Estimation of Brucella and Mycobacterium bovis contamination in bovine milk in Africa

Research (Published online: 26-02-2021)

6. Estimation of Brucella and Mycobacterium bovis contamination in bovine milk in Africa

Nozyechi Ngulube Chidumayo

International Journal of One Health, 7(1): 37-41

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis are zoonotic bacterial diseases transmitted through the consumption of raw milk and dairy products. Many developed countries have eliminated bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis in their cattle herds, however, the diseases are still endemic in Africa. Despite the public health risk of these pathogens, the sale and consumption of unpasteurized milk are still common in some African countries. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Brucella and Mycobacterium bovis in bovine milk.

Materials and Methods: A conceptual model for milk contamination was constructed and 1 million simulations were performed using data from published articles.

Results: Brucella milk contamination was estimated at a median of 8.68% (interquartile range [IQR]: 5.95-11.97%; range: 2.41-25.16%). The median prevalence of M. bovis was estimated at 6.86% (IQR: 4.25-9.40%; range: 0.01-15.16%).

Conclusion: These results indicate that there is a risk of Brucella and M. bovis transmission through the consumption of unpasteurized milk. The findings of this study highlight the need to improve the safety and quality of informally marketed milk in the region.

Keywords: Africa, Brucella, cattle, milk, Mycobacterium bovis, zoonoses.

Health belief model concept on the prevention of coronavirus disease-19 using path analysis in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 26-02-2021)

5. Health belief model concept on the prevention of coronavirus disease-19 using path analysis in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Artha Budi Susila Duarsa, Aena Mardiah, Fachrudi Hanafi, Dany Karmila and Ayu Anulus

International Journal of One Health, 7(1): 31-36

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Effective prevention of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) requires public health focus on challenges at the community level. This study aimed to identify the determinants of COVID-19 preventive behavior among people in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, using the health belief model.

Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. The study sample included 385 randomly selected individuals. The dependent variable was COVID-19 preventive behavior. The data were collected by a questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis using Stata Statistical Software version 13 for Windows 64 bit.

Results: COVID-19 preventive behavior was positively and directly associated with perceived benefits (b=0.20; confidence interval [CI] 95% 0.11-0.29; p<0.001), perceived barriers (b=–0.15; CI 95% –0.24-–0.06; p=0.002), and biological sex (b=–0.43; CI 05% –0.78-–0.08; p=0.016). Preventive behavior was also positively and directly associated with attitude (b=0.48; CI 95% –0.20-1.16; p=0.167) and perceived susceptibility (b=0.06; CI 95% –0.01-0.12; p=0.083), though these associations were not significant. Preventive behavior was indirectly associated with knowledge, perceived severity, age, health facility availability, and regulation exposure.

Conclusion: COVID-19 preventive behavior among people in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, is directly related to the perceived benefits, biological sex, perceived barriers, attitude, and perceived susceptibility. Preventive behavior of COVID-19 is indirectly associated with knowledge, perceived severity, age, health facility availability, and exposure to regulation.

Keywords: coronavirus disease-19, health belief model, path analysis, West Nusa Tenggara.

Preventive antimicrobial action and tissue architecture ameliorations of Bacillus subtilis in challenged broilers

Research (Published online: 26-02-2021)

26. Preventive antimicrobial action and tissue architecture ameliorations of Bacillus subtilis in challenged broilers

Essam S. Soliman, Rania T. Hamad and Mona S. Abdallah

Veterinary World, 14(2): 523-536

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Probiotics improve intestinal balance through bacterial antagonism and competitive exclusion. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity, as well as the in vivo preventive, immunological, productive, and histopathological modifications produced by probiotic Bacillus subtilis.

Materials and Methods: The in vitro antimicrobial activities of B. subtilis (5×106 CFU/g; 0.5, 1.0*, 1.5, and 2.0 g/L) were tested against Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, Candida albicans, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes after exposure times of 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 h using minimal inhibitory concentration procedures. A total of 320 1-day-old female Ross broiler chickens were divided into five groups. Four out of the five groups were supplemented with 0.5, 1.0*, 1.5, and 2.0 g/L probiotic B. subtilis from the age of 1 day old. Supplemented 14-day-old broiler chickens were challenged with only E. coli O157: H7 (4.5×1012 CFU/mL) and S. Typhimurium (1.2×107 CFU/mL). A total of 2461 samples (256 microbial-probiotic mixtures, 315 sera, 315 duodenal swabs, and 1575 organs) were collected.

Results: The in vitro results revealed highly significant (p<0.001) killing rates at all-time points in 2.0 g/L B. subtilis: 99.9%, 90.0%, 95.6%, and 98.8% against E. coli, S. Typhimurium, C. albicans, and T. mentagrophytes, respectively. Broilers supplemented with 1.5 and 2.0 g/L B. subtilis revealed highly significant increases (p<0.01) in body weights, weight gains, carcass weights, edible organs' weights, immune organs' weights, biochemical profile, and immunoglobulin concentrations, as well as highly significant declines (p<0.01) in total bacterial, Enterobacteriaceae, and Salmonella counts. Histopathological photomicrographs revealed pronounced improvements and near-normal pictures of the livers and hearts of broilers with lymphoid hyperplasia in the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen after supplementation with 2.0 g/L B. subtilis.

Conclusion: The studies revealed that 1.5-2.0 g of probiotic B. subtilis at a concentration of 5×106 CFU/g/L water was able to improve performance, enhance immunity, and tissue architecture, and produce direct antimicrobial actions.

Keywords: broiler chickens, histopathological photomicrographs, immunity, in vitro antimicrobial, in vivo preventive, probiotics.

Polymorphisms in hormone-sensitive lipase and leptin receptor genes and their association with growth traits in Barki lambs

Research (Published online: 26-02-2021)

25. Polymorphisms in hormone-sensitive lipase and leptin receptor genes and their association with growth traits in Barki lambs

Adel H. M. Ibrahim

Veterinary World, 14(2): 515-522

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Marker-assisted selection has many advantages over conventional selection in animal breeding. The candidate gene approach has been applied to identify genetic markers associated with economically important traits in livestock. This study was established to investigate variation in the hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and leptin receptor (LEPR) genes, and their association with growth traits in Barki lambs.

Materials and Methods: Records for birth weight (BW), pre-weaning average daily gain (ADG1), weaning weight (WW), post-weaning average daily gain (ADG2), and marketing weight (MW) were obtained from 247 Barki lambs. Polymerase chain reaction–single-stranded conformational polymorphism analyses were used to detect variation in exon 9 of HSL and exon 19 of LEPR. General linear models were used to test for associations between the variation in ovine HSL and LEPR, and growth traits.

Results: The SSCP banding patterns for HSL showed three variants (H1, H2, and H3), which contained two nucleotide-sequence differences (c.1865C>T and c.2038T>C). Two SSCP banding patterns (L1 and L2) were observed for LEPR and these contained two nucleotide-sequence differences (c.2800G>A and c.2978C>G). The HSL genotype showed no effect on the studied traits. The LEPR genotype was proven to have significant effects (p<0.05) on ADG2 and MW. The presence of the L1 variant was associated (p<0.01) with decreased ADG2 and MW.

Conclusion: The finding of an association between LEPR gene variation and growth rate after weaning in Barki lambs warrants efforts to improve this trait.

Keywords: Barki lambs, growth traits, hormone-sensitive lipase, leptin receptor.

Standardization and characterization of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction from New Zealand white rabbits for bone tissue engineering

Research (Published online: 25-02-2021)

24. Standardization and characterization of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction from New Zealand white rabbits for bone tissue engineering

Khan Sharun, Abhijit M. Pawde, Rohit Kumar, E. Kalaiselvan, Prakash Kinjavdekar, Kuldeep Dhama and Amar Pal

Veterinary World, 14(2): 508-514

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) contains a heterogeneous cell population comprising multipotent adipose-derived stem cells. Regenerative therapy using adipose-derived SVF has broad applications in bone tissue engineering due to the superior osteogenic potential of SVF. This study was designed to standardize and characterize adipose-derived SVF obtained from New Zealand white rabbits for bone tissue engineering and other potential applications.

Materials and Methods: Ten skeletally mature and clinically healthy adult New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. The SVF was prepared using surgically resected interscapular adipose tissue following enzymatic digestion with 0.1% collagenase type I solution. The SVF pellet obtained after the final centrifugation step was suspended in a 0.5 mL control solution to obtain ready-to-use adipose-derived SVF. The freshly prepared SVF was characterized based on the total SVF cell count and cell yield per gram of adipose tissue. The SVF cells were enumerated using a hemocytometer.

Results: Interscapular adipose tissue depots are ideal for preparing autologous adipose-derived SVF due to the ease of access. The interscapular adipose-derived SVF prepared by enzymatic digestion had an average cell yield of 3.15±0.09×106 cells/g adipose tissue. Freshly prepared SVF had a total cell count of 3.15±0.09×104 cells/μL.

Conclusion: The enzymatic digestion of adipose tissue using 0.1% collagenase resulted in better cell yield per gram than methods previously reported in rabbits. The use of adipose-derived SVF can preclude the requirement for an additional culture period. In addition, it may also reduce the risk of extensive cell contamination, which makes it a safe and cost-effective strategy for bone tissue engineering applications.

Keywords: adipose tissue, characterization, New Zealand white rabbit, standardization, stromal vascular fraction.

Dietary effects of Garcinia kola seed meal on growth performance, hematology and serum biochemical parameters of weaned rabbits

Research (Published online: 25-02-2021)

23. Dietary effects of Garcinia kola seed meal on growth performance, hematology and serum biochemical parameters of weaned rabbits

Stanley Uzochukwu Ilo, Eunice Amaka Akuru, Jonathan Chinonso Egbo, Chika Ethelbert Oyeagu and Henry Oyeji Edeh

Veterinary World, 14(2): 499-507

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Garcinia kola seed (GKS) is used to prevent and cure a number of gastric-related ailments. GKS contain a copious amount of polyphenols and can be utilized as a natural growth promoter in the nutrition of weaned rabbits. This study aimed to determine the dietary effects of GKS meal (GKSM) on the growth performance, hematology and serum biochemical parameters of weaned rabbits.

Materials and Methods: GKS were dried and ground into powder. Thirty-two 8-week-old crossbred rabbits with an average weight of 614 g were randomly divided into four dietary groups. The diets were designated as follows: Control (corn-soybean based diet with 0% GKSM) and the GKSM-supplemented diets with 1.5% GKSM, 3% GKSM, and 4.5% GKSM. On the 56th day of the feeding trial, blood was collected from the marginal ear vein of all rabbits and transferred into two separate labeled tubes. The first set of blood was used to determine the hematological indices. The second set of blood was transferred into plain bottles and allowed to coagulate. The coagulated blood was subjected to standard methods of serum separation, and the sera were harvested and used to evaluate serum biochemical parameters.

Results: Although the average final body weight was highest in rabbits fed with 1.5% GKSM; this value was similar to rabbits fed with 0% and 4.5% GKSM. The average daily weight gain was highest in rabbits fed with 1.5% GKSM, while the feed conversion ratio was improved in the 0% and 1.5% GKSM groups. The dietary treatments also had a significant effect on the red blood cell count (RBC) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, while other blood parameters did not differ significantly (p>0.05). Higher inclusion levels (3% and 4.5%) of GKSM led to a significant increase in RBC and Hb values (p<0.05). The total protein increased at all levels of GKSM inclusion (p<0.05). Bilirubin, sodium, and potassium levels significantly decreased at 4.5% GKSM inclusion (p<0.05). Urea levels were lowered at 1.5% and 4.5% GKSM inclusion, while cholesterol levels were decreased at 3% and 4.5% dietary levels.

Conclusion: From the results of the present study, the supplementation of up to 4.5% GKSM revealed no harmful effect on the hematological and serum biochemical parameters of weaned rabbits, while their growth performance improved at a 1.5% inclusion level of GKSM.

Keywords: Garcinia kola, performance, production, rabbits, supplementation.

Radiographic lumbosacral vertebral abnormalities and constipation in cats

Research (Published online: 23-02-2021)

22. Radiographic lumbosacral vertebral abnormalities and constipation in cats

Chutimon Thanaboonnipat, Kamonchanok Kumjumroon, Kamonwan Boonkwang, Natthacha Tangsutthichai, Wassapon Sukserm and Nan Choisunirachon

Veterinary World, 14(2): 492-498

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Lumbosacral intervertebral disk disease (IVDD) in cats usually develops concurrent with constipation, spondylosis deformans, and sacralization. However, the prevalence of lumbar IVDD in cats was considered low, and there was less information on the incidence of non-traumatic lumbosacral vertebral abnormalities that may affect large bowel dysfunction. This study aimed to retrospectively investigate the relationship between non-traumatic lumbosacral vertebral abnormalities, both congenital and acquired, and large bowel dysfunction in cats.

Materials and Methods: Of 3108 cats that were presented to the Diagnostic Imaging Unit, the Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, between March 2016 and February 2018, 1365 cats met the inclusion criteria. All abdominal radiographs were reviewed, and all subsequent data were recorded, including the presence of congenital or acquired lumbosacral lesions, number of lumbar vertebrae, and length of the second, fifth, and last lumbar vertebrae, including the type of lumbar abnormalities. Moreover, radiographic information relating to constipation and megacolon was also collected.

Results: Non-traumatic lumbosacral vertebral abnormalities were observed in 29.74% of cats. The most common congenital lumbosacral vertebral abnormalities were six lumbar vertebrae, sacralization, and lumbarization, whereas most common acquired lumbosacral abnormalities were bone spur, narrowing disk space, spondylosis deformans, and lumbosacral degeneration, respectively. Cats with abnormal lumbosacral vertebrae are prone to have more problems with the large bowel (p=0.0057; odds ratio=1.731). Moreover, congenital and acquired lumbosacral abnormalities were also at risk of large bowel abnormalities (p=0.0069; odds ratio=1.920 and p<0.0001; odds ratio=4.107, respectively).

Conclusion: This study revealed the evidence and distribution of the variation in feline lumbar anatomy and also elucidated that cats with abnormal lumbar vertebral columns were more likely to have problems with distal gastrointestinal tracts than those without.

Keywords: cat, constipation, large bowel, lumbosacral, vertebrae.