Effect of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel extract as an antibiotic growth promoter on growth performance and antibiotic resistance in broilers

Research (Published online: 27-04-2020)

27. Effect of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel extract as an antibiotic growth promoter on growth performance and antibiotic resistance in broilers

Okti Herawati, Tri Untari, Marla Anggita and Sidna Artanto

Veterinary World, 13(4): 796-800

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Antibiotic resistance poses a risk to human health and has therefore been the focus of research. One of the causes of this resistance is the use of antibiotics as feed additives for animal nutrition. The development of antibiotic resistance in poultry through nutrition feed has drawn attention to the need for alternative antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), as a natural source of bioactive phytochemicals, is a potential AGP, but the effect of mangosteen-based treatment on antibiotic resistance in poultry has not been reported to date. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mangosteen peel extract as an AGP on body weight gain, feed conversion rate (FCR), and the antibiotic resistance in broilers.

Materials and Methods: In this study, 30 1-day-old broiler chicks were divided into three groups. Group A (control) was not administered any treatment in the feed, Group B was treated with 0.3 g/kg colistin as the AGP in the feed, and Group C was treated with 2% mangosteen peel extract as the AGP in the feed; the treatments were administered for 30 days. The observed parameters included the effect of the treatments on body weight gain, feed intake, FCR, and the presentation of antibiotic resistance before and after the treatments (pre-treatment and post-treatment, respectively).

Results: Post-treatment, the body weight gain, and feed intake in the broilers were not significantly different among all the groups; however, the body weight gain and FCR were significantly different between the control group and the treatment groups in the 3rd week of treatment and were not significantly different between Groups B and C. The rate of antibiotic resistance to chloramphenicol increased significantly by 40% in Group B post-treatment, but no such increase was observed in Groups A and C.

Conclusion: The findings of our study indicate that compared with using colistin as an AGP using mangosteen peel extract as a natural AGP did not have any significantly different effect on body weight gain, feed intake, and FCR (p>0.05) but had a significantly different effect on the rate of antibiotic resistance in broilers (p<0.05). This study indicates the usefulness of mangosteen for improving the overall growth and production performance of broilers without increasing their antibiotic resistance.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance, antibiotics, broiler, growth promoters, mangosteen.

Effects of using essential oil of Lavandula stoechas in quail feed on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and health status

Research (Published online: 26-04-2020)

26. Effects of using essential oil of Lavandula stoechas in quail feed on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and health status

Ouafa Laghouati, Fodil Arbouche and Yasmine Arbouche

Veterinary World, 13(4): 789-795

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of essential oil of Lavandula stoechas (Lavender) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and health status of quails.

Materials and Methods: A group of 600 1-day-old Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix japonica), with an average weight of 6.8±0.2 g and a 1:1 sex ratio, were randomly assigned to four groups (150 chicks/group): three experimental groups which depend on the incorporation of lavender oil (LO) in the different phases of breeding and one control group. The experimental groups received a supplement of 1 g LO per kg of feed distributed sequentially throughout the entire 42-day breeding period.

Results: No deaths were recorded throughout the breeding period. Highly significant differences were observed among the groups with regard to body weight measured on day 20 and day 42 (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively). The addition of LO was accompanied by reductions in liver weights; furthermore, LO had a significant effect on the pH, water content, and fat content of the meat (p<0.05). Administration of LO had a measurable effect on the endogenous intestinal population of Lactobacillus, and the bacterial load (including those of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) was significantly reduced.

Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that supplementing quail feed with LO has a profound effect on their growth as well as antimicrobial effects.

Keywords: fat content, Japanese quail, lavender oil, microbial load, water content, zootechnical performance.

Lice infestation and diversity in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in the Special Region of Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 25-04-2020)

25. Lice infestation and diversity in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in the Special Region of Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia

Joko Prastowo, Dwi Priyowidodo, Wisnu Nurcahyo, Defriana Lutfi Chusnaifah, Lu'lu' Sahara Wusahaningtyas, Lintang Winantya Firdausy and Ana Sahara

Veterinary World, 13(4): 782-788

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Biting lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) are ectoparasites that play important roles in the transmission of disease agents that infect turkeys and impact turkey productivity. This study aimed to determine the diversity of lice that infest turkeys in the Central Java Province and the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: Lice sampling was conducted at 16 different locations from April 2019 to June 2019 in turkeys aged 4 months to 2 years. The samples were stored in 70% alcohol and were identified using avian louse keys. The morphology of the specimens was macroscopically and microscopically evaluated, and the resulting data were descriptively and qualitatively analyzed.

Results: A total of 2505 lice were collected, and two families and five genera of lice were identified. Three lice genus members of the Philopteridae family (Lipeurus, Oxylipeurus, and Chelopistes) and two genera of the Menoponidae family (Colpocephalum and Menacanthus) were identified. Lipeurus was the most frequently identified genera in turkeys, whereas Menacanthus was the most rarely identified one. The White Holland breed had the highest number of lice infestations, whereas the Jersey Buff breed exhibited the highest diversity of lice genera. The average number of lice infestations was higher in male turkeys than in female turkeys.

Conclusion: The occurrence of ectoparasites in domestic turkeys indicates that the existence and diversity of lice genera in the study location can be influenced by turkey type, turkey maintenance system, enclosure sanitation measures, lack of strategic ectoparasite control, and environmental factors.

Keywords: central java, lice, Phthiraptera, turkey, Yogyakarta.

Clinical and structural changes in reproductive organs and endocrine glands of sterile cows

Research (Published online: 24-04-2020)

24. Clinical and structural changes in reproductive organs and endocrine glands of sterile cows

Evgeny Skovorodin, Ravil Mustafin, Svetlana Bogoliuk, George Bazekin and Valian Gimranov

Veterinary World, 13(4): 774-781

ABSTRACT

Aim: The study aimed to determine both macroscopic and microscopic changes in the reproductive organs of sterile cows.

Materials and Methods: Careful clinical and gynecological examinations (using histological and histochemical methods) of organs of culled sterile cows, such as ovaries, oviducts, the uterus, pars anterior adenohypophysis, thyroid body, and adrenals, were performed.

Results: It was found that 20% of the examined cows in the farms of the Republic of Bashkortostan had pathology of reproductive organs. Ovarian dysfunction was diagnosed in 31% of sterile cows. Histological and histochemical studies revealed that high atresia of all types of ovarian follicles is associated with hypofunction of the ovaries. This was related to stromal vascular dystrophy and was accompanied by atrophy of thecal endocrine elements, resulting in decrease of endocrine and generative function of ovaries.

Conclusion: Essential elements of the ovarian dysfunction pathogenesis are disorders of the functional system "ovary-pituitary-adrenal-thyroid gland" and the abnormality of utero-ovarian relationships, which differ significantly during hypofunction, in case of follicular cysts, and in case of persistent corpora lutea. This difference in abnormalities of utero-ovarian relationships should be considered when developing diagnostic and treatment methods and determining preventive measures.

Keywords: cows, endocrine glands, morphology, ovaries, reproductive organs, sterility.

Growth performance and hematological changes in growing pigs treated with Cordyceps militaris spent mushroom substrate

Research (Published online: 23-04-2020)

23. Growth performance and hematological changes in growing pigs treated with Cordyceps militaris spent mushroom substrate

Waewaree Boontiam, Chalong Wachirapakorn and Suchat Wattanachai

Veterinary World, 13(4): 768-773

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study was aimed to compare the efficacy of dietary Cordyceps militaris spent mushroom substrate (CMS) on growth performance, immunity, metabolic profiles, and antioxidant capacity in growing pigs.

Materials and Methods: Seventy-two crossbred growing pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an average initial body weight (BW) of 25.78±0.33 kg were allotted into two dietary treatments in six pens (six growing pigs each). Dietary treatments were (i) control and (ii) supplemented group with 2 g/kg CMS.

Results: Growing pigs fed with 2 g/kg CMS showed improvements in final BW (p=0.034) and average daily weight gain (p=0.039). Moreover, there were positive changes in immunoglobulin A (p=0.013), immunoglobulin G (p=0.019), total antioxidant capacity (p=0.001), and glutathione peroxidase activity (p=0.003), whereas decreased leukocyte percentage (p=0.002), cholesterol (p=0.023), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (p=0.002) were noted in the CMS supplemented treatment. Average daily feed intake, gain-to-feed ratio, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein were unaffected by the treatments.

Conclusion: Supplementation of CMS at 2 g/kg of diet increases growth performance, immunoglobulin secretion, and antioxidant capacity, whereas it lowers leukocyte percentage, cholesterol, and MDA concentrations in growing pigs.

Keywords: antioxidant capacity, blood metabolites, Cordyceps militaris spent substrate, growing pigs, growth performance, immunoglobulins.

Molecular identification of Salmonella Typhimurium from village chickens based on invA and spvC genes

Research (Published online: 23-04-2020)

22. Molecular identification of Salmonella Typhimurium from village chickens based on invA and spvC genes

Mwanaisha Mkangara, Ernest R. Mbega and Musa Chacha

Veterinary World, 13(4): 764-767

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to identify Salmonella enterica serovars by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on virulence genes invasion A (inv A) and Salmonella plasmid virulence C (spvC).

Materials and Methods: DNA extraction of eight bacteria isolates was done using the PowerSoil® DNA Isolation Kit. The amplification of invA and spvC genes was done using conventional PCR. The positive PCR products were purified using the GeneJET Purification Kit and then sequenced using ABI 3730 XL automated genetic analyzer. The sequences obtained were compared for similarities with other Salmonella serovars deposited on the NCBI GenBank using BLASTN.

Results: Four out of eight samples were amplified by primers FS139/RS141 that target invA gene with products of about 284 bp, and three out of four of the same invA positive samples were also amplified by primers FSPV-1/RSPV-2 targeting spvC with a product of about 571 bp. One sample was not amplified by primers FSPV-1/RSPV-2 as it lacked virulence plasmid. Analysis of sequences indicated 100% homology with closely related serovars of S. enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium.

Conclusion: Salmonella Typhimurium that contained invA and spvC genes are pathogenic and virulent strains.

Keywords: invasive gene A, polymerase chain reaction, Salmonella plasmid virulence gene, Salmonella Typhimurium, sequencing.

Clinical results of an inactivated anti-brucella vaccine in combination with immunomodulators

Research (Published online: 22-04-2020)

21. Clinical results of an inactivated anti-brucella vaccine in combination with immunomodulators

Fayssal Bouchemla, Valery Alexandrovich Agoltsov, Stepan Yuryevich Veselovsky, Sergey Vasilyevich Larionov, Olga Mikhaylovna Popova and Dmitry Valentinovich Krivenko

Veterinary World, 13(4): 758-763

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of the study was to obtain a vaccine against animal brucellosis having high immunogenic properties by carrying an evaluation of the effectiveness of split-conjugated animal brucellosis vaccine combined with fosprenil and polypeptide C as a molecular immunomodulatory adjuvant according to the results of serological studies of the blood of animals: Agglutination reaction, complement fixation, and rose Bengal sample.

Materials and Methods: Eighteen calves of Holstein Friesians breed, aged 5 months, with a living weight of 100-150 kg, were divided into three groups of six animals each. All animals were healthy and they received a prophylactic vaccination against brucellosis. The dry split-conjugated vaccine against brucellosis in animals was dissolved in saline and for this purpose, 10 ml of saline was poured into the vaccine vial. Then the content was mixed, and afterward 1 ml was used per animal. Fosprenil was used at the rate of 1 kg of animal weight: 100 kg (calf weight) was multiplied by 0.05 (dose/1 kg of animal weight); 5 ml of fosprenil was obtained, which was collected into disposable syringes and intramuscularly sterilely injected into the croup area.

Calves in the first group (control) were intramuscularly injected with the vaccine at a dose of 1.0 ml, and fosprenil at a dose of 5.0 ml was administered intramuscularly once to the croup area. Animals from the second group were subcutaneously immunized by the vaccine with polypeptide C at a dose of 1.0 ml. Polypeptide C is a solution that was poured into a vial with a vaccine at a dose of 10.0 ml, the content was mixed, and then calves were injected subcutaneously into the middle third of the neck in 1 ml (10 doses in a vial).

Immunization of calves in the third group was carried out with a vaccine, diluted with an isotonic sodium chloride solution of 0.9%, at a dose of 1.0 ml subcutaneously once. At the 14th, 30th, and 90th days after vaccination, a blood sampling was taken for serological tests: Agglutination test, complement fixation test, and rose Bengal test.

Results: After conducting serological studies, it was noted that split-conjugated vaccine against animal brucellosis using fosprenil forms antibodies in large titers and they persist for a longer time in the body of animals compared to the other tested vaccine: The first combination with the immunomodulatory polypeptide C and the vaccine only on the physiological solution.

Conclusion: The developed complex of split-conjugated vaccine against brucellosis in animals enhances the humoral immune response of the organism against brucellosis and improves the protection of animals against the disease when it is used with the immunomodulatory fosprenil. In the future, we want to expand the use of the resulting complex in the fight against brucellosis on a larger population and to study the change in cellular immunity after the introduction of the resulting complex on an animal organism.

Keywords: brucellosis, fosprenil, polypeptide C, split-conjugated vaccine against animal brucellosis.