Sumateran wild boar (Sus scrofa vittatus) meat antibody production as immunodiagnostic reagent candidate

Research (Published online: 01-04-2019)

1. Sumateran wild boar (Sus scrofa vittatus) meat antibody production as immunodiagnostic reagent candidate

Melani Wahyu Adiningsih, Retno Damajanti Soejoedono, Rahmat Setya Adji, Dwi Desmiyeni Putri, Trioso Purnawarman, Hadri Latif and Okti Nadia Poetri

Veterinary World, 12(4): 477-482

ABSTRACT

Aim: Meat authentication gives significance values in view of religious, food safety, public health, quality assurance, and legal concern. Most of the meat authentication is based on molecular assay; a simpler method to authenticate meat is needed to develop. An immunoassays technique may offer a solution for simpler test. The aim of our current study was to develop a polyclonal antibody of Sus scrofa vittatus (Sumateran wild boar) as an immunodiagnostic reagent candidate.

Materials and Methods: Three male New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study for antibody production. Antigen used was meat extract of Sumateran wild boar, each rabbit was immunized with meat extract antigen (0.5 mg/ml) emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant at a 1:1 (v/v) ratio as much as 1 ml at subcutaneous route. Booster was carried out 3 times with interval time of 14 days, using meat extract antigen emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant at a 1:1 (v/v) ratio. Serum samples were taken every week, start from 1 week after the first immunization up to 1 week after the third booster. Antibody purification was performed using ammonium sulfate precipitation and Protein A. The presence of specific antibody was determined using agar gel precipitation test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while purified specific IgG was characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method.

Results: Specific antibody was detected at 14 days after the first immunization and still detected until 2 weeks after the third booster. Highest absorbance of specific antibody was detected 1 week after the third booster.

Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that specific antibody of Sumateran wild boar is favorable to be produced in rabbit and showed that antibody produced is applicable to detect Sumateran wild boar meat antigen in immunodiffusion assay, indicating that it is promising as a reagent candidate in immunodiagnostic assay/kit.

Keywords: antibody, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, rabbit, reagent, Sumateran wild boar.

Marek's disease herpesvirus serotype 1 in broiler breeder and layer chickens in Malaysia

Research (Published online: 30-03-2019)

19. Marek's disease herpesvirus serotype 1 in broiler breeder and layer chickens in Malaysia

Iryanti Othman and Erkihun Aklilu

Veterinary World, 12(3): 472-476

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Marek's disease (MD) in five poultry farms in Malaysia using postmortem examination, histopathology, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Materials and Methods: Tissue samples were collected from 24 broiler breeder chickens from four commercial broiler breeder farms and six layer chickens from one layer farm. Gross and histopathological examinations and PCR amplification of the gene encoding for avian MD herpesvirus (MDV-1) were conducted.

Results: Gross pathological changes including hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphomatous lesion at the mesentery, oviduct atrophy, and follicular atresia with lymphomatous were observed, whereas diffuse multifocal whitish infiltration of the spleen, neoplastic infiltration in the liver, intrafollicular lymphoid infiltration of the bursa of Fabricius, and lymphomatous tumor at the mesentery were seen on histopathological examinations. Confirmation by PCR showed that a total of 16 (53.33%) samples were positive for avian MDV-1. Although the outbreak involved a much larger number of birds in the respective farms, our investigation was limited based on resource and time frame allocated for the study.

Conclusion: The findings from this study help in emphasizing the potential threats of MDV to the poultry industry globally, in general, and in Malaysia, in particular. As the scope of the current study is limited, future studies focusing on MDV pathogenesis, typing, and causes of vaccine failures are recommended.

Keywords: lymphoproliferative diseases, Marek's disease virus-1, Marek's disease, molecular detection, poultry diseases.

Hazard assessment of Staphylococcus with positive coagulase in meat produced and distributed in the Northern regions of Cameroon

Research (Published online: 30-03-2019)

18. Hazard assessment of Staphylococcus with positive coagulase in meat produced and distributed in the Northern regions of Cameroon

Raoul Bakari Afnabi, Jean Jacques Nenba Sambo, Moctar Mohamed Mouliom Mouiche and Rodrigue Simonet Poueme Namegni

Veterinary World, 12(3): 466-471

ABSTRACT

Aim: Staphylococcus with positive coagulase (SPC) is a major problem for beef consumers in the northern part of Cameroon. For this purpose, the SPC concentrations in beef produced and supplied in the northern regions were determined, as well as the resistance profile of these bacteria to antibiotics.

Materials and Methods: A total of 125 samples were obtained by the wet and dry swabbing method in traditional slaughterhouses and butcheries to evaluate the SPC concentration in meat, and then, 102 SPC isolations were collected to determine the antibiotic resistance profile.

Results: The distribution of concentration of the SPC indicated no significant differences of bacterial evidence in almost all the slaughterhouses except the one in Manwi (with 2.66 log CFU/cm2) and the density in SPC is higher than that one in Guider (1.99 log CFU/cm2). The assessment of density in SPC among the selected slaughterhouse highlighted a superiority of the SPC concentrations in the Ngaoundere butcheries (3.83 log CFU/cm2) in comparison with those of other towns. At the level of the slaughterhouses, a higher proportion of resistance to Penicillin G was recorded than Gentamicin. Some butcheries recorded that all SPC reacted to Kanamycin, whereas they were more resistant to Penicillin G.

Conclusion: These results reveal that the SPC found in meat poses a threat to meat consumers in the northern part of Cameroon.

Keywords: contamination, meat, Northern regions of Cameroon, resistance to antibiotics, Staphylococcus with positive coagulase.

Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk produced by smallholder dairy farmers in Mbeya Region, Tanzania

Research (Published online: 28-03-2019)

5. Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk produced by smallholder dairy farmers in Mbeya Region, Tanzania

H. F. Massawe, R. H. Mdegela and L. R. Kurwijila

International Journal of One Health, 5: 31-37

ABSTRACT

Aim: The study determined and evaluated the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk collected along the milk value chain from farm herds, milk collection center, and milk shops in Mbeya rural and Mbozi districts, Tanzania.

Materials and Methods: A total of 150 milk samples were collected; 96 from farmers' herds, 18 from milk collection centers, and 36 from milk shops. The samples were cultured in Mannitol salt agar for pathogen isolation and biochemical tests performed for confirmation of S. aureus. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was employed for antibiotic resistance testing.

Results: One hundred and forty samples yielded Staphylococcus species; these were from farmer's herd (92), milk collection center (18), and milk shops (30), respectively. Biochemical tests showed that 21 (15%) were positive for S. aureus. The corresponding prevalence rates from the value chain nodes were 14.1%, 16.7%, and 16.7%, respectively. Resistance to penicillin was frequently observed (57.1%) and vancomycin was sensitive to all S. aureus isolates tested. Resistance along the sampling points showed a significant positive correlation (r=0.82, p<0.0001; r=0.65, p<0.003; and r=0.61, p<0.01) between farmers, milk collection points, and milk shops, respectively. More than half (57.1%) of the isolates exhibited resistance to three or more of the antibiotics used in this study. S. aureus isolates were shown to have a multiple antimicrobial resistance patterns, particularly with respect to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline.

Conclusion: The level of staphylococcal isolates and the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus found in this study is an indication of subclinical mastitis, poor hygiene, and inappropriate use of antibiotics; therefore, education of farmers on subclinical mastitis control and proper use of antibiotics would be of benefits in these areas.

Keywords: milk contamination, milk products, multiple antibiotic resistant.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in chickens from small-scale (backyard) poultry farms in Maiduguri, Nigeria

Research (Published online: 27-03-2019)

4. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in chickens from small-scale (backyard) poultry farms in Maiduguri, Nigeria

Iliya Dauda Kwoji, Jasini Athanda Musa, Nubwa Daniel, Dauda Luka Mohzo, Asinamai Athliamai Bitrus, Abiodun Andrew Ojo and Kingsley Uwakwe Ezema

International Journal of One Health, 5: 26-30

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study investigated the occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in chickens from small-scale (backyard) commercial poultry farms in Maiduguri.

Materials and Methods: A total of 96 cloacal swab samples were collected. This comprised of 24 samples each from broiler chicks, pullets, layers, and broilers (adults). The samples were examined for the presence of E. coli using conventional microbiological culture and biochemical tests. The pure E. coli isolates were screened for ESBL production by culturing onto BrillianceTM ESBL agar. Isolates that showed positive reactions with production of bluish or pinkish colonies were tested for susceptibilities against some selected β-lactam antibiotics which include cefotaxime (30 μg), ceftriaxone (30 μg), cefpodoxime (10 μg), aztreonam (30 μg), and ceftazidime (30 μg). Isolates that exhibited resistance to any two or three of the antibiotics were selected and confirmed by combination disk diffusion method with ceftazidime (30 μg) and cefotaxime (30 μg) alone and in combination with clavulanic acid (30 μg/10 μg).

Results: The total occurrence of E. coli was 67.6% (65/96) with the highest occurrence of 83.3% (20/24) from broiler chicks and least detection of 54.2% (13/24) from layers. Of this, 32.0% were ESBL-producing E. coli with the highest detection rate from layers (38.5%) and least occurrence from pullets (26.7%).

Conclusion: This study revealed the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli in chickens from small-scale commercial poultry farms in Maiduguri, thus indicating that chickens may serve as important reservoirs for the transmission of antimicrobial resistant pathogens to humans through the food chain.

Keywords: antimicrobials, chickens, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, Escherichia coli, Maiduguri.

Influence of some parameters on the ability of Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, and Escherichia coli to form biofilms

Research (Published online: 26-03-2019)

17. Influence of some parameters on the ability of Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, and Escherichia coli to form biofilms

Sara Lezzoum-Atek, Leila Bouayad and Taha Mossadak Hamdi

Veterinary World, 12(3): 459-465

Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate the capacity of Listeria monocytogenes (L.m), Listeria innocua (L.i), and Escherichia coli to form biofilms on polystyrene support under different parameters by performing crystal violet (CV) staining technique.

Materials and Methods: Different suspensions were prepared with single strains and with multiple combinations of strains including two serogroups of L.m (IIa and IIb), L.i, and E. coli strains at different microbial load. Selected strains and combinations were grown in biofilms for 6 days attached to polystyrene microplates under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions. The evaluation of the power of adhesion and biofilm formation was determined by CV staining followed by the measurement of optical density at 24 h, 72 h, and 6 days incubation time with and without renewal of the culture medium.

Results: All the strains tested, presented more or less adhesion power depending on the variation of the studied parameters as well as the ability to form multispecies biofilms. Their development is more important by renewing the culture medium and increasing the initial load of bacteria. The ability to adhere and form biofilms differs from one serogroup to another within the same species. In bacterial combination, strains and species of bacteria adopt different behaviors.

Conclusion: The ability to form biofilms is a key factor in the persistence of tested strains in the environment. Our study showed that L.m, L.i, and E. coli could adhere to polystyrene and form biofilms under different conditions. More researches are necessary to understand the mechanisms of biofilm formation and the influence of different parameters in their development.

Keywords: biofilm, Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua, Listeria monocytogenes, polystyrene support, variation of parameters.

Clinical-histopathological and molecular study of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma in Awassi sheep in Al-Qadisiyah Province, Iraq

Research (Published online: 26-03-2019)

16. Clinical-histopathological and molecular study of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma in Awassi sheep in Al-Qadisiyah Province, Iraq

Khalefa Ali Mansour, Saad Hashim Al-Husseiny, Qassim Haleem Kshash and Asaad Jassim

Veterinary World, 12(3): 454-458

Aim: This study aimed to conduct a clinical-histopathological and molecular evaluation of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) in Awassi sheep in various regions of Al-Qadisiyah Province, Iraq.

Materials and Methods: A total of 150 sheep were clinically evaluated, and the wheelbarrow test was performed. 100 samples (35 blood, 25 lung tissue, 20 lymph node, and 20 lung fluid samples) were randomly selected from living and slaughtered sheep. All samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Histopathological examinations were performed for four lung tissue and two lymph node samples.

Results: A diagnosis of OPA was made based on the results of the clinical examination and the clinical signs shown by the animals, such as dyspnea, polypnea, coughing, mucous nasal discharge, moist rales on auscultation of the affected lungs, and emaciation. Interestingly, the animals tested positive for the wheelbarrow test, with frothy nares accompanied by profuse and clear lung fluid. Histopathological examination showed various lesions such as glandular transformation in the lung tissues and emphysema. Moreover, lymph nodes showed marked follicular atrophy and necrosis-associated lymphocyte infiltration in the affected tissues. PCR revealed that 25% of the samples including eight (22.8%) blood, five (20%) lung tissue, five (25%) lymph node, and seven (35%) lung fluid samples were positive for Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus; this result was highly significant.

Conclusion: The results of our study indicated that in Iraq, OPA diagnosis should be based on pathological findings and results of advanced procedures such as PCR.

Keywords: Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, polymerase chain reaction.

Stability of hematological parameters of canine blood samples stored with citrate phosphate dextrose adenine-1 anticoagulated plastic vacutainers

Research (Published online: 25-03-2019)

15. Stability of hematological parameters of canine blood samples stored with citrate phosphate dextrose adenine-1 anticoagulated plastic vacutainers

Okereke Henry Nnamdi, Udegbunam Rita Ijeoma and Nnaji Theophilus Okaforx

Veterinary World, 12(3): 449-453

ABSTRACT

Aim: The effect of citrate phosphate dextrose adenine-1 on the hematological parameters of stored Nigerian indigenous dog's blood with plastic vacutainer was investigated. This was done in view of determining the viability and stability of the studied parameters for blood banking purpose. Till date, there is no literature on the stability of whole blood of Nigerian indigenous dogs for blood banking purposes.

Materials and Methods: A total of six apparently adult healthy dogs were sampled, and their blood was stored at 4°C and analyzed for their packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, red blood cell (RBC) count, total and differential white blood cell (WBC) count, platelet count (PC), mean corpuscular values (mean corpuscular Hgb [MCH], MCH concentration, and mean corpuscular volume [MCV]), blood potency of hydrogen (pH), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) over a period of 14 days.

Results: Significant changes were observed in some of the studied parameters. Of the 14 days' study period, PCV, Hgb concentration, total WBC count, PC, and neutrophil count showed no significant (p≥0.05) difference until day 2 post-storage (PS), while RBC count, ESR, MCV, and lymphocyte count showed no significant (p≥0.05) variation up until day 3 PS. Blood pH showed no significant (p≥0.05) variation within 24-h PS but was significantly (p≤0.05) higher than obtained values on days 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 PS.

Conclusion: Based on our finding, we could suggest that hematological laboratories and hemotherapists could use canine blood stored in a plastic vacutainer for 2-3 days.

Keywords: anemia, blood, citrate phosphate dextrose adenine-1, plastic vacutainer, transfusion.

Nanoparticles of zinc oxide defeat chlorpyrifos-induced immunotoxic effects and histopathological alterations

Research (Published online: 22-03-2019)

14. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide defeat chlorpyrifos-induced immunotoxic effects and histopathological alterations

Sara S. Essa, Eiman M. El-Saied, Osama S. El-Tawil, Inas M. Gamal and Sahar S. Abd El-Rahman

Veterinary World, 12(3): 440-448

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphate insecticide. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO NPs) physically showed effective adsorbing property for some insecticides. The study was conducted to estimate the potential effect of ZnO NPs against CPF toxicity.

Materials and Methods: Four groups of male rats were used; control group and three groups received drinking water contained 75 mg/L CPF, combined 75 mg/L CPF and 200 mg/L ZnO NPs, and 200 mg/L ZnO NPs, respectively.

Results: CPF significantly decreased macrophage activity, serum lysozyme activity, and levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-6; increased the percentage of DNA degeneration on comet assay of lymphocytes and significantly elevated hepatic and splenic malondialdehyde contents; and decreased their glutathione contents. The liver and spleen showed marked histological alterations after exposure to CPF with decreased expression of acetylcholinesterase. The coadministration of ZnO NPs ameliorated most of the undesirable effects of CPF, through elevation of macrophage and serum lysozyme activities, increased the levels of IL-2 and IL-6, corrected the oxidative stress markers, and alleviated most of the adverse effect exerted by CPF in liver and spleen tissues.

Conclusion: The addition of ZnO NPs to CPF-contaminated drinking water may be useful as a powerful antioxidant agent against toxic damage induced by CPF particularly in individuals who are on daily occupational exposure to low doses of CPF.

Keywords: acetylcholinesterase, chlorpyrifos, immune system, pathology, zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Characterization and comparison of strains of Pasteurella multocida associated with cases of progressive atrophic rhinitis and porcine pneumonia in Argentina

Research (Published online: 21-03-2019)

13. Characterization and comparison of strains of Pasteurella multocida associated with cases of progressive atrophic rhinitis and porcine pneumonia in Argentina

Fernando A. Bessone, Maria Laura Soriano Perez, Gustavo Zielinski, Marina Dibarbora, M. B. Conde, Javier Cappuccio and Fabrisio Alustiza

Veterinary World, 12(3): 434-439

ABSTRACT

Background: Pasteurella multocida (Pm) is the causative agent of progressive atrophic rhinitis (PAR) and pneumonic pasteurellosis (PN) in pigs. Pm is a member of the porcine respiratory complex responsible for important economic loss in the pig industry.

Aim: This study aimed to characterize the Pm strains recovered from clinical cases of PN and PAR and to elucidate the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the strains.

Materials and Methods: Sixty strains were characterized molecularly by polymerase chain reaction to determine species-specific gene, capsular type (A or D), and toxin A production. The agar diffusion method was employed to evaluate antibiotic resistance profiles.

Results: We found that 65% of strains belonged to capsular type A or D, and 15% of those were positive to toxA gene. The antibiotic susceptibility profiles found were sensitive in decreasing order to: Enrofloxacin, ceftiofur (CTF), ampicillin, tilmicosin (TIL), florfenicol (FFN), spectinomycin (SPC), gentamicin, oxytetracycline (OTC), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS). Strains were resistant in decreasing order to: Lincomycin (LIN), tylosin (TYL), erythromycin (ERY), TMS, SPC, OTC, FFN, TIL, and CTF.

Conclusion: The toxA gene was detected in many Pm isolates from pneumonic lungs. Capsule type A or D was the most frequently found among the collected isolates. LIN, TYL, and ERY are the drugs which showed higher percentages of resistant isolates.

Keywords: antibiotics susceptibility profiles, molecular characterization, Pasteurella multocida, pig.

Infectious bronchitis virus from chickens in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia 2015-2016

Research (Published online: 19-03-2019)

12. Infectious bronchitis virus from chickens in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia 2015-2016

Musaed Abdulaziz Alsultan, Mohamed Ali Alhammadi and Maged Gomaa Hemida

Veterinary World, 12(3): 424-433

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to isolate some of the currently circulating infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains from some broiler chicken farms in Al-Hasa and to do some molecular characteristics of these strains.

Materials and Methods: We collected 300 tissue specimens, including the trachea, bronchi, lungs, and kidneys from some four commercial chicken farms showing respiratory manifestations. We tested these tissue specimens by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and gel-based PCR. We selected some PCR positive samples for isolation in the embryonated chicken eggs (ECE). We sequenced some PCR-positive samples and conducted phylogenetic analysis based on the obtained sequences.

Results: Our molecular surveillance revealed that 31.6% of the tested specimens were IBV positive by PCR. We selected some positive specimens showing low Ct values by the qRT-PCR for virus isolation by the ECE. The infected eggs showed hemorrhage, dwarfing, and death in some cases after three passages in the ECE. We sequenced some of the positive PCR specimens and used the obtained sequences to draw the phylogenetic tree based on the partial IBV-ORF-1a, N, and S1 gene sequences. The phylogenetic trees based on the IBV-N and S1 gene sequences showed that the circulating IBV strains in Al-Hasa during 2016 was showing a high degree of identity to some strains from Taiwan and Italy. Meanwhile, the grouping of these strains based on the IBV-S1 sequences revealed that the currently circulating IBV strains in Al-Hasa belonged to Gr.I.7 along with strains from Taiwan.

Conclusion: Our results confirmed the continuous circulation of the IBV among the chicken population in Al-Hasa despite the intensive application of vaccines against this virus.

Keywords: Al-Hasa, molecular, infectious bronchitis, isolation, molecular, phylogenetic.

Helicobacter pullorum in broiler chickens and the farm environment: A one health approach

Research (Published online: 18-03-2019)

3. Helicobacter pullorum in broiler chickens and the farm environment: A one health approach

Soe Soe Wai, Saleha Abdul-Aziz, Asinamai Athliamai Bitrus, Zakaria Zunita and Jalila Abu

International Journal of One Health, 5: 20-25

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Helicobacter pullorum in broiler chickens and their farm environment.

Materials and Methods: The ceca from 100 broiler chickens from ten farms were sampled from processing sites or markets. The cecal contents were aseptically collected from each cecum and cultured. The farms were visited, and environmental samples were collected which included water, house flies, floor swabs and soils in chicken houses.

Results: H. pullorum was present in 51% of the broilers; 17.5% of the flies were found to carry H. pullorum and Campylobacter spp., 30% of house floors were positive, while all water samples were negative.

Conclusion: Flies could have picked up the organisms from the chickens' feces and/or the environment of the chicken houses or they could be one of the sources in the spread of the organisms. This study also showed that broiler chickens are potential reservoirs for H. pullorum and may serve as a source of infection for humans through the food chain.

Keywords: broiler chickens, Campylobacter, Helicobacter pullorum, house flies.

Multidrug-resistant enterobacteria colonize commercial day-old broiler chicks in Nigeria

Research (Published online: 16-03-2019)

11. Multidrug-resistant enterobacteria colonize commercial day-old broiler chicks in Nigeria

Obianuju Nkiruka Okorafor, Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu, Emmanuel Onyeka Nwafor, George Nnamdi Anosa and Rita Ijeoma Udegbunam

Veterinary World, 12(3): 418-423

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study was conducted to isolate generic enterobacteria from day-old broiler chicks in Nigeria, determine the antibacterial resistance profile, and assess multidrug resistance.

Materials and Methods: The birds were sourced from five purposively-selected hatcheries (identified as A, B, C, D and E) in Southwest Nigeria. Non-duplicate cloacal swabs were collected from a total of 75 (15 birds per hatchery) randomly selected apparently healthy birds. Sampling was done in three batches of five chicks per batch at 2-week interval. Isolation of enterobacteria was done using MacConkey agar. The resistance of the isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method.

Results: Of 15 processed samples of birds from each hatchery, all samples from hatcheries B, D, and E, 10 (66.7%) and 14 (93.3%) samples from hatcheries A and C, respectively, yielded pure cultures of Escherichia coli. Klebsiella was also isolated from 1 (7.1%) of the 14 and 2 (13.2%) of the 15 growth-positive samples from hatcheries C and D, respectively. The range of resistance among E. coli isolates was tetracycline (86.7-100%), ampicillin (80-100%), gentamicin (60-85.7%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (46.7-92.9%), enrofloxacin (40-100%), ciprofloxacin (26.7-86.7%), streptomycin (10-80%), cefotaxime (26.7-73.3%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (13.3-60%), and ceftazidime (6.7-40%). Klebsiella and all E. coli isolate from chicks of hatcheries B, C, and E, 80 and 93.3% of those from chicks of hatcheries A and D, respectively, exhibited resistance to three or more classes of antibacterial agents.

Conclusion: Commercial day-old broiler chicks in Nigeria are colonized by multidrug-resistant coliforms (E. coli and Klebsiella) and are potential reservoirs and disseminators of these organisms.

Keywords: avian, coliforms, day-old chicks, Enterobacteriaceae, multidrug resistant.

Effect of cold and frozen temperatures on artisanal goat cheese containing probiotic lactic acid bacteria isolates (Lactobacillus plantarum TW14 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus TW2)

Research (Published online: 16-03-2019)

10. Effect of cold and frozen temperatures on artisanal goat cheese containing probiotic lactic acid bacteria isolates (Lactobacillus plantarum TW14 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus TW2)

Triana Setyawardani, Juni Sumarmono and Kusuma Widayaka

Veterinary World, 12(3): 409-417

ABSTRACT

Aim: The research was conducted to determine the effect of temperature and storage duration on the physicochemical, lipolytic, microbiological, and proteolytic characteristics of goat cheese made using Lactobacillus plantarum TW14 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus TW2 bacteria.

Materials and Methods: The cheese was stored at 4°C and −20°C for 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. Observations were made on its physicochemical, lipolysis, and microbiological characteristics. The proteolysis pattern was measured with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Results: The protein, fat, ash and total solids levels of cold-stored cheese were higher than the frozen-stored one. The frozen-stored cheese's free fatty acids (FFA) and acid degree value (ADV) levels are lower than those of the cold-stored cheese as indicated by the partial lipolysis event. The total yeast in the frozen-stored cheese is lower than that in the frozen-stored cheese. Finally, the electrophoresis profile indicates that proteolysis of the frozen-stored cheese is formed since there have been detected αs1-casein, αs2-casein, β-casein, and κ-casein in the casein breakdown during the 60-day storage.

Conclusion: The physicochemical characteristics of cold-stored cheese are better than the cheese stored at frozen temperature. However, frozen-stored cheese produces lower FFA and ADV than cold-stored cheese and lipolysis occurs only partially.

Keywords: cheese, lipolysis, physicochemical, proteolysis.

The effects of mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) and Turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val) flour dietary supplementation on the growth performance, lipid profile, and abdominal fat content in Cihateup ducks

Research (Published online: 15-03-2019)

9. The effects of mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) and Turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val) flour dietary supplementation on the growth performance, lipid profile, and abdominal fat content in Cihateup ducks

Andri Kusmayadi, Kamiel Roesman Bachtiar and Caribu Hadi Prayitno

Veterinary World, 12(3): 402-408

ABSTRACT

Background: Bioactive compounds in mangosteen peel and turmeric have been shown to possess antioxidant and hypolipidemic properties.

Aim: This study aimed to examine the effect of mangosteen peel flour (MF) and turmeric flour (TF) dietary supplementation on the performance, lipid profile, and abdominal fat content of Cihateup ducks.

Materials and Methods: The study was conducted for 56 days (8 weeks) using 84-day-old male Cihateup ducks that were allocated into seven treatments with three replications and each containing four ducks as subreplicates. The seven groups were positive control, containing 100% of basal ration/BR + 50 ppm bacitracin (R0), BR + 2% MF (R1), BR + 1.5% MF + 0.5% TF (R2), BR + 1% MF + 1% TF (R3), BR + 0.5% MF + 1.5% TF (R4), BR + 2% TF (R5), and BR only as negative control (R6). The data of each variable were analyzed using a completely randomized design (one way). Significant differences (p<0.05) were determined with Duncan test.

Results: The results indicated that the addition of MF and TF significantly affected (p<0.05) body weight, weight gain, mortality rate, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and abdominal fat levels. At the same time, MF and TF significantly influenced (p<0.01) total cholesterol and triglyceride concentration. Non-significant differences (p>0.05) in feed intake and feed conversion of Cihateup ducks were observed.

Conclusion: The combination of MF and TF at a balanced ratio (R3) can be used as an alternative feed additive to improve performance, lipid profile, and abdominal fat of Cihateup ducks.

Keywords: Cihateup duck, lipid profile, mangosteen peel flour, performance, turmeric flour.

Antiseptic effect of natural teat dip containing lactic acid against mastitis-causing Escherichia coli

Research (Published online: 15-03-2019)

8. Antiseptic effect of natural teat dip containing lactic acid against mastitis-causing Escherichia coli

Rinrada Chotigarpa, Kannika Na Lampang, Surachai Pikulkaew, Siriporn Okonogi, Pirote Silman and Raktham Mektrirat

Veterinary World, 12(3): 397-401

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to estimate the enumeration of total bacteria and coliform on teat skin from dairy cows and evaluate the efficacy of the natural rice gel containing 5% v/v lactic acid (NGL) against Escherichia colistandard and field strains isolated from bovine teat skin.

Materials and Methods: A total of 100 bacterial teat skin samples (25 cows) were collected from dairy cows in smallholder farm. The cows were housed in freestall barns. The colonization of total bacteria and E. coli on teat skin was measured by 3M Petrifilm method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of lactic acid were evaluated for reference strain of E. coli ATCC 25922 and two field strains of E. coli. The natural teat sanitizer was formulated using 5% NGL with modified rice gel. In vitro antiseptic efficacy of 5% NGL was determined by time-kill kinetic assay. E. coli morphology after exposure with 5% NGL was examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Results: The total bacteria and coliform counts from bovine teat skin were 2.11×104 and 1.54×101 colony-forming units/ml, respectively. The MIC and MBC of lactic acid on the tested bacteria were 0.5% v/v. The natural teat dip was successfully prepared with minimum change in consistency after 1 year of storage at 4°C. The reduction rate of 5% NGL on E. coli ATCC 25922 and field strain showed 32.77% and 27.58%, respectively. An appearance under SEM of non-viable E. coli after being incubated with 5% NGL clearly showed atypical form and rough surface cell membrane.

Conclusion: The rice gel containing 5% v/v lactic acid is a promising preparation as a natural teat antiseptic for reducing bacteria on teat skin. It was shown to be effective against E. coli causing bovine mastitis in dairy cows.

Keywords: antiseptic, Escherichia coli, lactic acid, teat skin.

Gastrointestinal helminths of intensively managed poultry in Kwara Central, Kwara State, Nigeria: Its diversity, prevalence, intensity, and risk factors

Research (Published online: 14-03-2019)

7. Gastrointestinal helminths of intensively managed poultry in Kwara Central, Kwara State, Nigeria: Its diversity, prevalence, intensity, and risk factors

Shola David Ola-Fadunsin, Patricia Isioma Uwabujo, Idiat Modupe Sanda, Isau Aremu Ganiyu, Karimat Hussain, Musa Rabiu, Nusirat Elelu and Musbau Olayinka Alayande

Veterinary World, 12(3): 389-396

ABSTRACT

Aim: Helminth infections inflict negatively on the production and well-being of animals including poultry. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence, species diversity, intensity, and risk factors associated with the gastrointestinal helminths of intensively raised poultry in Kwara Central senatorial district of Kwara State.

Materials and Methods: Fecal samples were collected from 502 poultry species from 15 farms. The samples were subjected to floatation and the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration techniques of examination. The intensity of infections was determined using McMaster counting technique.

Results: Seven helminth species were detected with Heterakis gallinarum (10.2%) and Ascaridia galli (6.0%) been the most prevalent, while Capillaria species was the least prevalent (0.8%). Physiological status, bird type, production purpose, farm age (years), presence of other animals in the farm, flock size (birds), farm size (acres), housing type, farm type, frequency of anthelmintic use, distance to waste area (meters), level of biosecurity, and frequency of cleaning the pen were the risk factors significantly (p<0.05) associated with the presence of helminth infections.

Conclusion: This study shows that helminth infections are endemic in the study area, as 66.7% of the sampled farms were infected with one or more helminth species. Findings from this study provide information that will assist in improving the poultry sector in Kwara State, Nigeria in general, for better production and profitability.

Keywords: epidemiology, gastrointestinal helminths, Kwara State, Nigeria, poultry.

Screening of crows and waterfowls for Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes infection

Research (Published online: 13-03-2019)

2. Screening of crows and waterfowls for Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes infection

Hanaa Mohamed Fadel and Amira Ahmed

International Journal of One Health, 5: 9-19

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Wild birds can carry a number of potential human and animal pathogens. These birds can intrude into human habitats giving the opportunity to transmission of such infection. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the role of crows and waterfowls as vectors of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes and to compare cultivation methods with direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of infection.

Materials and Methods: A total of 200 fecal dropping samples were collected. Salmonella was cultivated by three step method (Universal Pre-enrichment Broth [UPB], Rappaport-Vassiliadis Broth, and Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate agar). The recovered isolates were characterized by biotyping, serotyping, and PCR detection of enterotoxin (stn) gene. The antibiogram pattern of isolates against a panel of 8 antibiotics was recorded. L. monocytogenes was cultivated on UPB, then on Listeria Oxford Agar and Listeria CHROMagar. The recovered isolates were characterized by biotyping and PCR detection of listeriolysin (hylA) gene.

Results: The percentages of Salmonella infection in crows and waterfowls were 10 and 20, respectively. The most frequently recovered serovars were Typhimurium, Potengi, Enteritidis, and Kentucky. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis of Salmonella isolates showed that the resistance rates for gentamicin were the highest (92%), followed by amoxicillin (88%) and cefixime (60%). Resistance to 8 antibiotics was recorded in 60% (15/25) of Salmonella isolates. The percentages of L. monocytogenes infection in crows and waterfowls were 1.3 and 2, respectively. Direct PCR applied to UPB revealed that 12% and 3% of samples were positive for Salmonella and L. monocytogenes, respectively, and there was no significant difference between direct PCR and cultivation method for the detection of infection.

Conclusion: The present findings indicate that wild birds can harbor zoonotic enteric pathogens and this necessitates monitoring the epidemiologic status of these pathogens among wild birds and humans and applying the appropriate intervention measures to prevent the spread of infection.

Keywords: antibiotic susceptibility, crows, hylA and stn genes, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, waterfowl.

The hematobiochemical status of Wistar rat line under the bovine leukemia virus experimental infection

Research (Published online: 12-03-2019)

6. The hematobiochemical status of Wistar rat line under the bovine leukemia virus experimental infection

Ekaterina Sergeevna Krasnikova, Fayssal Bouchemla, Alexander Vladimirovich Krasnikov, Roman Vladimirovich Radionov and Anastasia Sergeevna Belyakova

Veterinary World, 12(3): 382-388

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to elucidate the ability of the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) to integrate into cells of heterologous organisms, in particular, Wistar rats, and examine the manifestations of the pathological process that could be seen in them.

Materials and Methods: Wistar rats - were divided into three groups. The first group (I) was fed milk of intact cows, the second (II) - milk of BLV-infected cows, and the third (III) - milk of cows, clinically BLV sick. Rats of all groups were divided into two subgroups: In the subgroup "a", there were adult rats, and in the subgroup "b", their offspring were included. At 3, 6, 9, and 12 months from the start of the experiment, the animals' blood of each group was examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of BLV provirus and specific anti-leukemia antibodies. A general and biochemical blood test was performed; pathological changes in the internal organs were recorded.

Results: Using the PCR, the BLV infection was established in all experimental rats, whose immune response was expressed in varying degrees. At the initial stage of the infection, offspring rats were born healthy. The rats of the control groups Ia and Ib were intact to the BLV throughout the experiment. The biochemical blood tests have shown several signs of intoxication, endocrine disorders, and development of malignant processes in the experimental animals. There are also signs of liver, kidney, and myocardial damages, regardless of whether milk is infected or the cows are clinically leukemic. By the time, the experimental rats developed persistent thrombocytosis with an increase in the average volume of the blood platelets, which may be evidence of the leukemia infection by the megakaryocytic type. The most pronounced character of the change was in the offspring generation.

Conclusion: Wistar rats can be considered as a suitable laboratory model to study the BLV pathogenesis. Rats are not BLV natural host, however, they developed the pathognomonic BLV infection symptoms when they were fed infected and leukemic cow's milk.

Keywords: cattle, danger to humans, hematobiochemical indicators, leukemia, Wistar rats.