Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and Class 1 integrons in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from turkeys

Research (Published online: 30-07-2019)

36. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and Class 1 integrons in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from turkeys

Samah Eid and Abdel Hafeez Samir

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1167-1174

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and implication of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing and Class 1 integrons (int1) gene carriers Escherichia coli isolates that demonstrated multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes and was isolated from turkeys that suffered from respiratory manifestation.

Materials and Methods: A total of 120 freshly dead turkey poults that suffered from respiratory manifestations, with a history of treatment failure at Hefna, Belbis, Sharqia (Egypt) were sampled. From each bird lung and liver were aseptically collected and transported for laboratory investigations.

Results: Examination of samples collected from 120 freshly dead turkey poults revealed the isolation of coagulase-positive staphylococci, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Proteusspp., Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., and E. coli with the prevalence rates of 12/120 (10%), 30/120 (35%), 17/120 (14.2%), 5/120 (4.1%), 17/120 (14.2%), 6/120 (5%), 7/120 (5.8%), and 18/120 (15%), respectively. E. coliisolates were subjected for serotyping and characterization, while the rest of isolates were preserved to be investigated later in further studies. Serogrouping of E. coli isolates revealed the identification of O119, O6, O8, and O169, while 1/18 isolate was untypable. Studying phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility profiles of isolates revealed that 18/18 (100%) of isolates demonstrated resistance against cefuroxime, tetracycline, and trimethoprim, 16/18 (88.9%) of isolates demonstrated resistance to amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, and norfloxacin, 14/18 (77.8%) of isolates demonstrated resistance to doxycycline and ciprofloxacin, and 9/18 (50%) of isolates showed resistance to gentamycin. Double disk synergy test showed that 6/18 (33.3%), 8/18 (44.4%), and 13/18 (72.2%) of isolates demonstrated the phenotypic pattern of ESBL producers with cefepime, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone, respectively. Genotypic attributes for beta-lactamase TEM gene and int1 gene were studied by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and revealed that 17/18 (94.4%) of isolates were positive for both genes. Embryo lethality test indicated that the 18 studied E. coli isolates were considered primary pathogens.

Conclusion: The results revealed that 18/18 (100%) of E. coli isolates demonstrated MDR against three or more antibiotic groups, 9/18 (50%) of isolates showed extensive resistance against the nine tested chemotherapeutic agents from seven antibiotic groups. It is recommended to monitor the circulation of MDR and ESBL-producing pathogens in poultry production in a one health approach, as a preventive measure to mitigate the risk imposed on public health.

Keywords: Class 1 integrons, Escherichia coli, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, multidrug resistance, turkeys.

Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the fatty acid synthase, LOC514211, and fat mass and obesity-associated genes with milk traits in Indonesian-Holstein dairy cattle

Research (Published online: 30-07-2019)

35. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the fatty acid synthase, LOC514211, and fat mass and obesity-associated genes with milk traits in Indonesian-Holstein dairy cattle

Amalia Puji Rahayu, Tety Hartatik, Agung Purnomoadi and Edy Kurnianto

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1160-1166

ABSTRACT

Aim: The study aimed to identify fatty acid synthase (FASN), LOC514211, and fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene polymorphisms and to investigate their associations with milk traits in an Indonesian-Holstein dairy cow population.

Materials and Methods: A total of 100 Indonesian-Holstein cows consisting of 50 heads (0th generation; G0) and 50 heads of their daughters (1st generation; G1) were used. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed to genotype three single nucleotide polymorphisms: rs41919985 in the FASN gene, rs42688595 in the LOC514211 gene, and g.1371T>A in the FTO gene.

Results: FASN rs41919985 was associated with milk protein percentage (p<0 .05="" fto="" g.1371t="">A was associated with milk fat percentage (p<0 .05="" and="" any="" associated="" loc514211="" not="" p="" rs42688595="" trait="" was="" with="">0.05). Heterozygote variants showed a higher protein percentage for FASN and the highest fat percentage for FTO. These associations were consistent in the G0 and G1 populations.

Conclusion: Our results indicate that the milk protein and fat percentages can be improved by increasing the frequency of the AG genotype of FASN and the AT genotype of FTO, respectively.

Keywords: fat mass and obesity-associated, fatty acid synthase, Indonesian-Holstein cattle, LOC514211, milk traits.

Comparative occurrence pattern of fractures in cattle and buffaloes

Research (Published online: 28-07-2019)

34. Comparative occurrence pattern of fractures in cattle and buffaloes

Ganga Prasad Yadav, Vandana Sangwan and Ashwani Kumar

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1154-1159

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Dairy animals play an important role in the Indian economy. Knowledge of the occurrence pattern of long bone fractures in bovine may help in strategizing the possibilities of treatment and prognosis. This study aimed to find out the comparative occurrence pattern of fractures in cattle and buffaloes.

Materials and Methods: A total of 278 fractures of bovine (171 in cattle and 107 in buffaloes), presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India, during a study of 1 year, were investigated for the occurrence pattern, in relation to species, age, body weight, gender, bone involved, type of fracture (closed or open), and the presentation of bovine as standing or in recumbent state.

Results: The overall hospital occurrence of fractures in bovine was 4.24% and most of the fractures resulted from slipping and falling on hard floor. Of 278 fractures, the majority (90.28%) involved long bones (n=251; 103 buffaloes and 148 cattle). Forelimb fractures were recorded more common in buffaloes (64.08%), whereas the cattle suffered more of hind limb fractures (60.23%). Cattle also included 11 cases of bilateral fractures of metacarpal (n=3), tibia (n=1), radius and ulna (n=1), and mandible (n=6). Fracture of olecranon constituted 6.83% (n=19) and majority (n=15) were in buffaloes. The cattle had higher percent of open fractures (54.38%) as compared to that in buffaloes (17.76%). Marginally higher percentage of cattle (33.33%) suffering from fracture were recumbent as compared to buffaloes (23.36%) and femur fractures were found to be a leading cause of recumbency (100% in cattle and 75.00% in buffaloes).

Conclusion: Species-specific differences in the occurrence pattern of fractures exist among cattle and buffaloes. Cattle are found to be more susceptible (1.5 times) to fractures as compared to buffaloes. The buffaloes are vulnerable to forelimb fractures while the cattle to the hind limb. As compared to forelimb, long bone fractures of hind limb are more commonly associated with recumbency in bovine. Cattle are more prone to mandible fractures and the open fractures of long bones as compared to buffaloes.

Keywords: buffalo, cattle, fracture, incidence, long bone.

Gastrointestinal parasites of dogs (Canis familiaris) in Maiduguri, Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria: Risk factors and zoonotic implications for human health

Research (Published online: 28-07-2019)

33. Gastrointestinal parasites of dogs (Canis familiaris) in Maiduguri, Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria: Risk factors and zoonotic implications for human health

Kingsley Uwakwe Ezema, Samson Anjikwi Malgwi, Mohammed Kyari Zango, Falmata Kyari, Salamatu Mohammed Tukur, Ali Mohammed and Babagana Kachalla Kayeri

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1150-1153

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study was designed to investigate the prevalence, associated risk factors, and zoonotic implications of gastrointestinal parasites of dogs in Maiduguri, Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: A total of 200 rectal fecal samples were collected from dogs in Maiduguri for coprological examination using the saturated sodium chloride floatation technique. Detection of eggs or oocyst was done on the basis of keys of identification of parasites based on the morphology and size of eggs or oocyst.

Results: The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of dogs was 31.5% (63/200) in Maiduguri. The prevalence of the infection was higher in young, male dogs kept outdoor in terms of age, sex, and management; the difference was statistically significant (p<0 .05="" detected="" i="" in="" include="" maiduguri="" nbsp="" parasites="" style="box-sizing: border-box;" the="">Ancylostoma

 spp., Toxocara spp., Dipylidium spp., Isospora spp., and Taenia spp., with Ancylostoma spp. (16%) having the highest prevalence rate.

Conclusion: Gastrointestinal parasites have high prevalence in Maiduguri and constitute potential risk to human health because all genera of parasites detected in the study area are of public health importance.

Keywords: coprological examination, gastrointestinal parasites, prevalence, zoonoses.

Isolation, detection of virulence genes, antibiotic resistance genes, plasmid profile, and molecular typing among Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated in Malaysian seawater from recreational beaches and fish

Research (Published online: 28-07-2019)

32. Isolation, detection of virulence genes, antibiotic resistance genes, plasmid profile, and molecular typing among Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated in Malaysian seawater from recreational beaches and fish

Orooba Meteab Faja, Ali Abd Sharad, Khansa Mohammed Younis, Merriam Ghadhanfar Alwan, Basima Jasim Mohammed and Asmad Ahmad

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1140-1149

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Despite the importance of the global emergence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections worldwide, there has been scanty information on its occurrence in Malaysian seawaters and fish. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of V. parahaemolyticus isolates using polymerase chain reaction targeted at toxin operon gene, thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh), and tdh-related hemolysin genes and to determine antibiotic resistance pattern, genes, and plasmid profile of V. parahaemolyticus from Malaysian seawaters and fish.

Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from four recreational beaches in Malaysia (Port Klang; Bachok; Port Dickson; and Mersing). Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar and chromogenic Vibrio agar were used for isolation and identification. Colonies with yellow color on TCBS and green color on chromogenic vibrio (CV) agar were considered to be V. parahaemolyticus and they were subjected to biochemical tests. All V. parahaemolyticus isolates were further subjected to identification using seven specific gene markers.

Results: Seventy-three Vibrio isolates were recovered. Only one gene tdh> from seawater isolates of Vibrio has high virulence gene percentage (95.23%). Two genes alkaline serine protease (asp) and (tdh) had high percentage of virulence (83.87% and 80.64%, respectively) from fish. Comparatively, fish isolates have a higher virulence percentage compared to seawater isolates. Only gene streptomycin resistance B (strB) from seawater had 100% of the resistance genes. All isolates were multi-antibiotic resistant. Seventeen antibiotic resistance patterns were observed. The isolates had plasmids of varying sizes ranging from 2.7 kb to 42.4 kb. Dendrogram based on antibiotic resistance patterns of V. parahaemolyticus isolates discriminated the isolates into three clusters.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated the occurrence of pathogenic, multi-antibiotic-resistant V. parahaemolyticus strains in Malaysian coastal waters and fish, and this could constitute potential public health risks.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance genes, plasmid profile, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, virulence genes.

Retrospective study of the reproductive performance of Barb and Thoroughbred stallions in Algeria

Research (Published online: 26-07-2019)

31. Retrospective study of the reproductive performance of Barb and Thoroughbred stallions in Algeria

Nedjma Aouane, Abdelkrim Nasri, Mohamed Al Amine Bekara, Ahmed Khireddine Metref and Rachid Kaidi

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1132-1139

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The Barb horse occupies a prominent place in the history, culture, and equestrian traditions of the Maghreb (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia). Although many studies on the breed standard and morphometry have been published, there are no studies on its fertility and reproductive potential. Thus, this work aimed to study the fertility of Barb, Arabian Purebred, and Thoroughbred horses in Algeria.

Materials and Methods: A total of 168 stallions and 1202 mares at the Chaouchaoua Stud farm in Tiaret, Algeria, were included in the study. The reproductive performance during 1592 cycles over 10 consecutive mating seasons (2003-2012) was evaluated. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression was used to analyze the reproductive parameters such as the number of cycles operated, number of pregnant mares, pregnancy rate per cycle, seasonal pregnancy rate, and embryonic mortality rate, and to determine the influence of breed, stallion's age, and year of the study on reproduction.

Results: Statistical analysis showed that stallion breed was a significant influencing factor for the number of pregnant barren mares (Odds ratio [OR]=1.72; p=0.03; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.05, 2.84) seasonal pregnancy rate (OR=1.40; p<0 .001="" 1.53="" 95="" additionally="" age="" barb="" ci="1.29," influence="" of="" performance="" regard="" reproductive="" s="" significant="" stallion.="" stallion="" superior="" that="" the="" thoroughbred="" to="" was="" with="">5 years on the number of pregnant foaling mares and seasonal pregnancy rate, significant interactions were observed between the stallion's breed and age, and the pregnancy rate per cycle: in the Barb breed, the pregnancy rate per cycle increased with the age of the stallion, while in the Thoroughbred, it decreased with age. Moreover, a significant effect of the year of the study on the pregnancy rate per cycle and number of pregnant foaling mares was observed. In contrast, the number of cycles and embryonic mortality rate were not influenced by the breed and age of the stallion, or the year of the study.

Conclusion: The Algerian Barb horse attained a similar level of fertility compared with that of the Arabian Purebred and Thoroughbred stallions depending on its age and reproductive performance.

Keywords: age, Barb, breeding performance, breed, stallion.

Serological detection of avian reovirus in different poultry flocks of Gazipur and Mymensingh districts of Bangladesh

Research (Published online: 26-07-2019)

30. Serological detection of avian reovirus in different poultry flocks of Gazipur and Mymensingh districts of Bangladesh

Syeda Farjana Neepa, Zobayda Farzana Haque, Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj, Md Alimul Islam and Sukumar Saha

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1126-1131

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Avian reovirus (ARV) is a constraint to poultry industry in Bangladesh as a cause of several diseases in chickens, especially in broiler. However, the actual status of the viral infection is not known because the large-scale study is not conducted in this country. Therefore, this study aimed to check the presence and distribution of ARV-specific antibody in respect to area, types of chickens (broiler breeder, broiler, and layer), vaccination status, and age of chickens in Gazipur and Mymensingh districts of Bangladesh.

Materials and Methods: A total of 276 chickens' blood samples were collected from two well-organized broiler breeder stock, seven broiler farms, and five layer farms located at two districts, namely Gazipur and Mymensingh of Bangladesh. Blood samples were collected from wing vein of the apparently healthy chickens using 3 ml of syringe and serum was harvested by keeping the syringe at room temperature in slanting position. The sera were transferred to the laboratory by maintaining the cool chain and further processing was performed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using ARV antibody test kit.

Results: The results of serological test revealed that an average of 39.5% seropositive against ARV was recorded in chickens of Gazipur and Mymensingh districts. Among these, chickens of Gazipur district had the highest seropositivity of 50.5% than Mymensingh (30.7%). With respect to vaccination status, the seropositivity of vaccinated chickens in both areas was 100% and non-vaccinated chickens was 50.5% in Gazipur and 30.7% in Mymensingh district, respectively. However, regarding age groups, the seropositivity was higher in the age of 4-6 weeks (64.5%).

Conclusion: The present serological findings showed a higher prevalence of ARV-specific antibodies in broiler birds. It indicates that the poultry industries of Bangladesh are contaminated with ARV which may naturally be transmitted to chickens either vertically or horizontally.

Keywords: avian reovirus, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, seropositive.

Abomasal displacement in neonatal dairy calves: Review of recent literature with special emphasis on abomasal torsion

Research (Published online: 25-07-2019)

29. Abomasal displacement in neonatal dairy calves: Review of recent literature with special emphasis on abomasal torsion

Zuhair Bani Ismail and Faisal Omoush

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1121-1125

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to describe the clinicopathological and necropsy findings in neonatal dairy calves affected with right torsion of the abomasum.

Materials and Methods: The history and findings of clinical examination, hematology and serum biochemical analyses and necropsy were described in six neonatal Holstein calves with a confirmed diagnosis of right torsion of the abomasum. Furthermore, a review of the literature was carried out using internet search engines such as PubMed and Google Scholar concerning abomasal displacement in calves. Only published papers in scientific and refereed journals were reviewed.

Results: Six neonatal Holstein calves (four females and two males) aged between 7 and 21 days were diagnosed with right torsion of the abomasum during necropsy. The calves were presented with peracute signs of anorexia, dehydration, abdominal pain, and abdominal distension. Hematology and serum biochemical analyses revealed hemoconcentration and azotemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and hypokalemia.

Conclusion: Abomasal torsion in neonatal calves must be placed on the deferential diagnostic list of calves suffering from peracute signs of abdominal pain and distension. Although the underlying etiopathological factors are not fully known, correction of nutritional mismanagement is required to prevent the condition.

Keywords: abdominal surgery, abomasal diseases, Holstein calves, roughage feeding.

A diluent containing coconut water, fructose, and chicken egg yolk increases rooster sperm quality at 5°C

Research (Published online: 25-07-2019)

28. A diluent containing coconut water, fructose, and chicken egg yolk increases rooster sperm quality at 5°C

Siti Eliana Rochmi and Miyayu Soneta Sofyan

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1116-1120

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate the quality of rooster sperm at 5°C after treatment with a diluent containing coconut water, fructose, and chicken egg yolk and stored the semen sample at 5°C.

Materials and Methods: Ten semen samples from 10 healthy roosters were subjected to four different treatments. For the treatments, 0.2 ml fresh semen with a sperm concentration of 5.2X109 cell/ml was mixed with T0 (no diluent), T1 (0.34 ml coconut water and 6 μl fructose), T2 (0.274 ml coconut water, 0.12 ml egg yolk, and 6 μl fructose), and T3 (0.34 ml egg yolk and 6 μl fructose) solutions. Each treated solution was stored at 5°C and evaluated both macroscopically and microscopically. Macroscopically, semen volume, pH, and sperm concentration were evaluated. The microscopic sperm characteristics examined included total motility (i.e., rapid, medium, or slow), progressive and non-progressive motility, viability, and spermatozoa abnormalities noted at different storage times. The results showed that spermatozoa motility was under 40%.

Results: The results indicated that sperm viability significantly affected (p<0 .05="" 7="" abnormalities="" after="" day="" found="" highest="" lower="" mean="" of="" on="" significantly="" similarly="" solution="" span="" sperm="" spermatozoa="" storage="" t2="" the="" treatment="" value="" viability="" was="" were="" with="">

Conclusion: The addition of a diluent containing coconut water, egg yolk, and fructose helped in the better preservation spermatozoa motility, as well as viability for up to 7 days when the semen samples were stored at 5°C.

Keywords: chicken, coconut water, diluent, egg yolk, sperm quality.

Genetic analysis of NS5B gene from bovine viral diarrhea virus-infected cattle in Central and East Java, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 25-07-2019)

27. Genetic analysis of NS5B gene from bovine viral diarrhea virus-infected cattle in Central and East Java, Indonesia

S. H. Irianingsih, H. Wuryastuty, R. Wasito, H. Wibawa, F. S. Tjatur Rasa and B. Poermadjaja

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1108-1115

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: A previous study divided Indonesian bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-1 into subgenotypes BVDV-1a to BVDV-1d based on the partial NS5B gene using strain Bega as reference for BVDV-1a. In fact, it is clustered into BVDV-1c with strain Bega-like Australia. BVDV genotyping has been done on isolates from Jakarta, West and Central Java, but East Java isolates have not been genotyped. This study aimed to analyze genetic variability and amino acid residues in the nucleotide-binding pocket of the NS5B gene from infected cattle.

Materials and Methods: Samples were obtained from the Sera Bank originating from active and passive surveillance of cattle that had been tested for BVDV antigen from 2013 to 2017. Detection of the p80 antibody and BVDV genotyping was carried out using ELISA and nested-multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. We defined 15 nested PCR products for partial sequencing of NS5B. Those field samples were selected from each location and year using proportional calculation as a representative sample. Homological and phylogenetic analyses of the partial NS5B gene were performed using BLAST and MEGA version 6.

Results: Based on the phylogenetic tree analysis using 360 nucleotides as the partial NS5B gene, Indonesian BVDV-1 isolates from Central and East Java were subdivided to BVDV-1a (n=9), BVDV-1b (n=1), and BVDV-1c (n=5). In the present study, the homology of BVDV subgenotype -1a, -1b, and -1c was compared to the BVDV GenBank data and found 90-93%, 93%, and 92-95% respectively with the average pairwise distance of 0.207. A point mutation was shown at R283K of all BVDV isolates based on the sequence of three amino acid residues R283, R285, and I287 in the nucleotide-binding pocket as a part of the encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Conclusion: This study revealed the genetic variability of BVDV infecting cattle in Central Java and East Java, Indonesia, the subtypes BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, BVDV-1c, and a point mutation at the R283K residue.

Keywords: bovine viral diarrhea virus, NS5B gene, phylogenetic analysis, point mutation, subgenotype.

The concentration of testosterone, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, and protamine 1 in the serum of male chicken following administration of epididymis and testicular extracts and their combination

Research (Published online: 25-07-2019)

26. The concentration of testosterone, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, and protamine 1 in the serum of male chicken following administration of epididymis and testicular extracts and their combination

Muslim Akmal, Gholib Gholib, Rinidar Rinidar, Fitriani Fitriani, T. Zahrial Helmi, Sugito Sugito, M. Isa, Nurliana Nurliana, Sri Wahyuni, Dasrul Dasrul and M. Aman Yaman

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1101-1107

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Testis and epididymis are male reproductive organs that play an important role in spermatogenesis. These two organs are rich in the content of hormones and other molecules needed in the process of spermatogenesis which affect the quality of the spermatozoa. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the administration of epididymis and testicular extracts and their combination on testosterone, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), and protamine 1 (PRM1) concentrations in the serum of male chicken.

Materials and Methods: Twenty male chickens (broiler strain Cp707), aged 3 weeks and weighing 800-1000 g, were randomly divided into four different groups including a control group (T0) = injected with 1 ml normal saline and treatment groups: T1 = injected with 1 ml epididymis extract, T2 = injected with 1 ml testicular extract, and T3 = injected with a combination of 1 ml epididymis + 1 ml testicular extract. The experiment was conducted for 13 days and at the end of the study (day 14), the chickens were sacrificed to obtain the serum. Furthermore, the concentrations of testosterone, PACAP, and PRM1 were then measured by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique.

Results: The concentrations of PACAP and PRM1 did not show a significant difference between treatment groups (T1, T2, and T3) and control group (T0) (p>0.05). However, the concentration of testosterone showed a significantly higher difference in a group injected with a combination of 1 ml epididymis and 1 ml testicular extracts (T3) compared to the control group (T0) (p<0 .05="" p="">

Conclusion: The administration of epididymis and testicular extracts and their combination did not affect the increase of PACAP and PRM1 concentration. However, a combination of these extracts significantly affects the increase of testosterone concentration in the serum of male chicken.

Keywords: chicken, epididymis and testicular extracts, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, spermatogenesis, testosterone, protamine 1.

Detection of lumpy skin disease virus in cattle using real-time polymerase chain reaction and serological diagnostic assays in different governorates in Egypt in 2017

Research (Published online: 24-07-2019)

25. Detection of lumpy skin disease virus in cattle using real-time polymerase chain reaction and serological diagnostic assays in different governorates in Egypt in 2017

Gamil Sayed Gamil Zeedan, Ayman Hamid Mahmoud, Abeer Mostafa Abdalhamed, Khaled Abd El-Hamid Abd El-Razik, Manal Hamdy Khafagi and Hala Abdoula Ahmed Abou Zeina

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1093-1100

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Lumpy skin disease (LSD), is a highly infectious viral disease of cattle, caused by LSD virus (LSDV) which belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus of family Poxviridae. In the summer of 2017, skin lesions suggestive of LSD were observed in cattle at several governorates in Egypt. This study aimed to detect LSDV in cattle specimens using rapid serological and molecular diagnostic assays.

Materials and Methods: A total of 46 skin biopsies and uncoagulated blood samples were collected from cattle with LSD suggestive clinical signs, as well as 290 coagulated whole blood samples from cattle without skin lesion in different governorates in Egypt during the summer of 2017. Skin biopsies were used for virus isolation from the chorioallantoic membrane of 11-day-old specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs (SPF-ECEs). LSDV was identified using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR (RT-PCR), and fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) with specific hyperimmune serum against LSDV. Cattle sera were examined using indirect FAT (IFAT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results: Skin nodules and sitfast lesions were significant clinical signs observed in all LSD suspect cattle. SPF-ECEs, from which positive isolations were made and it showed characteristic inflammatory and focal white pock lesions. The isolated viruses were identified as LSDV by FAT, conventional gel-based PCR, and RT-PCR. Among the skin biopsies and corresponding blood samples, LSDV-positive samples percentage were 39.13 and 36.95 by RT-PCR, followed 34.78 and 28.26 by conventional PCR and then 32.6 and 26.8 by FAT, respectively. The total positive percentage of LSDV antibody detected in cattle serum samples were 17.93 and 14.48 by indirect ELISA and IFAT.

Conclusion: LSDV was detected and identified in skin biopsies and corresponding blood samples of naturally infected cattle, more LSDV-positive samples were detected by RT-PCR, followed by conventional PCR and then FAT. The indirect ELISA detected more antibody-positive samples than the IFAT from cattle serum samples. The RT-PCR assay is simple, sensitive, rapid, and reliable for the detection of LSDV in blood and skin nodule biopsies of suspected cattle.

Keywords: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indirect fluorescent antibody technique, lumpy skin disease, polymerase chain reaction, Poxviridae, real-time polymerase chain reaction.

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Risk factors associated with cows' lying time, stall and cows' own cleanliness in smallholder dairy farms in Kenya

Research (Published online: 21-07-2019)

24. Risk factors associated with cows' lying time, stall and cows' own cleanliness in smallholder dairy farms in Kenya

E. K. Kathambi, J. A. VanLeeuwen, G. K. Gitau and C. Kamunde

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1085-1092

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The welfare of animals kept in livestock production systems has raised concerns around the world. Adult dairy cattle require adequate rest and spend approximately 12 h/day lying down. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the stall factors and management practices affecting cows' lying time, stall cleanliness, and cows' cleanliness (udder and upper leg), in smallholder dairy cows in Meru County of Kenya.

Materials and Methods: A total of 106 milking cows from 73 farms were assessed for daily lying time and cleanliness. Data loggers were used to record the lying time of cows for 3 days. Stall, udder, and upper leg cleanliness were assessed using a 5-score system: 1 (very clean) to 5 (very dirty). Management information was acquired using a questionnaire that was administered face-to-face to the farmers in their native Kimeru language. Univariable and multivariable linear and logistic regression models were fit to determine factors associated with cows' lying time and dichotomized stall and cows' own cleanliness, respectively.

Results: The mean daily lying time was 10.9±2.2 h, and the mean stall cleanliness score was 2.4±1.0. The mean average cleanliness scores of the udder and upper legs were 1.9±0.7 and 2.5±1.1, respectively. Overall, 35% of the stalls were categorized as dirty (>2.5), whereas 13% and 47% of the cows had udder and leg cleanliness scores >2.5, respectively. From the final multivariable models (p<0 .05="" 1.0="" 5.25="" by="" cleanliness="" conversely="" cows.="" cows="" daily="" decreased="" for="" h="" increased="" lying="" older="" scores="" stall="" than="" time="" versus="" with="" years="" younger="">2.5 and by 1.6 h with poorly positioned neck rails. In an interaction term, addition of new bedding at least once a day without removing stall manure at least once a day decreased the daily lying time of the cows by 1.5 h, whereas failure to add new bedding at least once a day but removing stall manure at least once a day decreased the lying time of the cows by 1.2 h. Farm-level risk factors for stall dirtiness (>2.5) included delayed cleaning of the alley (odds ratio [OR]=6.6, p=0.032), lack of bedding (OR=4.9, p=0.008), and standing idle and/or backward in the stall (OR=10.5, p=0.002). Stalls categorized as dirty (OR=2.9, p=0.041) and lack of bedding (OR=2.7, p=0.065) were cow- and farm-level risk factors for dirtiness of the udder (>2.5), respectively, whereas the stall being dirty (OR=2.3, p=0.043) was the only risk factor (cow level) for dirtiness of the upper legs (>2.5).

Conclusion: It was recommended that farmers should pay attention to the specific factors identified regarding the stall design (e.g., neck rail position) and bedding/manure management that impact the cleanliness of cows and their lying time.

Keywords: dairy cows, Kenya, lying time.

Yersinia enterocolitica: Prevalence, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance from retail and processed meat in Egypt

Research (Published online: 21-07-2019)

23. Yersinia enterocolitica: Prevalence, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance from retail and processed meat in Egypt

Gamal Younis, Mona Mady and Amal Awad

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1078-1084

ABSTRACT

Aim: The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in retail chicken meat, ground and processed beef meat, determine their virulence-associated genes, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, molecular detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, and their capability of biofilm formation in vitro.


Materials and Methods: A total of 210 samples (120 retail chicken meat, 30 ground beef, 30 beef burger, and 30 sausage samples) were collected from different retail chicken outlets and markets located at Mansoura city between December 2016 and April 2017. Meat samples were examined bacteriologically for the existence of Y. enterocolitica; bacterial colonies that displayed positive biochemical properties were subjected to polymerase chain reaction targeting 16 rRNA gene. Y. enterocolitica isolates were tested for their susceptibility to six antimicrobial agents using disk diffusion method. Uniplex PCR was used for screening Y. enterocoliticaisolates for the presence of two virulence chromosome-associated genes (ail and yst), and β-lactamases (blaTEM and blaSHV). The capability of Y. enterocolitica to form biofilms was detected by tube method.

Results:   Thirty Y. enterocolitica isolates (14.29%) were recovered including 19 (15.83%) isolates from chicken meat, 3 (10%) from ground beef, 5 (16.67%) from beef burger, and 3 (10%) from sausage samples. Regarding ail gene, it was detected in 6.67% (2/30), while yst gene detected in 20% (6/30) Y. enterocolitica isolates. About 80%, 70%, 63.33%, and 50% of Y. enterocolitica isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, and streptomycin, respectively, while 83.33% of Y. enterocolitica isolates were resistant to both ampicillin and cephalothin. Interestingly, 21 (70%) isolates had the capability of biofilms formation in vitro. Among the multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, a significant difference (p<0 .05="" and="" antimicrobials="" between="" biofilm="" correlated="" formation.="" formation="" found="" genes.="" however="" isolates="" lactam-resistant="" lactam="" mdr="" of="" presence="" resistance="" span="" the="" to="" was="" with="">

Conclusion: The presence of Y. enterocolitica in chicken meat, ground and processed beef meat represents a significant health risk for meat consumers, which reflects the contamination of slaughterhouses and processing operations, therefore, strict hygienic measures should be applied to minimize carcasses contamination.

Keywords: antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation, virulence genes, Yersinia enterocolitica.

Opportunistic pathogenic fungi isolated from feces of feral pigeons in Mafikeng, North West Province of South Africa

Research (Published online: 18-07-2019)

21. Opportunistic pathogenic fungi isolated from feces of feral pigeons in Mafikeng, North West Province of South Africa

Michelo Syakalima, Tsepo Ramatla and Ngoma Lubanza

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1066-1069

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Pigeon feces are increasingly being implicated in the spread of bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria, and Chlamydia. Fungi are rarely investigated except for Cryptococcus that has emerged as an important pathogen in old people and immunosuppressed patients. This study investigated fungi in pigeon feces collected from Mafikeng, the North West Province of South Africa.

Materials and Methods: Freshly dropped feces were collected and enriched in phosphate-buffered saline overnight at 48°C and then subcultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar and incubated at 48°C for 2 weeks observing any fungal growth from day 2. The growths were picked up, DNA extracted, and polymerase chain reaction was done using the internal transcribed spacer primers.

Results: Fungi isolated included: Aspergillus (Aspergillus tubingensis), Cryptococcus (Cryptococcus albidus and Cryptococcus randhawai), Fusarium spp., and Rhodotorula (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Rhodotorula kratochvilovae). Most of these isolates are known opportunistic pathogens and have been isolated in clinical conditions elsewhere. Other isolates such as Graphium dubautiae, Myrmecridium schulzeri, Naganishia albida, Paecilomyces lilacinus, and Zygopleurage zygospora were not found to be of any human health significance.

Conclusion: We, therefore, concluded that the presence of these opportunistic pathogens is a significant human health risk, especially in the face of the HIV/AIDS pandemic that results in immunosuppression.

Keywords: chain reaction, fungi, opportunistic pathogens, pigeon feces, polymerase.

Weissella, a novel lactic acid bacteria isolated from wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii)

Research (Published online: 18-07-2019)

20. Weissella, a novel lactic acid bacteria isolated from wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii)

Safika Safika, Wardinal Wardinal, Yulia Sari Ismail, Khairun Nisa and Wenny Novita Sari

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1060-1065

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in wild Sumatran orangutans to provide more information about LAB diversity derived from Sumatran orangutan feces.

Materials and Methods: Fecal sampling from three female orangutans, around 35 years old, was carried out in the wild forest areas at the research station of Suaq Belimbing Gunung Leuser National Park located in the South Aceh district. Orangutan fecal samples were taken in the morning when the orangutans first defecated. The orangutans were above the tree, which is approximately 12-15 m from the ground where feces were found.

Results: Fermentation testing using the API 50 CHL Kit showed that OUL4 isolates were identified as Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis with an identity value of 73.5%. Homology analysis demonstrated that the OUL4 isolates have 93% similarity to Weissella cibaria, and phylogenetic trees constructed using Mega 7.0 also showed that OUL4 isolates are related to W. cibaria.

Conclusion: These results show that there is a difference in identification between biochemical testing with API kits and molecular analyses on LAB isolates from wild Sumatran orangutans. Based on 16S rRNA gene homology, the OUL4 LAB isolates from wild Sumatran orangutans have 93% homology to W. cibaria.

Keywords: 16S rRNA, API 50 CHL, lactic acid bacteria, orangutan, Pongo abelii, Weissella.

Impact of lighting color and duration on productive performance and Newcastle disease vaccination efficiency in broiler chickens

Research (Published online: 17-07-2019)

19. Impact of lighting color and duration on productive performance and Newcastle disease vaccination efficiency in broiler chickens

Essam S. Soliman and Rania A. Hassan

Veterinary World, 12(7): 1052-1059

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Manipulating lighting colors and regimens is considered an effective mean for improving broiler productivity. The influence of red, blue, and white light-emitting diode (LED) was investigated using three different regimens of lighting and darkness; continuous 23 h light (L):1 h dark (D), continuous 18 h L:6 h D, and intermittent 16 h L:8 h D hours on the performance, carcass weight (CW), feed and water intake (WI), serum glucose (GLUCO), triglycerides (TG), and cholesterol (TC), intestinal bacterial load, growth and metabolic hormones, and efficiency of Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine.

Materials and Methods: A total of 252 1-day-old Ross broilers on deep litter were divided into nine groups. The 1st, 4th, and 7th groups were exposed to continuous 23L:1D, the 2nd, 5th, and 8th groups were exposed to continuous 18L:6D, and the 3rd, 6th, and 9th groups were exposed to intermittent 16L:8D (4L:2D, 4 times) lighting regimen using red, blue, and white LED lights, respectively. A total of 1350 samples (225 sera, 225 swabs, and 900 organ samples) were collected.

Results: Blue LED group revealed a highly significant increase (p<0.01) in live body weight, body weight gain, performance index, CW, spleen, heart, and liver weights, and anti-ND antibody titer, as well as a highly significant decline (p<0.01) of feed intake, WI, GLUCO, TG, TC, growth hormone, insulin, tri-iodothyronine (T3), tetra-iodothyronine (T4), total bacterial count (TBC), and total Enterobacteriaceae count compared to red and white LED lights in all tested lighting regimens. Continuous 23L:1D and 18L:6D regimens were significantly (p<0.01) superior to intermittent 16L:8D in their influence on the performance, CW, biochemistry, hormonal profile, and bacterial load.

Conclusion: The blue LED light associated with continuous 18L:6D or 23L:1D h regimen is highly recommended in broiler houses for their enhancing the productive performance, growth, and immunity.

Keywords: broilers, light-emitting diode colors, metabolism, Newcastle vaccine, productive performance.