Biodiversity of mosquitoes and Mansonia uniformis as a potential vector of Wuchereria bancrofti in Hulu Sungai Utara District, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 30-12-2020)

30. Biodiversity of mosquitoes and Mansonia uniformis as a potential vector of Wuchereria bancrofti in Hulu Sungai Utara District, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Muhammad Rasyid Ridha, Nita Rahayu, Budi Hairani, Dian Perwitasari and Harninda Kusumaningtyas

Veterinary World, 13(12): 2815-2821

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, still remains a problem in Indonesia. The primary causative species of this disease are the filarial worms Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia spp. This study was conducted to identify the diversity of species and behavior of mosquitoes and to determine the mosquitoes that could be potential vectors of filariasis.

Materials and Methods: Mosquito samples derived from Hulu Sungai Utara (HSU) district in the 2017 multicenter study conducted in Indonesia were used in this cross-sectional study. The diversity of mosquito species was analyzed using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index. Mosquitoes were identified based on their species, and their DNA was isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Transcription-insulated isothermal PCR method was used to detect microfilariae/filaria larvae in the mosquitoes.

Results: Biodiversity was found in 14 species of mosquitoes belonging to five genera. The maximum number of mosquitoes was recorded from the species Mansonia dives, Culex vishnui, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Mansonia uniformis. W. bancrofti infection was detected in M. uniformis at an infectivity rate of 0.3% (n=311).

Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of M. uniformis species as a vector of W. bancrofti in HSU district, Indonesia. More efficient and accurate studies are required to aid in the lymphatic filariasis elimination programs in this subregion.

Keywords: biodiversity, Mansonia uniformis, mosquito, Wuchereria bancrofti.

Oral flora of stray dogs and cats in Algeria: Pasteurella and other zoonotic bacteria

Research (Published online: 30-12-2020)

29. Oral flora of stray dogs and cats in Algeria: Pasteurella and other zoonotic bacteria

Kahina Razali, Rachid Kaidi, Amine Abdelli, Mohamed Nabil Menoueri and Khatima Ait-Oudhia

Veterinary World, 13(12): 2806-2814

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Knowledge of potentially pathogenic bacteria presents in the oral cavity of dogs and cats may be helpful in determining appropriate treatment for infected bite wounds. About 120.000 people are exposed to dog and cat bites every year in Algeria, but little is known about the dog and cat oral flora causing bite wound complications. The purpose of this study was to identify potential zoonotic bacteria from oral cavity of dogs and cats and to determine their susceptibility to antibiotics to contribute to the treatment of bite wound infection.

Materials and Methods: Oral swabs from 100 stray dogs and 100 stray cats were collected and cultured in several media: Chocolate agar, MacConkey agar, and Mannitol Salt Agar. Bacterial isolates were identified using several commercial kits of the analytical profile index and tested for antibiotic susceptibility by disk diffusion method.

Results: Overall, 185/200 (92.5%) dogs and cats carried zoonotic bacteria in their mouths, of which 55.13% (102/185) had at least two bacterial pathogens. 374 pathogenic strains belonging to 15 genera were isolated: Eleven were Gram-negative (Proteus, Pasteurella, Escherichia, Moraxella, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, and Neisseria Haemophilus) and four were Gram-positive (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Corynebacterium, Bacillus). Fifty-one strains of Pasteurella were isolated from 44 carriers of Pasteurella (21 Pasteurella multocida, 21 Pasteurella pneumotropica, and 9 Pasteurella spp.). Pasteurella strains were tested for antibiotic resistance. Resistance to at least one drug was observed in 8 (15.68%) of Pasteurella isolates and two strains (3.92%) were found to be multidrug-resistant (to two or more drugs). Erythromycin, penicillin, and ampicillin were the antimicrobials to which the isolates showed greater resistance (7.84%, 5.88%, and 3.92%, respectively).

Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first in Algeria to detect potential human pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity of dogs and cats. It reveals that these animals have multiple zoonotic bacteria in their mouths including Pasteurella species, which may be multidrug-resistant.

Keywords: Algeria, bite, dogs and cats, oral flora, Pasteurella.

Comparison of subclinical dermatophyte infection in short- and long-haired cats

Research (Published online: 29-12-2020)

28. Comparison of subclinical dermatophyte infection in short- and long-haired cats

Panpicha Sattasathuchana, Chunyaput Bumrungpun and Naris Thengchaisri

Veterinary World, 13(12): 2798-2805

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Long-haired cats may have an increased risk of dermatophytosis due to insufficient grooming and their thick hair coat trapping fungal spores. The prevalence of subclinical dermatophytosis in long-haired cats was evaluated using fungal culture and Wood's lamp test. Hematology and blood chemistry results were compared between cats negative and positive for dermatophytosis.

Materials and Methods: A total of 127 cats (median age, 3 years [range, 10 months-10 years]) without feline leukemia virus or feline immunodeficiency virus infection were classified into short-haired (n=64) and long-haired (n=63) groups. Hair samples were cultured on a fungal culture medium (dermatophyte test medium, enhanced sporulation agar, and Sabouraud agar).

Results: The prevalence of dermatophytosis in short-haired and long-haired cats was 6.25% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.15-12.28) and 34.92% (95% CI, 22.94-46.90), respectively. The odds of long-haired cats having dermatophytosis were 8.05 (95% CI, 2.44-33.97) times greater than that in short-haired cats. The number of positive dermatophytosis found in domestic short-haired cats (2/50, 4.0%) was significantly lower than that in Persian cats (17/47, 36.17%; p<0.001) and long-haired mixed breed cats (3/7, 42.86%; p=0.011). The overall sensitivity and specificity of the Wood's lamp test for diagnosing Microsporum canis infection were 37.5% (95% CI, 21.2-57.3%) and 96.1% (95% CI, 90.4-98.5%), respectively. Cats with dermatophytosis had significantly lower hematocrit and serum albumin levels than cats without dermatophytosis.

Conclusion: Subclinical dermatophytosis was more common in long-haired cats; therefore, dermatophyte examinations should be performed routinely.

Keywords: cats, dermatophyte, hematology, mycosis, Wood's lamp.

Wound healing in immunocompromised dogs: A comparison between the healing effects of moist exposed burn ointment and honey

Research (Published online: 29-12-2020)

27. Wound healing in immunocompromised dogs: A comparison between the healing effects of moist exposed burn ointment and honey

Musa Alshehabat, Wael Hananeh, Zuhair Bani Ismail, Safwan Abu Rmilah and Mahmoud Abu Abeeleh

Veterinary World, 13(12): 2793-2797

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Natural topical products have been used to enhance wound healing, especially in immunocompromised animals. The aims of this study were to evaluate and to compare the effects of moist exposed burn ointment (MEBO) and honey on the healing of full-thickness skin wounds in immunocompromised dogs.

Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using 12 adults, apparently healthy mongrel dogs. Immunosuppression was induced in six dogs by oral administration of prednisone (2 mg/kg) and azathioprine (2 mg/kg), once a day for 21 days. On each dog, a total of 9, 1.5 cm in diameter full-thickness skin circular wounds were created aseptically in the thoracolumbar area under general anesthesia using customized skin punch biopsy kit. In a random fashion, three wounds in each dog were treatment using MEBO (contains b-sitosterol, baicalin, and berberine as active ingredients in a base of beeswax and sesame oil), honey or no treatment (control), once per day for 21 days. Wounds were grossly evaluated once a day for signs of inflammation or infection. In addition, biopsy specimens and digital imaging data of each wound were obtained on days 7, 14, and 21 for histopathological evaluation of the healing process.

Results: Wounds in immunocompromised dogs appeared to heal significantly in a slower fashion than in non-immunocompromised counterparts. Digital analysis data showed that MEBO-treated wounds expressed better epithelialization area, faster contraction, and smaller wound area percentage when compared with honey-treated wounds. Histopathological analysis showed significantly higher angiogenesis scores in MEBO-treated wounds when compared with other treatments.

Conclusion: Results of this study showed that MEBO resulted in significant enhancement of wound healing in both healthy and immunocompromised dogs. However, when compared to honey, the wound healing effect of MEBO was superior to that of honey.

Keywords: epithelialization, open wound healing, wound contraction, wound dressings.

Clinical and pathological features of aspergillosis due to Aspergillus fumigatus in broilers

Research (Published online: 26-12-2020)

26. Clinical and pathological features of aspergillosis due to Aspergillus fumigatus in broilers

Alfarisa Nururrozi, Yanuartono Yanuartono, Sitarina Widyarini, Dhasia Ramandani and Soedarmanto Indarjulianto

Veterinary World, 13(12): 2787-2792

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous pathogen causing aspergillosis in poultry. This research aimed to evaluate the clinical and pathological features of aspergillosis infection in broilers.

Materials and Methods: A. fumigatus infection was induced experimentally by intra-air sac inoculation of a 1.7×108 spore suspension into broilers. Infected and non-infected birds were closely observed for the development of clinical signs of infection twice daily. Pathological samples were collected 5, 14, and 30 days post-infection (dpi) and examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining.

Results: A total of 160 birds were included in this study. Clinical signs emerged at 3 dpi and became consistent at 5 dpi. A considerable decrease in severity and number of birds showing infection symptoms followed. The clinical signs of aspergillosis included anorexia (n=40; 50%), lethargy (n=32; 40%), dyspnea (n=38; 48%), and gasping (n=29; 36%). Macroscopic changes in the air sacs at 3 dpi included the development of minor lesions showing cloudiness, slight membrane thickening, and local exudates. Histopathological examination of the air sacs collected at 3 dpi indicated local inflammation surrounded by hyphae and spores. At 5 dpi, infected birds developed nodules, necrosis, and parenchymal consolidation of the lungs. Pulmonary changes, such as bronchopneumonia, spores, septate hyphae, and mild granulomatous inflammation, were also observed. At 14 dpi, multiple caseous nodules and plaques were found in the air sacs; plaque and necrosis in large areas of the lungs and severe multifocal granulomatous inflammation were noted.

Conclusion: The clinical symptoms of aspergillosis emerged at 3 dpi and gradually decreased beginning at 7 dpi. Similar pathological changes were observed in the air sacs and lungs. The results of this work provide additional information on the pathogenesis of aspergillosis.

Keywords: aspergillosis, broiler, clinical, pathological.

Effect of parity on metabolic and oxidative stress profiles in Holstein dairy cows

Research (Published online: 26-12-2020)

25. Effect of parity on metabolic and oxidative stress profiles in Holstein dairy cows

Shimaa G. Yehia, Eman S. Ramadan, Eissa A. Megahed and Noha Y. Salem

Veterinary World, 13(12): 2780-2786

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Pregnancy and lactation have an impact on health status of animals and constitute burden on body metabolites and the oxidant-antioxidant equilibrium. This study is aimed at evaluating metabolic and oxidative stress patterns and parity impacts in both primiparous and multiparous dairy cows.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows were enrolled and categorized into four groups according to their physiologic status: Primiparous peripartum heifer (n=5), primiparous postpartum cow (n=9), multiparous peripartum cows (n=5), and multiparous postpartum cows (n=8). Blood sample was taken from each animal – peripartum groups at 3 weeks prepartum and postpartum groups at 3 weeks post-parturition – for complete blood picture, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, albumin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity, and haptoglobin estimation.

Results: Postpartum primiparous cows showed significant decrease in glucose, total protein, and albumin while showing significant increase in MDA, NEFA, and globulin; on the other hand, multiparous postpartum cows showed significant decrease in glucose, total protein, and albumin, associated with significant increase in cholesterol and MDA when compared with prepartum PP and MP cows, respectively. Postpartum multiparous cows significantly showed reduction in NEFA when compared to primiparous postpartum cows. Hematologic profiles of postpartum primiparous and multiparous cows showed significant decrease in red blood cells and packed cell volume, significant increase in lymphocytes when compared with prepartum cows.

Conclusion: Metabolic and oxidative abnormalities exist in both primiparous and multiparous cows during the transition phase, however postpartum primiparous cows show higher susceptibility to negative energy balance impacts. Oxidant/ antioxidant imbalance occurred in both the primiparous and multiparous postpartum cows, highlighting the importance of oxidative stress profiles in the assessment of metabolic health status during transition.

Keywords: haptoglobin, heifers, multiparous, non-esterified fatty acids, oxidative stress, transition.

Post-calving umbilical cord tissue offcut: A potential source for the isolation of bovine mesenchymal stem cells

Research (Published online: 25-12-2020)

24. Post-calving umbilical cord tissue offcut: A potential source for the isolation of bovine mesenchymal stem cells

Parishma Debbarma, Tanmay Mondal, Camelia Manna, Kuldeep Kumar, Joydip Mukherjee, Bikash Chandra Das, Sadhan Bag and Kinsuk Das

Veterinary World, 13(12): 2772-2779

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Veterinary health care is an emergent area in animal sciences and innovative therapeutic approaches happen to be imperative in the present days. In view of the importance of cattle health and production, it is necessary to take up contemporary approach of stem cell therapy in this sector also. This study aimed to standardize an explant culture method of bovine umbilical tissue offcut to isolate mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) because considerable efforts are required for ensuring easy accessibility and availability of MSCs in bulk quantity, as well as in establishing and characterizing the cell lines.

Materials and Methods: The umbilical cord (UC) tissue matrix offcut was collected after calving. A simplified in vitro cell isolation technique was followed to collect the emerged out cells from the explants of UC. Further, we expanded these isolated cells in vitro, observed its growth kinetics, and characterized to confirm as per the criterion of bovine MSCs.

Results: A considerable exponential growth rate of the UC-derived cells was noticed. In addition to their confirmation as MSCs, the cells also exhibited plastic adherent property and maintained the spindle-shaped morphology throughout the in vitro culture. The cultured cells were found positive MSC-specific surface markers CD105, CD90, and CD73 and were negative for hematopoietic cell marker CD45. Cytochemical studies revealed the ability of the cells to differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages.

Conclusion: This simplified method of isolation and culture of bovine multipotent MSCs from the UC offcut collected after calving could be extrapolated for the greater availability of the cells for prospective therapeutic applications.

Keywords: cattle, umbilical cord tissue, mesenchymal stem cells, isolation.

Growth performance and small intestinal morphology of native chickens after feed supplementation with tryptophan and threonine during the starter phase

Research (Published online: 24-12-2020)

23. Growth performance and small intestinal morphology of native chickens after feed supplementation with tryptophan and threonine during the starter phase

Charles V. Lisnahan and Oktovianus R. Nahak

Veterinary World, 13(12): 2765-2771

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The amino acid content of feed can affect growth performance of poultry during the first 6 weeks of life or the starter phase. Unlike for broiler and layer chickens, there is no information concerning standard requirements for tryptophan and threonine during the starter phase. This study aimed to determine the amount of threonine and tryptophan that should be supplemented in chicken feed to maximize growth performance and small intestinal morphology of native chickens during the starter phase.

Materials and Methods: A total of 128 day-old native chickens were divided into four treatment groups with four replications based on a completely randomized design. The treatment diets were as follows: T0 (control feed); T1 (T0+0.10% L-tryptophan+0.35% L-threonine); T2 (T0+0.17% L-tryptophan+0.68% L-threonine); and T3 (T0+0.25% L-tryptophan+1.00% L-threonine).

Results: The feed intake was highest for the T2 and T3 groups (123.06 and 124.18 g/bird/week, respectively). The T3 group had the highest body weight gain (49.35 g/bird/week) and carcass weight (201.44 g/bird) relative to the other groups, while the T2 and T3 groups showed similar, significant (p<0.05) increases in feed conversion ratio (2.57 and 2.51, respectively) and carcass percentage (60.88 and 60.99%/bird, respectively) compared to the other groups. This study showed villi height, crypt depth, and villi width of duodenum, the highest jejunum and ileum of T3 (1109.00±27.26, 1325.50±75.00, 1229.50±101.68, 225.50±17.52, 236.00±24.81, 219.75±17.25, 192.25±14.41, 191.75±4.79, and 184.75±6.40, respectively) compare to other treatment.

Conclusion: These results indicate that supplementation of feed with 0.17% L-tryptophan and 0.68% L-threonine positively affected the growth performance and small intestinal morphology of native chickens during the starter phase.

Keywords: growth performance, native chickens, small intestinal morphology, starter phase, threonine, tryptophan.

Isolation, molecular identification, and pathological lesions of Saprolegnia spp. isolated from common carp, Cyprinus carpio in floating cages in Mosul, Iraq

Research (Published online: 24-12-2020)

22. Isolation, molecular identification, and pathological lesions of Saprolegnia spp. isolated from common carp, Cyprinus carpio in floating cages in Mosul, Iraq

Fawwaz Fadhil Ali, Shahbaa Khalil AL-Taee and Zahraa Mustafa AL-Jumaa

Veterinary World, 13(12): 2759-2764

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Saprolegniasis is a fungal disease that infects freshwater fish. The condition is characterized by a cotton-like appearance in the gills and body. This study aimed to isolate Saprolegnia from common carp, Cyprinus carpio, raised in a floating cage in Wana district, Mosul, Iraq.

Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from 15 infected fish and examined microbiologically, molecularly, and histopathologically. Saprolegnia DNA was extracted which was amplified using universal primers give a 540 bp DNA fragment, and gill and muscle tissue were also examined for histopathological changes.

Results: Isolated colonies of Saprolegnia were characterized by a circular, white cottony appearance with long hair. Lactophenol staining demonstrated hyphae as branched non-septate, transparent masses. The genomic DNA of isolates was consistent with Saprolegnia spp. The infected tissue samples showed variable pathology in gills. Severe hemorrhage and edema were observed in primary gill filaments with hyperplasia in epithelial cells and infusion in secondary gill filaments. Hyphae of Saprolegnia were seen between necrotic and edematous myofiber with inflammatory cells infiltration.

Conclusion: Saprolegnia can cause economic impacts through lethal infection of fish. Clinical signs of Saprolegnia infection were confirmed molecularly and microscopically, and these findings were supported by histopathological lesions in gill and muscle tissues.

Keywords: common carp, fungal isolation, histopathological changes, molecular identification, Saprolegnia.

Higher prevalence of multidrug-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamases producing Escherichia coli in unorganized pig farms compared to organized pig farms in Mizoram, India

Research (Published online: 23-12-2020)

21. Higher prevalence of multidrug-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamases producing Escherichia coli in unorganized pig farms compared to organized pig farms in Mizoram, India

R. Mandakini, P. Roychoudhury, P. K. Subudhi, H. Kylla, I. Samanta, S. Bandyopadhayay and T. K. Dutta

Veterinary World, 13(12): 2752-2758

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was conducted to record the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Escherichia coli from pig population of organized and unorganized farms of Mizoram and to record the presence of ESBLs, non-ESBLs, and integrons.

Materials and Methods: Fecal samples were collected from pigs under organized (n=40) and unorganized (n=58) farms of Mizoram. Samples were processed for isolation and identification of E. coli by conventional techniques, BD Phoenix™ automated bacterial system, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based confirmatory test. All the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity test by disk diffusion assay and ESBLs production by double-disk synergy test (DDST). The ESBLs producing isolates were subjected to PCR for determination of ESBLs genes and all the isolates were screened for non-ESBLs genes and integrons by PCR.

Results: A total of 258 E. coli was isolated and identified from organized (n=120) and unorganized farms (n=138). Majority of the E. coli isolates exhibited high level of resistance against amoxicillin (Ax) (81.78%), cefalexin (85.42%), co-trimoxazole (50.78%), sulfafurazole (69.38%), tetracycline (65.89%), and trimethoprim (TR) (51.94%). Statistically highly significant (p<0.01) variations in resistance among the isolates from organized and unorganized farms were recorded in case of Ax, ampicillin, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, piperacillin, and TR. By DDST, 65.89% isolates were recorded as ESBLs producer, of which 82/120 (68.33%) and 88/138 (63.77%) were from organized and unorganized farms, respectively. A total of 29/258 (11.24%) isolates were positive for at least one ESBLs gene. blaTEM was most frequently (9.69%) gene, followed by blaCTX-M (5.04%) and blaCMY (0.78%). Altogether, 6 (5.00%), 4 (3.33%), and 2 (1.67%) isolates from the organized farms were positive for blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaCMY genes, respectively. Similarly, 21 (15.22%) and 7 (5.07%) isolates from the unorganized farms were positive for blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes, respectively. None of them were positive for blaSHV genes. Altogether 57 (22.09%), 9 (3.49%), 66 (25.58%), 78 (30.23%), 21 (8.14%), and 18 (6.98%) isolates were positive for tetA, tetB, sul1, sul2, aadA, and dfrla genes, respectively. The prevalence of non-ESBLs genes was higher in the E. coli isolates from the unorganized farms than organized farms.

Conclusion: MDR and ESBLs producing E. coli are circulating among the pigs and their environment in Mizoram. Pigs under unorganized farms exhibited higher level of resistance against majority of the antimicrobials, including third-generation cephalosporins, which might be an indication of overuse or misuse of antibiotics under the unorganized piggery sectors in Mizoram.

Keywords: Escherichia coli, extended-spectrum β-lactamases, India, Mizoram, multidrug-resistant, pig.

Prevalence of Salmonella contamination in consumed eggs in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis study on published studies from 1996 to 2018

Research (Published online: 22-12-2020)

20. Prevalence of Salmonella contamination in consumed eggs in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis study on published studies from 1996 to 2018

Behnam Hosseininezhad, Enayat Berizi, Marzieh Nader, Seyed Mohammad Mazloomi, Saeid Hosseinzadeh, Laya Ebrahimi and Morteza Zare

Veterinary World, 13(12): 2743-2751

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Food poisoning caused by Salmonella is among the most common gastrointestinal discomfort resulted from egg consumption which can produce various syndromes. The present study is a systematic review and metaanalysis investigation on the published studies about the prevalence of Salmonella contamination in the consumed eggs in Iran.

Materials and Methods: The data were collected and analyzed from four international search databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar and four Iranian databases comprising SID, MagIran, Civilica, and IranDoc. After searching all the databases, 303 articles were found, from which 31 articles were included in the final analysis.

Results: According to the data analysis, the highest rate of contamination was belonged to the industrial eggs (7.49%), however, the prevalence rate was reported 13.61% in the eggshell part. The overall prevalence of Salmonella contamination in consumed eggs of Iran using culture of microbial, molecular, molecular-serological, culture-molecular, cultureserological, and culture -molecular-serological methods was obtained 11.33%, 5.52%, 0.37%, 1.91%, 5.52%, and 0.73%, respectively. Prevalence in the 21 geographical areas, where studies have been conducted, ranged from 0% (Zahedan) to 29.06% (Tabriz). The studies have also showed that eight different serotypes were among the major cause of Salmonella contamination in eggs. The most common Salmonella serotype was Salmonella Enteritidis and the highest diversity in Salmonella contaminant serotypes was recorded in Talesh (including S. Enteritidis, Salmonella Gallinarum, Salmonella Virchow, and Salmonella Newport).

Conclusion: Results of this study revealed the high prevalence of Salmonella contamination in eggs, in Iran. Therefore, disinfection and cleaning bed, cleaning of equipment and supplies, and proper maintenance temperature and humidity of the eggs are recommended. In addition, proper personal hygiene and prohibition of consuming raw egg products are essential.

Keywords: eggs, Iran, Salmonella, systematic review and meta-analysis.

Prevalence and antimicrobial drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cow milk samples

Research (Published online: 21-12-2020)

19. Prevalence and antimicrobial drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cow milk samples

Matlale Phriskey Mphahlele, James Wabwire Oguttu, Inge-Marie Petzer and Daniel Nenene Qekwana

Veterinary World, 13(12): 2736-2742

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus infections and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in mastitis cases are both of clinical and economic importance. This study investigated the prevalence and AMR patterns of S. aureus isolated from composite milk samples of dairy cows submitted to the Onderstepoort Milk Laboratory for routine diagnosis.

Materials and Methods: A total of 2862 cow milk samples randomly selected from submitted samples were tested for the presence of S. aureus using microbiological and biochemical tests. Confirmation of isolates was done using the analytical profile index. Antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus isolates against 12 antimicrobial agents was determined using the disk diffusion method.

Results: S. aureus was isolated from 1.7% (50/2862) of the samples tested. All (100%) S. aureus isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, while 62% (31/50) were resistant to three or more categories of antimicrobials (multidrug-resistant [MDR]). Most S. aureus isolates were resistant to erythromycin (62%; 31/50) and ampicillin (62%; 31/50). Almost half of S. aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin (46%; 23/50) and only 8% (4/50) were resistant to cefoxitin.

Conclusion: Although the prevalence of S. aureus among mastitis cases in this study was low, isolates exhibited high resistance to aminoglycosides, macrolides, and penicillins, all of which are important drugs in human medicine. The high prevalence of MDR S. aureus and the presence of methicillin resistance among S. aureus observed in this study are of both clinical and public health concerns.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, bovine mastitis, multidrug resistance, public health, Staphylococcus aureus.

A novel ex vivo porcine model of acid-induced esophageal damage for preliminary functional evaluations of anti-gastroesophageal reflux disease medical devices

Research (Published online: 21-12-2020)

18. A novel ex vivo porcine model of acid-induced esophageal damage for preliminary functional evaluations of anti-gastroesophageal reflux disease medical devices

Domenico Ventrella, Roberta Salaroli, Alberto Elmi, Giacomo Carnevali, Monica Forni, Fabio Baldi and Maria Laura Bacci

Veterinary World, 13(12): 2728-2735

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of the study was to set up a porcine ex vivo model of acid-induced damage and to evaluate its performance by means of multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH (MII-pH) live recording, histology, and Evans blue (EB) permeability assay.

Materials and Methods: Thirteen esophagi, collected at a slaughterhouse, were ablated of their sphincters, pinned upright on a support, and placed in a thermostatic hood at 37°C with two infusion tubes and an MII-pH probe inserted in the top end. Three esophagi (histology controls) were only left in the hood for 3.5 h before sampling, while the remaining organs underwent the experimental protocol including saline infusion and recovery recording, and acid solution infusion and recovery recording.

Results: MII-pH analysis highlighted a significantly stronger decrease during acid infusion when compared to saline, but a better post-infusion recovery for saline solution. At the end of the protocol, MII was still statistically lower than baseline. The acid-damaged esophagi significantly absorbed more EB dye, and histology revealed strong mucosal exfoliation.

Conclusion: The proposed model of esophageal acid damage seems to be repeatable, reliable, and achievable using organs collected at the slaughterhouse. MII recording proved to have good sensitivity in detecting mucosal alterations also in ex vivo trials.

Keywords: esophagus ex vivo model, Evans blue permeability assay, gastroesophageal reflux disease, multichannel intraluminal impedance, pig.

Antimicrobial resistance situation in animal health of Bangladesh

Review (Published online: 19-12-2020)

17. Antimicrobial resistance situation in animal health of Bangladesh

Md. Al Amin, M. Nazmul Hoque, Amam Zonaed Siddiki, Sukumar Saha and Md. Mostofa Kamal

Veterinary World, 13(12): 2713-2727

ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a crucial multifactorial and complex global problem and Bangladesh poses a regional and global threat with a high degree of antibiotic resistance. Although the routine application of antimicrobials in the livestock industry has largely contributed to the health and productivity, it correspondingly plays a significant role in the evolution of different pathogenic bacterial strains having multidrug resistance (MDR) properties. Bangladesh is implementing the National Action Plan (NAP) for containing AMR in human, animal, and environment sectors through "One Health" approach where the Department of Livestock Services (DLS) is the mandated body to implement NAP strategies in the animal health sector of the country. This review presents a "snapshot" of the predisposing factors, and current situations of AMR along with the weakness and strength of DLS to contain the problem in animal farming practices in Bangladesh. In the present review, resistance monitoring data and risk assessment identified several direct and/or indirect predisposing factors to be potentially associated with AMR development in the animal health sector of Bangladesh. The predisposing factors are inadequate veterinary healthcare, monitoring and regulatory services, intervention of excessive informal animal health service providers, and farmers' knowledge gap on drugs, and AMR which have resulted in the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, ultimate in the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes in all types of animal farming settings of Bangladesh. MDR bacteria with extreme resistance against antibiotics recommended to use in both animals and humans have been reported and been being a potential public health hazard in Bangladesh. Execution of extensive AMR surveillance in veterinary practices and awareness-building programs for stakeholders along with the strengthening of the capacity of DLS are recommended for effective containment of AMR emergence and dissemination in the animal health sector of Bangladesh.

Keywords: animal health, antibiotic-resistant, antimicrobial resistance, bacteria, veterinary.

Molecular identification, genotyping of virulence-associated genes, and pathogenicity of cellulitis-derived Escherichia coli

Research (Published online: 19-12-2020)

16. Molecular identification, genotyping of virulence-associated genes, and pathogenicity of cellulitis-derived Escherichia coli

Mohamed M. Amer, Hoda M. Mekky, Hanaa S. Fedawy, A. EL-Shemy, M. A. Bosila and Kh. M. Elbayoumi

Veterinary World, 13(12): 2703-2712

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Avian colibacillosis, which is caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), is a major bacterial disease that affects birds of all ages worldwide, causing significant economic losses. APEC manifests in several clinical forms, including cellulitis, and its high pathogenicity is attributed to harboring numerous virulence-associated genes (VGs). This study evaluated the pathogenicity of the cellulitis-derived E. coli (O78) strain through molecular identification of genes coding for seven virulence factors and by conducting an in vivo assessment of capability for cellulitis induction in broiler chickens.

Materials and Methods: This study was performed using a previously isolated and identified cellulitis-derived E. coli (O78), which was screened for seven VGs using molecular detection and identification through polymerase chain reaction followed by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Experimental infection by subcutaneous (SC) inoculation in broilers and its pathogenicity was confirmed in vivo by cellulitis induction. The impact of cellulitis on broiler performance was assessed.

Results: Molecular genotyping proved that the isolate harbored five virulence genes (iroN, iutA, tsh, iss, and papC) and was negative for stx1 and hly genes. The amplified products for iroN, iss, and iutA were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, and the results indicate the highest similarity and matching with E. coli submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank. SC inoculation of bacteria in broiler chickens resulted in cellulitis, as indicated by thick red edematous skin with yellowish-white material in the SC tissue at the inoculation site, and the abdominal muscle showed redness and increased vacuolization. Histopathological examination revealed moderate-to-severe caseous inflammatory reaction with a marked accumulation of heterophils and mononuclear cells in the SC fatty tissue. The average feed intake, body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were lower in infected chickens in comparison with those of the control non-infected chickens.

Conclusion: This study proves that molecular techniques are accurate for pathogenicity determination in virulent bacteria, with the advantages of being rapid, time-saving, and economical. Cellulitis is associated with economic losses that are represented by a lower BWG and FCR.

Keywords: avian pathogenic Escherichia coli, cellulitis, colibacillosis, polymerase chain reaction, virulence-associated genes.

Impact of anthropogenic pressures on wild mammals of Northern Portugal

Research (Published online: 18-12-2020)

15. Impact of anthropogenic pressures on wild mammals of Northern Portugal

Andreia Garcês, Isabel Pires, Fernando Pacheco, Luís Sanches Fernandes, Vanessa Soeiro, Sara Lóio, Justina Prada, Rui Cortes and Felisbina Queiroga

Veterinary World, 13(12): 2691-2702

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Wild mammals are among the most threatened species of the world in large part due to human activity. In this work, we used the method of partial least squares-path modeling associated with a geographic information system to analyze the impact of anthropogenic pressures on the mortality of wild mammals.

Materials and Methods: We collected the data related to the cause of death of native wild mammals admitted to the Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre of Parque Biológico de Gaia in Northern Portugal, during 10 years (2008-2017).

Results: A total of 359 animals from 42 municipalities (rural and urban areas) were included in the study. The main cause of death was of traumatic origin. From the anthropogenic pressures included in the study, water reservoirs, small companies, and residential buildings were the ones that contributed the most to increase the mortality of traumatic and nontraumatic origin. This relation of cause-effect (mortality-anthropogenic pressures) was supported by the high coefficients of determination obtained (R2>0.8).

Conclusion: The present results allow a general view on the reality of mammal's mortality in Northern Portugal. Furthermore, it could also constitute a valuable tool for the conservation of wild mammals in those areas.

Keywords: anthropogenic factors, mortality, Northern of Portugal, partial least squares path modeling, wild mammals.

Inventory of biosecurity measures and antibiotics therapy practices on laying hen farms in Benin

Research (Published online: 17-12-2020)

14. Inventory of biosecurity measures and antibiotics therapy practices on laying hen farms in Benin

Oscar N. C. Aguidissou, Cyrille K. Boko, Camus M. Adoligbe, Clarisse H. Dete, Picole T. Capo-Chichi, Yao Akpo, Benoit G. Koutinhouin and Souaïbou Farougou

Veterinary World, 13(12): 2681-2690

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Laying hen breeding is on the rise in Benin; nevertheless, there are several sanitary constraints to its development, including bacterial diseases. Faced with this situation, breeders mainly resort to different means of treatment. The objective of this study was to assess the current state of hygiene measures, the bacterial diseases commonly encountered, and antibiotic therapy practices on laying hen farms in Benin.

Materials and Methods: A total of 200 laying hen farms were randomly selected from lists of laying hen farms obtained from veterinary offices, territorial agricultural development agencies, and the Benin National Union of Professional Aviculturists. Each visited farmer was subjected to a semi-structured questionnaire by direct interview. The results were compared using the bilateral Z-test.

Results: The results of this survey revealed that 99.5% of the surveyed farms had a health and medical prophylaxis program although only 88.5% of them reported strictly adhering to it (p<0.001). About 25.0% of them reported that the dominant bacterial diseases they commonly encountered on their farms were salmonellosis, colibacillosis, and chronic respiratory disease. Only 7.0% of farmers said that they confirmed their diagnosis outside of clinical signs through laboratory analysis. To control these pathologies, 14.5% of farmers used only oxytetracycline, while 39.0% used other antibiotics such as colistin, enrofloxacin, tylosin, tylodox, flumequine, and norfloxacin. In comparison, 13.5% used a trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine and sulfadimidine combination, while 32.0% said that they used erythromycin, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, neomycin, and colistin (p<0.001) combination.

Conclusion: This study highlights the inadequacies of hygiene and antibiotic therapy practices implemented on Benin's laying hen farms.

Keywords: antibiotic therapy, bacterial diseases, biosecurity, laying hens.