleotide polymorphisms.

Differential DNA methylation analysis across the promoter regions using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing profiling of porcine loin muscle

Research (Published online: 16-06-2020)

14. Differential DNA methylation analysis across the promoter regions using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing profiling of porcine loin muscle

Kaj Chokeshaiusaha, Denis Puthier, Thanida Sananmuang, Em-on Olanratmanee, Catherine Nguyen and Roongtham Kedkovid

Veterinary World, 13(6): 1113-1125

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Pork leanness and marbling are among the essential traits of consumer preference. To acquire knowledge about universal epigenetic regulations for improving breed selection, a meta-analysis of methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeDIP-seq) profiling data of mixed loin muscle types was performed in this study.

Materials and Methods: MeDIP-seq profiling datasets of longissimus dorsi muscle and psoas major muscles from male and female pigs of Landrace and Tibetan breeds were preprocessed and aligned to the porcine genome. Analysis of differential methylated DNA regions (DMRs) between the breeds was performed by focusing on transcription start sites (TSSs) of known genes (–20,000-3000 bases from TSS). All associated genes were further reviewed for their functions and predicted for transcription factors (TF) possibly associated with their TSSs.

Results: When the methylation levels of DMRs in TSS regions of Landrace breed were compared to those of Tibetan breed, 10 DMRs were hypomethylated (Landrace < Tibetan), and 19 DMRs were hypermethylated (Landrace > Tibetan), accordingly (p≤0.001). According to the reviews about gene functions, all associated genes were pieces of evidence for their roles in a variety of muscle and lipid metabolisms. Prediction of the binding TFs revealed the six most abundant binding TFs to such DMRs-associated TSS (p≤0.0001) as follows: ZNF384, Foxd3, IRF1, KLF9, EWSR1-FLI1, HES5, and TFAP2A.

Conclusion: Common DMRs-associated TSS between the lean-type and the marbled-type loin muscles were identified in this study. Interestingly, the genes associated with such regions were strongly evidenced for their possible roles on the muscle trait characteristics by which further novel research topics could be focused on them in the future.

Keywords: differential DNA methylation, lean, loin muscle, marbled, methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing, transcription start site.