Toxicity of imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos against German cockroaches Blattella germanica

Research (Published online: 30-12-2019)

16. Toxicity of imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos against German cockroaches Blattella germanica

Mozhgan Baniardalani, Asma Arfa Rahimian, Abedin Saghafipour, Hamid Reza Basseri, Majid Kababian and Jalil Nejati

International Journal of One Health, 5: 107-112

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: As a mechanical vector of some communicable diseases and a self-adaptive species to human environments, the German cockroach can transmit pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, to human beings. This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos against German cockroaches. .

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the last instar German cockroach nymphs were used to test their sensitivity to imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos insecticides by the contact and bait methods. In bioassay (jar test), the nymphs were isolated from the main colony and were exposed to the insecticides for 30 min. The mortality rate was recorded 24 h after the recovery time. In bioassay (bait), 24-96 h after exposure to the poisonous bait, the mortality rate was recorded and regression analysis was run to analyze the data in the SPSS software (IBM, Chicago, USA). .

Results: The lethal doses (LD) of imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos were 9.5 mg/m2 and 39.78 mg/m2, respectively. The LD50 for imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos were 2.66 and 9.92 mg/m2, respectively. Results revealed that the highest concentration of imidacloprid (45%) could cause the highest mortality rate (95%) 24 h after exposure. There is a significant difference in the mortality of the samples during the follow-up period. Moreover, the chlorpyrifos smeared bait, with a concentration of 16% after 24 h, had the highest mortality rate (95%)..

Conclusion: The highest mortality rate occurred in the ingestion of imidacloprid smeared bait within the first 48 h after being exposed to the insecticide. Therefore, the results show that imidacloprid can prove significantly effective in controlling cockroaches. .

Keywords: Blattella germanica, chlorpyrifos, German cockroach, imidacloprid.

Antimicrobial resistance patterns of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from feces of non-diarrheic dogs in Grenada, West Indies

Research (Published online: 27-12-2019)

25. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from feces of non-diarrheic dogs in Grenada, West Indies

Victor A. Amadi, Harry Hariharan, Ozioma A. Amadi, Vanessa Matthew-Belmar, Roxanne Nicholas-Thomas, Marta Lanza Perea, Kenrith Carter, Eugene Rennie, Keith Kalasi, Andy Alhassan, Richard M. Kabuusu, Grant Ugochukwu Alozie, Paul J. Fields, Rhonda Pinckney and Ravindra Sharma

Veterinary World, 12(12): 2070-2075

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: There is currently no published information on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of commensal Escherichia coli in dogs of Grenada origin. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance helps in the empirical selection of antibiotics. This study determined the occurrence of E. coli including the O157:H7 serotype in feces of non-diarrheic dogs of Grenada origin and the antibiotic resistance pattern of the E. coli isolates.

Materials and Methods: Fecal samples from 142 of the 144 (98.6%) dogs were culture positive for E. coli. Selection of up to three colonies from each of the 142 E. coli-positive samples yielded a total of 402 E. coli isolates, which were analyzed for the presence of non-sorbitol fermenting colonies, and O157-agglutination.

Results: Of the 402 E. coli isolates, 30 (7.5%) were non-sorbitol fermenters. However, none of the 402 isolates gave a positive reaction (O157:H7) to the E. coli O157:H7 latex kit. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests against 12 antibiotics revealed low resistance rates to all the tested antibiotics except for tetracycline (Te) (23.4%), cephalothin (CF) (13.2%), and ampicillin (AM) (7.7%). Thirty-nine out of the 402 (9.7%), E. coli isolates were resistant to two or more antibiotics of different classes.

Conclusion: This is the first report of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibilities of commensal E. coli from non-diarrheic dogs in Grenada. Some of the isolates (39/402 isolates, 9.7%) were resistant to multiple antibiotics. This study showed that presently, dogs in Grenada should not be considered a reservoir for the E. coli O157:H7 serotype and for multiple antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains. Among the 402 E. coli isolates, the resistance rate to drugs other than Te, CF, and AM was very low.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, commensal Escherichia coli, dogs, Grenada.

Pasteurellaceae members with similar morphological patterns associated with respiratory manifestations in ducks

Research (Published online: 26-12-2019)

24. Pasteurellaceae members with similar morphological patterns associated with respiratory manifestations in ducks

Samah Eid, Sherif Marouf, Hefny Y. Hefny and Nayera M. Al-Atfeehy

Veterinary World, 12(12): 2061-2069

ABSTRACT

Aim: A total of 112 freshly dead ducks aged from 2 to 20 weeks old with a history of respiratory manifestations were investigated for the implication of Pasteurellaceae family members..

Materials and Methods: Isolation and identification to the family level were conducted by conventional bacteriological methods, including microscopic examination and biochemical characterization. Identification to the species level was conducted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and analytical profile index (API) 20E kits.

Results: Conventional bacteriological isolation and biochemical characterization revealed the infection of 16/112 examined birds with a prevalence rate of 14.3%. PCR confirmed the detection of Pasteurellaceae family conserved genes RpoB and Bootz in 16/16 (100%) isolates. PCR was also used for genus and species identification of the isolated Pasteurellaceae members; the results revealed that 5/16 (31.3%) of isolates were Gallibacterium anatis and 2/16 of isolates (12.5%) were Pasteurella multocida. Riemerella anatipestifer, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Avibacterium paragallinarum were not detected by PCR. Biotyping by API 20E successfully identified 5/16 (31.3%) isolates that could not be typed by PCR and confirmed their belonging to Pasteurella pneumotropica. Neither the available PCR primer sets nor API 20E succeeded for species identification of 4/16 (25%) isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility profiling of isolates revealed that 16/16 (100%) of isolates demonstrated multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes. Moreover, 16/16 (100%) of isolates demonstrated a phenotypic resistance pattern to neomycin.

Conclusion: Combined genotypic, phenotypic, biotyping, and virulence characterizations are required for laboratory identification of pathogenic Pasteurellaceae. Moreover, P. multocida was not the prevailed member implicated in respiratory problems in ducks as P. pneumotropica, G. anatis, and unidentified strains were involved with higher prevalence. Chloramphenicol and ampicillin demonstrated the highest in vivo effects on the studied Pasteurellaceae. Furthermore, the prevalence of multidrug-resistant isolates signified the demand to implement targeted surveillance in the ducks' production sector, and MDR survey in poultry sectors in Egypt to apply effective control measures.

Keywords: ducks, Gallibacterium anatis, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Riemerella anatipestifer.

Combined virgin coconut oil and tocotrienol-rich fraction protects against bone loss in osteoporotic rat model

Research (Published online: 25-12-2019)

23. Combined virgin coconut oil and tocotrienol-rich fraction protects against bone loss in osteoporotic rat model

Mohd Maaruf Abdul Malik, Faizah Othman, Farida Hussan, Ahmad Nazrun Shuid and Qodriyah Mohd Saad

Veterinary World, 12(12): 2052-2060

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Both virgin coconut oil (VCO) and tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) are rich in antioxidants and may protect the bone against bone loss induced by ovariectomy and high-fat diet. The study aimed to determine the protective effects of combined therapy of VCO and TRF on osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) rat fed with high-fat diet.

Materials and Methods: Thirty-six female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: Sham-operated (SHAM), OVX control, OVX and given Premarin at 64.5 μg/kg (OVX+E2), OVX and given VCO at 4.29 ml/kg (OVX+V), OVX and given TRF at 30 mg/kg (OVX+T), and OVX and given a combination of VCO at 4.29 ml/kg and TRF at 30 mg/kg (OVX+VT). Following 24 weeks of treatments, blood and femora samples were taken for analyses.

Results: There were no significant differences in serum osteocalcin levels between the groups (p>0.05), while serum C-terminal telopeptide of Type I collagen levels of the OVX+VT group were significantly lower than the other groups (p<0.05). The dynamic bone histomorphometry analysis of the femur showed that the double-labeled surface/bone surface (dLS/BS), mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate/BS of the OVX+E2, OVX+T, and OVX+VT groups were significantly higher than the rest of the groups (p<0.05).

Conclusion: A combination of VCO and TRF has the potential as a therapeutic agent to restore bone loss induced by ovariectomy and high-fat diet.

Keywords: bone loss, osteoporosis, ovariectomized rat, ovariectomy, tocotrienol-rich fraction, virgin coconut oil.

Prebiotic activity of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on Lactobacillus acidophilus

Research (Published online: 24-12-2019)

22. Prebiotic activity of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on Lactobacillus acidophilus

Prayogi Sunu, Dwi Sunarti, Luthfi Djauhari Mahfudz and Vitus Dwi Yunianto

Veterinary World, 12(12): 2046-2051

ABSTRACT

Aim: The study aimed to examine the ability of prebiotic concentrations to increase the growth of probiotic bacteria in vitro.

Materials and Methods: The probiotics used were Lactobacillus acidophilus and garlic (Allium sativum) extract.

Results: The results showed that garlic can increase the growth of L. acidophilus bacteria with the lowest concentration of 4% being the most effective (p<0.05). Increased fructooligosaccharide (FOS) content in garlic can increase the significant growth of L. acidophilus as a probiotic bacterium.

Conclusion: The results showed that garlic can increase the growth of L. acidophilus bacteria by a minimum of 4% (p<0.05). Adding FOS to garlic can increase the significant growth of L. acidophilus as a probiotic bacterium.

Keywords: Allium sativum, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics.

Comparative modeling and mutual docking of structurally uncharacterized heat shock protein 70 and heat shock factor-1 proteins in water buffalo

Research (Published online: 23-12-2019)

21. Comparative modeling and mutual docking of structurally uncharacterized heat shock protein 70 and heat shock factor-1 proteins in water buffalo

Ravinder Singh, Ankita Gurao, C. Rajesh, S. K. Mishra, Saroj Rani, Ankita Behl, Vikash Kumar and R. S. Kataria

Veterinary World, 12(12): 20236-2045

ABSTRACT

Aim: In this study, a wide range of in silico investigation of Bubalus bubalis (BB) heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and heat shock factor-1 (HSF1) has been performed, ranging from sequence evaluation among species to homology modeling along with their docking studies to decipher the interacting residues of both molecules.

Materials and Methods: Protein sequences of BB HSP70 and HSF1 were retrieved from NCBI database in FASTA format. Primary and secondary structure prediction were computed using Expasy ProtParam server and Phyre2 server, respectively. TMHMM server was used to identify the transmembrane regions in HSP70. Multiple sequence alignment and comparative analysis of the protein was carried out using MAFFT and visualization was created using ESPript 3.0. Phylogenetic analysis was accomplished by COBALT. Interactions of HSP70 with other proteins were studied using STRING database. Modeller 9.18, RaptorX, Swiss-Modeller, Phyre2, and I-TASSER were utilized to design the three-dimensional structure of these proteins followed by refinement; energy minimization was accomplished using ModRefiner and SPDBV program. Stereochemical quality along with the accuracy of the predicted models and their visualization was observed by PROCHECK program of PDBsum and UCSF Chimera, respectively. ClusPro 2.0 server was accessed for the docking of the receptor protein with the ligand.

Results: The lower value of Grand Average of Hydropathy indicates the more hydrophilic nature of HSP70 protein. Value of the instability index (II) classified the protein as stable. No transmembrane region was reported for HSP70 by TMHMM server. Phylogenetic analysis based on multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) by COBALT indicated more evolutionarily closeness of Bos indicus (BI) with Bos taurus as compared to BI and BB. STRING database clearly indicates the HSF1 as one of the interacting molecules among 10 interacting partners with HSP 70. The best hit of 3D model of HSP70 protein and HSF1 was retrieved from I-TASSER and Phyre2, respectively. Interacting residues and type of bonding between both the molecules which were docked by ClusPro 2.0 were decoded by PIC server. Hydrophobic interactions, protein-protein main-chain-side-chain hydrogen bonds, and protein-protein side-chain-side-chain hydrogen bonds were delineated in this study.

Conclusion: This is the first-ever study on in silico interaction of HSP70 and HSF1 proteins in BB. Several bioinformatics web tools were utilized to study secondary structure along with comparative modeling, physicochemical properties, and protein-protein interaction. The various interacting amino acid residues of both proteins have been indicated in this study.

Keywords: Bubalus bubalis, docking, heat shock proteins, heat shock factor-1, heat shock protein 70, homology modeling.

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Treatment of experimentally induced diabetic wound infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using Aloe vera, Apium graveolens, and Sauropus androgynus extracts in rats

Research (Published online: 23-12-2019)

15. Treatment of experimentally induced diabetic wound infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using Aloe vera, Apium graveolens, and Sauropus androgynus extracts in rats

Yos Adi Prakoso, Kurniasih Kurniasih, Agustina Dwi Wijayanti and Yuli Purwandari Kristianingrum

International Journal of One Health, 5: 99-106

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: One of the complications of diabetes mellitus is diabetic ulcer. Diabetic ulcer is commonly infected by infectious agents, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of alcoholic extracts of Aloe vera, Apium graveolens, and Sauropus androgynus on promoting wound healing in a diabetic wound infected with MRSA.

Materials and Methods: A total of 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 months old, weighing 250-300 g) were injected with 65 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin to induce diabetes. On day 7, the backs of the rats were shaved, and two circular wounds (4 mm in diameter) were created on their back, which were infected with MRSA. The rats were divided into six groups: Group I = control, Group II = treated with cream base without extract, Group III = treated with 2% A. vera cream, Group IV = treated with 2% A. graveolens cream, Group V = treated with 2% S. androgynus cream, and Group VI = treated with 2% A. vera + 2% A. graveolens + 2% S. androgynus cream. The wounds were treated twice a day for 14 days. The data were collected on days 7 and 14.

Results: The results showed that all three herbal extracts and their combination decreased wound area and percentage of the wound, increased tensile strength of skin, collagen deposition, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and skin thickness, and depressed the C-reactive protein profile and cyclooxygenase-2 expression.

Conclusion: A. vera, A. graveolens, and S. androgynus creams can be used as herbal therapies against diabetic wounds infected with MRSA, both as a single and combination treatment.

Keywords: Aloe vera, Apium graveolens, diabetes ulcer, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Sauropus androgynus.

Evaluation of the efficacy of commonly used disinfectants against isolated chlorine-resistant strains from drinking water used in Egyptian cattle farms

Research (Published online: 21-12-2019)

20. Evaluation of the efficacy of commonly used disinfectants against isolated chlorine-resistant strains from drinking water used in Egyptian cattle farms

Mohamed Abdelhameed Kamal, Mahmoud Abdelaty Khalaf, Zakia Attia Mohamed Ahmed and Jakeen El Jakee

Veterinary World, 12(12): 2025-2035

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Drinking water of poor microbiological quality contains high percentages of microbes causing outbreaks of mainly coliform-related diseases. These microbes could be controlled by many hygienic standards including disinfection, but disinfectants misuse causes the developing of disinfectant-resistant strains. The present study aimed to investigate drinking water bacterial profile, determine chlorine-resistant strains, and statistically correlate that with the used disinfectant and disinfection process variables. In vitro evaluation of the bactericidal effect of the most commonly used disinfectants in cattle operations against the isolated chlorine-resistant strains and detection of qacE resistance gene in the isolated chlorine-resistant Escherichia coli strains in some cattle farms suffering coliform and non-coliform related disease around Egypt.

Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire is used to survey a convenience sample of 132 Egyptian cattle beef and dairy farms suffering emerged epidemics to identify commonly used disinfection process, disinfectant types, disinfectants frequency, and rate of use. One hundred and thirty-two water samples were collected for microbiological analysis to obtain water bacterial profile and testing resistance to chlorine. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the level of association between microbial profile and presence of chlorine-resistant strains in each farm with used disinfection, disinfectant types, and rate of use in these farms.

Results: A wide range of disinfectant types used for variable purposes inside cattle farms with a different frequency of use and the highest percent of farms 25.8% use 4-5 types of disinfectants, followed by 25% of farms use two types, then 18.9% use three types. Microbial profile of water samples revealed isolation of E. coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Salmonella spp., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Shigella flexneri, Serratia marcescens, and Yersinia enterocolitica in percent (98.5, 97.7, 97.7, 76.5, 66.7, 36.4, 78.8, 74.2, 30.3, 29.5, and 14.4% of cattle farms, respectively), from which five E. coli, four Salmonella, four Pseudomonas, two Klebsiella, and four Streptococcus strains expressed chlorine resistance. Statistical analysis showed weak to moderate correlation (rho 0.15-0.46) between bacterial profile strains count and presence of resistant strains with different farm disinfection, disinfectant types, and rate of use. Experimental evaluation of the bactericidal effect of the eight selected disinfectants on the chlorine-resistant isolated strains revealed that peroxymonosulfate killed 19/19 isolated strains/15 min contact time, and quaternary ammonium compounds killed only 3/19 strains/15 min contact time. The qacE resistance gene was detected in 3/4 isolated chlorine-resistant E. coli strains.

Conclusion: Drinking water microbial profile strains and resistance to disinfectants are widely varied in cattle farms, and this variance depends on critical factors among which the disinfection process types used disinfectant types and frequency of disinfectants use or change.

Keywords: cattle farms, disinfectant resistance, drinking water, microbial profile, resistance genes.

Small ruminants as a pathway to reduce urban poverty: An empirical analysis of Sudan

Research (Published online: 20-12-2019)

19. Small ruminants as a pathway to reduce urban poverty: An empirical analysis of Sudan

Raga Elzaki, Samar Abdalla and Mohammed Al-Mahish

Veterinary World, 12(12): 2017-2024

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to measure the energetic incidence of poverty and determines the main factors that cause urban poverty. Moreover, the study examines the key role of the livestock sector in poverty reduction in urban regions and develops an analytical tool to aid in urban area poverty mitigation through goats and sheep ownership.

Materials and Methods: The study mainly depends on primary data assembled through structured and unstructured questionnaires, which were distributed among the targeted groups in the urban area in Sudan. Poverty line and poverty indices were calculated and measured using various well-known methods. The causes of poverty were estimated using logistic regression, and the effect of small ruminants in poverty alleviation was estimated using multivariate regression analysis.

Results: The study findings indicate that both food and income poverty lines are less than the standard poverty line. In addition, the results imply that rural migration and crime predictors are among the most important factors in increasing urban poverty in the study area. Furthermore, livestock ownership has a significant impact on poverty reduction.

Conclusion: The study concludes that small ruminants are playing a key role in reducing urban poverty. Thus, the study urges planners and policy-makers to support policies that promote livestock sector development as a strategy to alleviate poverty in Sudan.

Keywords: goats, sheep, urban poverty causes, urban poverty line, urban poverty reduction.

Seroepidemiological study of the exposure to Toxoplasma gondii among horses in Algeria and analysis of risk factors

Research (Published online: 20-12-2019)

18. Seroepidemiological study of the exposure to Toxoplasma gondii among horses in Algeria and analysis of risk factors

Sabrine Fazia Ouslimani, Safia Tennah, Naouelle Azzag, Salima Yamina Derdour, Bernard China and Farida Ghalmi

Veterinary World, 12(12): 2007-2016

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of the Toxoplasma gondii in horses in different parts of Algeria and to determine risk factors for the infection.

Materials and Methods: A total of 736 blood samples were collected from horses of various breeds, gender, coat colors, and ages. All horses came from various farms, racecourses, and equestrian centers. The seroprevalence was investigated by three different methods: Indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) as reference method, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and latex agglutination test (LAT).

Results: Out of the 736 sera, 178 (24.18%) were positive for IFAT, 133 (18.07%) for LAT, and 317 (43.07%) for ELISA. It was found that IFAT and LAT were in high agreement (Kappa 0.79), indicating that LAT and IFAT had similar capabilities in the detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies from horse sera. Risk factors analysis based on IFAT results indicated that the habit of the animals was significant risk factors (p≤0.05) for Toxoplasma infection. The seroprevalence was significantly higher in horses living on farms. Moreover, a higher seroprevalence was found in older animals compared to younger ones. Furthermore, the seroprevalence in females was significantly higher than that in males and gelding. Breed, coat color, and water sources are also important factors to influence the seroprevalence of T. gondii.

Conclusion: The results indicated that T. gondii is present in horses throughout Algeria and thus represents a risk for both human and animal health. These results underline the need to increase the vigilance and the preventive measures against this disease not only to protect the horses but also to limit the spread of the parasite.

Keywords: Algeria, horse, seroprevalence, Toxoplasma gondii.

Epidemiology of thermotolerant Campylobacter infection in poultry in Nsukka agricultural zone, Nigeria

Research (Published online: 19-12-2019)

14. Epidemiology of thermotolerant Campylobacter infection in poultry in Nsukka agricultural zone, Nigeria

Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga, Innocent Okwundu Nwankwo and Joel Chukwudi Ugwunwarua

International Journal of One Health, 5: 92-98

ABSTRACT

Backgrond and Aim: Thermotolerant Campylobacter organisms (TCOs) are primary causes of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Although all warm-blooded animals are susceptible to colonization by TCOs, food-producing animals, especially poultry, are major reservoirs of the infection for transmission to humans. This epidemiological study for thermotolerant Campylobacter infection (TCI) in poultry was, therefore, conducted to determine the prevalence and to identify the risk factors of TCI in 60 randomly selected poultry farms in Nsukka agricultural zone.

Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire was used to elicit information on the farmers' involvement in practices that may aggravate TCI in poultry farms. Isolation of TCOs for the determination of prevalence of the infection was done following standard microbiological protocol.

Results: The majority (93.3%) of the farms practiced intensive management system. Farm and individual prevalence of TCI were 78.3% and 19.4%, respectively. The prevalence of 15.7% and 23.6% was recorded for birds reared in urban and rural areas, respectively. Similarly, prevalence rates of 17.2%, 25%, 14.7%, and 24.5% were documented for broiler, layer, male, and female birds, respectively. Major risk factors of TCI found were non-sanitization of drinking water, rearing birds of different ages together, thinning, raising other animals alongside poultry, and overstocking.

Conclusion: Overall prevalence of 19.4% is high from public health and food safety points of view. Farmers' participation in the risk factors for TCI is massive. Significant improvement in biosecurity practices in poultry farms in the study area is therefore imperative; to limit TCI in poultry and hence the risk of human infection through the food chain or at the poultry-human interface.

Keywords: biosecurity, Nigeria, poultry, public health, risk factors, thermotolerant Campylobacter infection.

Effectiveness of six molecular typing methods as epidemiological tools for the study of Salmonella isolates in two Colombian regions

Research (Published online: 19-12-2019)

17. Effectiveness of six molecular typing methods as epidemiological tools for the study of Salmonella isolates in two Colombian regions

Kelly Lozano-Villegas, Roy Rodríguez-Hernández and Iang Rondón-Barragán

Veterinary World, 12(12): 1998-2006

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of this study was the genotypic characterization of the strains of Salmonella spp. isolated from broiler chickens and humans with gastroenteritis from two regions of Colombia, by BOXA1R-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR methods.

Materials and Methods: Forty-nine strains of Salmonella were assessed, 15 from poultry farms in Santander region, and 34 from Tolima region isolated from poultry farms (n=24) and the stool samples of people with gastroenteritis (n=10). BOXA1R primers were selected for repetitive element-based PCR (REP-PCR) and five arbitrary primers, namely, GTG 5, OPB 15, OPP 16, OPS 11, and P 1254 were used for RAPD-PCR to generate DNA fingerprints from the isolates. Fingerprint data from each typing method were under composite analysis and the diversity of the data was analyzed by grouping (clustering). The dendrogram was generated by the unweighted group method with analysis of the arithmetic mean based on the Dice similarity coefficient. In addition, Simpson's index was evaluated to discriminate the power of the methods.

Results: OPP 16 primer and composite analysis proved to be superior compared to other REP-PCR typing methods. The best discriminatory index was observed when GTG 5 (0.92) and OPP 16 (0.85) primers were used alone or combined with RAPD-PCR and BOX-PCR (0.99).

Conclusion: This study indicated that OPP 16 and GTG 5 primers provide suitable molecular typing results for the discrimination of the genetic relationship among Salmonella spp. isolates and may be useful for epidemiological studies.

Keywords: dendrogram, serotyping, typing methods.

Sulfamethazine contamination level and exposure assessment in domestic and imported poultry meats in Jordan

Research (Published online: 18-12-2019)

16. Sulfamethazine contamination level and exposure assessment in domestic and imported poultry meats in Jordan

Saddam S. Awaisheh, Mohammad S. Khalifeh, Razan J. Rahahleh, Ja'far M. Al-Khaza'leh and Rania M. Algroom

Veterinary World, 12(12): 1992-1997

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Sulfamethazine (SMZ) is an important and widely used antibiotic in poultry industry due to its high efficacy in fighting diseases and promoting growth. In addition, SMZ is a possible human carcinogen and has been found in many food types including poultry meat. Accordingly, this study aimed to survey the contamination level and estimated daily intake (EDI) of SMZ in domestic and imported poultry meat samples in Jordan.

Materials and Methods: A total of 120 samples; 60, 30, and 30 of fresh and frozen domestic and frozen imported poultry samples, respectively, were collected from different cities in Jordan. Poultry samples were analyzed for SMZ incidence rate and contamination level using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. EDI values were calculated from the SMZ concentration, average poultry daily consumption rate, and adult body weight (b.w.).

Results: Of the 120 surveyed samples, 20 samples (16.7%) were SMZ violative positive and exceeded the European Union maximum limit (100 μg/kg) and accordingly were unfit for human consumption. Whereas, 51 samples (42.5%) were with SMZ concentrations of 10-100 μg/kg. The average SMZ concentration was 235.58 μg/kg, with a range of 11.47-800 μg/kg poultry meat. It is also noteworthy the high EDI of SMZ by Jordanian adults, 0.286 μg SMZ/kg b.w./day. Moreover, results prevailed that the highest SMZ incidence rate and contamination level were for imported poultry samples followed by domestic poultry samples, which may indicate that SMZ contamination in poultry meat is an international issue.

Conclusion: The current study prevailed high SMZ incidence rate, contamination level, and EDI values, which is likely due to indiscriminate use of SMZ in poultry production. Results also prevailed the high risk that consumers in Jordan may expose due to SMZ residues. Therefore, more strict program and good agricultural practices should be applied to monitor antibiotic withdrawal periods in animals used for human consumption to ensure the legal residue requirements of these antibiotics.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, estimated daily intake, Jordan, poultry meat, sulfamethazine.

Hepatoprotective effect of crude polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice

Research (Published online: 17-12-2019)

15. Hepatoprotective effect of crude polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice

Raden Joko Kuncoroningrat Susilo, Dwi Winarni, Saikhu Akhmad Husen, Suhailah Hayaza, Hunsa Punnapayak, Sri Puji Astuti Wahyuningsih, Elma Sakinatus Sajidah and Win Darmanto

Veterinary World, 12(12): 1987-1991

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Natural products are currently widely used as alternative treatments for liver disease. The study aimed to determine the hepatoprotective effect of crude polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum against liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).

Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male BALB/C mice were randomly divided into six groups. Serum and liver samples were taken on day 10 after G. lucidum administration. The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and the histology of the liver was evaluated using light microscopy.

Results: G. lucidum extract significantly decreased the levels of ALT, AST, and MDA and significantly increased the levels of SOD and CAT. In the histological evaluation, the liver tissue of CCl4-treated mice exhibited hydropic degeneration, necrosis, and sinusoidal dilatation. G. lucidum extract administration improved this liver tissue histopathology.

Conclusion: Crude polysaccharides extracted from G. lucidum showed a hepatoprotective effect, regenerating damaged liver tissue.

Keywords: carbon tetrachloride, crude polysaccharide extract, Ganoderma lucidum, hepatotoxicity.

Molecular survey and interaction of common respiratory pathogens in chicken flocks (field perspective)

Research (Published online: 16-12-2019)

14. Molecular survey and interaction of common respiratory pathogens in chicken flocks (field perspective)

Adel M. Abdelaziz, Mahmoud H. A. Mohamed, Mahmoud M. Fayez, Theeb Al-Marri, Ibrahim Qasim and Abdul Aziz Al-Amer

Veterinary World, 12(12): 1975-1986

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was designed for the detection of the most prevalent respiratory infections in chicken flocks and clarifying their interaction and impact on flock health.

Materials and Methods: A total of 359 serum samples were collected from 55 backyard chickens and tested using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits to determine the seroprevalence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), influenza type A, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). Molecular prevalence of NDV, IBV, low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2, MG, and MS was carried out on swab, and tissue samples collected from 55 backyard flocks and 11 commercial broiler flocks suffered from respiratory infections using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription-PCR.

Results: Seroprevalence of NDV, IBV, Influenza type A virus, MG, and MS in chicken backyard flocks was 56.4%, 50.9%, 12.7%, 14.5%, and 3.6%, respectively. Specific antibodies against one or more respiratory viruses and mycoplasma were detected in 36.4% of backyard flocks, indicating concurrent viral infections. The molecular survey showed that 90.9% of chicken backyard flocks were infected with common respiratory viruses (NDV, IBV, and LPAIV H9N2) while 81.8% of commercial broiler flocks were infected. The molecular prevalence rate of NDV, IBV, and LPAIV H9N2 was 46.97%, 56.1%, and 19.7% in backyard flocks, respectively. Combined viral and bacterial infection represented 40% and 63.6% of the respiratory infections, resulting in enhanced pathogenicity and increased mortalities of up to 87.5% and 27.8% in backyard and commercial flocks, respectively. Mixed infection of IBV, LPAIV H9N2, and/or Escherichia coli is the most prevalent mixed infection in broiler flocks, inducing severe clinical outcomes. Avian pathogenic E. coli was, respectively, isolated from 40% of backyard flocks and 81.82% of broiler flocks. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from three backyard chicken flocks mixed with other respiratory pathogens with elevated mortality. Mixed infection of E. coli and MG reported in 9.1% of broiler flock. MG was detected in 14.5% of backyard flocks and 9.1% of broiler flocks while MS was detected only in 3.6% of backyard chickens mixed with E. coli, and other viruses.

Conclusion: Our results confirm that mixed infections are more commonly prevalent and associated with dramatic exacerbation in clinical outcomes than a single infection. Bidirectional synergistic interaction between these concurrently interacted respiratory pathogens explains the severe clinical impact and high mortality rate. The high prevalence of IBV (either as a single or combined infection) with LPAIV H9N2 and/or E. coli, in spite of intensive use of commercial vaccines, increases the need for revising vaccination programs and the application of standard biosecurity measures. Backyard chickens impose a great risk and threaten commercial flocks due to the high prevalence of viral respiratory pathogens.

Keywords: bidirectional interaction, chickens, molecular detection, respiratory pathogens.

Survey on the presence of antibiotic residues in raw milk samples from six sites of the dairy pool of Niamey, Niger

Research (Published online: 14-12-2019)

13. Survey on the presence of antibiotic residues in raw milk samples from six sites of the dairy pool of Niamey, Niger

Amadou Morou Madougou, Caroline Douny, Nassim Moula, Marie-Louise Scippo, Véronique Delcenserie, Georges Daube, Marichatou Hamani and Nicolas Korsak

Veterinary World, 12(12): 1970-1974

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Antibiotics are widely used in animal production for treating the diseases and for preventing or increasing animal growth. The presence of antibiotic residues in milk is a public health problem. The aim of this study was to assess the use of antibiotic residues in raw milk from the dairy pool of Niamey in three farms (Toukounous, Kirkissoye, and Niamey) and three collection centers (Hamdallaye, Kollo, and Say).

Materials and Methods: A direct interview (questionnaire) was used to collect data regarding the mode of use of antibiotics, the level of knowledge of farmers according to the withdrawal period, and a cross-sectional study was conducted on 192 samples of raw milk. The Delvotest® T was used to monitor antibiotic residues in milk. The data were analyzed using SAS and R software.

Results: The most commonly used antibiotics were those from the family of tetracycline (86.7%) and from the family of beta-lactams (13.3%). Regarding the statements of farmers, the reasons why the farmers use antibiotics were the following: About 47% in case of prevention and treatment, 29% for treatment, 12% for prevention, and 12% for increase dairy production. Moreover, the farmers lacked the necessary information about withdrawal period. Screening of antibiotic residues was performed using a standardized biological test kit, the Delvotest®. In total, from 192 samples of raw milk, 19 (9.9%) were positive including ten from collection centers and nine from farms. This could lead to a risk of exposure when a consumer drinks locally produced raw milk.

Conclusion: Raw milk supplied from the area of the study has a level of antibiotic residues, and the breeders have a low level of knowledge about the withdrawal period.

Keywords: antibiotic residues, cow, Delvotest, Niger, raw milk.

Effects of sweet almond (Prunus amygdalus) suspension on blood biochemical parameters in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic mice

Research (Published online: 14-12-2019)

12. Effects of sweet almond (Prunus amygdalus) suspension on blood biochemical parameters in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic mice

Afaf A. Tarmoos and Lubna A. Kafi

Veterinary World, 12(12): 1966-1969

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study aimed to examine the effects of sweet almond (Prunus amygdalus) suspension (SAS) on the measurements of blood biochemical parameters in male albino mice, in which hyperlipidemia was induced experimentally.

Materials and Methods: Seventy male albino mice were divided randomly into seven groups (10 mice/group). The first group was the untreated control group (negative control). The second group comprised hyperlipidemic mice that did not receive SAS treatment (positive control). The other five groups consisted of hyperlipidemic mice that were orally administered five different doses of SAS (285, 571, 857, 1128, and 1428 mg/kg body weight). Hyperlipidemia was induced in mice by adding 1% cholesterol to the diet along with 0.5% H2O2 to the drinking water, with ad libitum access to both food and water for 60 consecutive days. Prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, clotting time, and platelet count were measured. Serum lipid profile (total cholesterol [TC], triacylglycerol [TAG], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], very LDL-C [VLDL-C], and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]) was also determined.

Results: Prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and clotting time significantly increased only in groups treated with SAS, especially at the dosage of 1428 mg/kg compared with the positive control group. Blood platelet count significantly decreased in SAS-treated groups. The serum levels of TC, TAG, LDL-C, and VLDL-C in the SAS-treated groups (857, 1128, and 1428 mg/kg) significantly decreased, whereas the serum level of HDL-C significantly increased compared with that of the positive control group.

Conclusion: SAS administered orally at 1428 mg/kg body weight was the dose that most significantly decreased platelet count and serum levels of TC, TAG, LDL-C, and VLDL-C and increased prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and clotting time as well as serum level of HDL-C in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic mice.

Keywords: coagulation factors, hyperlipidemia, lipid profile, mice, Prunus amygdalus, sweet almond.

An in vitro and in silico evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the bioactive compounds in Majapahit (Crescentia cujete L.) fruit

Research (Published online: 13-12-2019)

11. An in vitro and in silico evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the bioactive compounds in Majapahit (Crescentia cujete L.) fruit

Sri Rahmaningsih and Hernik Pujiastutik

Veterinary World, 12(12): 1959-1965

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Majapahit (Crescentia cujete L.) fruit extract acts as a natural antibacterial agent due to its bioactive constituents such as tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and saponins. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of Majapahit fruit against Vibrio harveyi both in vitro and in silico.

Materials and Methods: Column chromatography, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for in vitro analysis. In silico analysis was performed using PubChem® database, Pass Online (Way2Drug.com©), Search Tool 17 Interacting Chemicals (STITCH), and UNIPROT database (https://www.uniprot.org/).

Results: The MIC was found to be 0.313 mg/mL. Within the concentration range of 0.313 mg/mL-10 mg/mL, Majapahit fruit extract could inhibit the growth of V. harveyi, while lower concentrations of 0.078 mg/mL and 0.165 mg/mL indicated the presence of bacterial growth. The pathogenic mechanism of V. harveyi on vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) involved targeting cytochrome P450, cyclin-dependent kinase 6, and caspases 3 and 8. This was indicated by cell damage observed through TEM.

Conclusion: This study provides comprehensive results on the potential of Majapahit fruit as a natural antibacterial agent. Thus, Majapahit fruit can be considered for functional food applications.

Keywords: antibacterial, Crescentia cujete, in silico, in vitro, Majapahit fruit.

In vitro assessment of antibacterial activity from Lactobacillus spp. strains against virulent Salmonella species isolated from slaughter animals in Benin

Research (Published online: 13-12-2019)

10. In vitro assessment of antibacterial activity from Lactobacillus spp. strains against virulent Salmonella species isolated from slaughter animals in Benin

Alidehou Jerrold Agbankpe, Tamegnon Victorien Dougnon, Roubaya Balarabe, Esther Deguenon and Lamine Baba-Moussa

Veterinary World, 12(12): 1951-1958

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Salmonella spp. are among the world's leading foodborne pathogens, found naturally in the intestines of many animals. Lactic acid bacteria, mainly Lactobacillus, are a promising alternative to antibiotics for animal and human health. This study aimed to assess the in vitro antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus spp. strains against virulent Salmonella spp. isolated from slaughter animals in Benin.

Materials and Methods: Eleven samples of raw cow's milk, five samples of breast milk, and six infant stool samples were taken. From these samples, strains of Lactobacillus were isolated and identified. The probiotic potential of each of the identified strains was characterized, and finally in vitro antibacterial activity of these strains was evaluated against three virulent strains of Salmonella spp. and a reference strain of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028.

Results: Out of the 22 samples collected, 20 strains of Lactobacillus spp. were isolated and identified. These strains included Lactobacillus plantarum (30%), Lactobacillus delbrueckii (25%), Lactobacillus casei (25%), Lactobacillus salivarius (15%), and Lactobacillus acidophilus (05%). Characterization of the probiotic potential of these strains showed that only 16 strains were resistant to pH=1.5. Fourteen of them were able to withstand the simulated gastric juice (pH 1.5+pepsin). The 14 probiotic strains showed very good antibacterial activity against virulent strains of Salmonella spp. with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 12.36±0.03 mm to 35.33±0.05 mm (R values>6 mm).

Conclusion: From this study, Lactobacillus strains isolated from raw cow milk, breast milk, and infantile stool might be used as some valid candidates for probiotics. It also represents good alternatives for antibiotics in the fight against animal and human salmonellosis.

Keywords: antibacterial activity, Benin, Lactobacillus spp., probiotic, Salmonella spp.