Monthly dynamics and biting behavior of principal onchocerciasis vector (Simulium damnosum s.l.) in endemic area of Southwest Ethiopia

Research (Published online: 16-02-2020)

5. Monthly dynamics and biting behavior of principal onchocerciasis vector (Simulium damnosum s.l.) in endemic area of Southwest Ethiopia

Alemayehu Dagne Mose, Behailu Taye Mamo and Solomon Yeshanew Alamirew

International Journal of One Health, 6(1): 23-27

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Vector-borne diseases are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in several regions, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. This study aimed to compare the relative abundance, diversity, monthly biting rates, and parity rate of onchocerciasis vector collected from three small rivers in Southwest Ethiopia.

Materials and Methods: Adult Simulium were collected using human landing catch with protected by the Mosq Tent for 4 consecutive days per month from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. from January 2018 to December 2018 at three communities: Dizi, Agalo Uka, and Haro Magela. Chi-square test was used to determine the association between study site villages and abundances of the Simulium diversity.

Results: During the study period, a total of 15,264 Simulium belong to two species Simulium damnosum sensu lato and Simulium neavei were collected. The monthly dynamics of S. damnosum sensu lato shows that the highest density of flies was observed in August, followed by July, whereas the lowest was observed in April. On the other hand, the highest peak biting hour was observed between 4 p.m. and 6 p.m., while the lowest hourly activity of the fly was recorded from 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. Furthermore, the highest parity rate was observed 82.2% in July followed by 80.9% in August while the lowest rate was observed 43.7% in January.

Conclusion: This information on onchocerciasis vectors seasonal variation, diversity, parity, and biting time are important factors that to be considered for noticeable suggestions in monitoring transmission levels to guide the regional and national onchocerciasis elimination programs in Ethiopia.

Keywords: onchocerciasis, parity, Simulium damnosum s.l., Simulium neavei, vector.

Resistance to multiple first-line antibiotics among Escherichia coli from poultry in Western Algeria

Research (Published online: 15-02-2020)

10. Resistance to multiple first-line antibiotics among Escherichia coli from poultry in Western Algeria

Meki Boutaiba Benklaouz, Hebib Aggad and Qada Benameur

Veterinary World, 13(2): 290-295

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Escherichia coli can cause a number of serious infections both in human and veterinary medicine. Their management is increasingly complicated by the emergence and dissemination of multiresistance to various first-line antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance level to the commonly used antibiotics, with a focus on the first-line antimicrobial agents, in E. coli strains isolated from poultry in Western Algeria.

Materials and Methods: E. coli culture was done on MacConkey agar and their identification was determined by AP20E system. For susceptibility testing, disk diffusion method to 14 antimicrobials, including first-line antibiotics, was used according to Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method in Mueller-Hinton agar and the results were interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. E. coli isolates were considered as multidrug resistance (MDR) when found resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent of three different families of antibiotics. Double-disk synergy and combination disk tests were used for initial screening and confirmation for extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) production, respectively.

Results: A total of 145 E. coli strains were isolated in this study. High resistance levels to various antibiotics, including commonly used first-line antimicrobial agents, were recorded in this study. The highest resistance level was observed against nalidixic acid (90.34%, n=131), followed by tetracycline (86.89%, n=126), ampicillin (82.75%, n=120), enrofloxacin (80.68%, n=117) and neomycin (80.68%, n=117), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (73.79%, n=107), norfloxacin (72.41%, n=105) and cephalothin (72.41%, n=105), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (51.72%, n=75), chloramphenicol (22.75%, n=33), nitrofurantoin (17.24%, n=25), gentamicin (13.10%, n=19), and ceftiofur (3.44%, n=5). Moreover, resistance to multiple first-line antibiotics was also demonstrated in the present study. Overall, 139 out of 145 isolates (95.86%) demonstrated MDR (resistant to at least three antibiotics). In addition, five E. coli isolates (3.44%) were confirmed to be ESBL producers.

Conclusion: The alarming rate of E. coli resistant to multiple first-line antibiotics in poultry demands intensified surveillance. These results call for taking drastic measures to preserve antibiotic effectiveness and reduce the emergence risks of extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant E. coli isolates.

Keywords: Algeria, Escherichia coli, extended-spectrum β-lactamases, first-line antibiotics, multidrug resistance, poultry.

A seroepidemiological study of bovine cysticercosis in Bali and Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 15-02-2020)

9. A seroepidemiological study of bovine cysticercosis in Bali and Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Nyoman Sadra Dharmawan, I. Made Damriyasa, I. Gede Mahardika, Kadek Swastika, Luh Putu Hartiningsih and Kadek Karang Agustina

Veterinary World, 13(2): 284-289

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Taenia saginata hazardously affects human and animal health. The distribution of this disease is found almost all over the world. The study aimed to obtain epidemiological information concerning prevalence and the distribution of bovine cysticercosis in Bali and Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: A total of 267 community-owned Bali cattle serum samples from the provinces of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, and East Nusa Tenggara were examined. The study was conducted by examining the serum of Bali cattle using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Risk factors related to cysticercosis that analyzed were sex, breeding type, age, physical condition, source of drinking water, pen condition, and latrine availability.

Results: Seven of 91 Bali cattle sera from all regencies/cities in Bali showed a positive result. Those positive sera were originated from Buleleng (1), Gianyar (2), Denpasar (2), and Klungkung (2). Meanwhile, four of 92 Bali cattle sera from West Nusa Tenggara and seven of 84 from East Nusa Tenggara occurred antibodies against T. saginata. We identified that two risk factors that influence the incidence of T. saginata infection in Bali cattle in Bali were the sex and the cattle breeding type.

Conclusion: Through this research can be made a map of bovine cysticercosis in Bali cattle in Bali and Nusa Tenggara region. By mapping the disease, it is recommended that the animal health officers should be more accurate when conducting postmortem examination, especially on cattle from a positive region.

Keywords: Bali cattle, bovine cysticercosis, risk factor, Taenia saginata.

Identification and characterization of Salmonella spp. from samples of broiler farms in selected districts of Bangladesh

Research (Published online: 13-02-2020)

8. Identification and characterization of Salmonella spp. from samples of broiler farms in selected districts of Bangladesh

Debashish Mridha, Md. Nasir Uddin, Badrul Alam, A. H. M. Taslima Akhter, SK. Shaheenur Islam, Md. Saiful Islam, Md. Shahidur Rahman Khan and S. M. Lutful Kabir

Veterinary World, 13(2): 275-283

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Salmonella spp. are an important group of pathogens responsible for human and animal diseases. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and identify and characterize of Salmonella spp. isolated from broiler farms of Gazipur, Tangail, and Dhaka districts of Bangladesh. This study also evaluated the difference of Salmonella positivity status between two groups of farms, good practices adapted in broiler rearing at the project intervened farms, and non-project intervened traditional farms.

Materials and Methods: A total of 352 samples including 128 cloacal swabs, 32 whole carcasses, 64 feed, 64 water, and 64 attendants' hand rinses were collected through convenient sampling technique from 16 poultry food safety project of Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations Bangladesh intervened farms and other 16 non-project intervened farms in the same location. Various cultural based techniques and biochemical methods were employed for the estimation of prevalence, isolation, and identification of Salmonella spp. which was further evaluated by polymerase chain reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility test using disk diffusion methods and serogrouping by slide agglutination test was accomplished for additional characterization.

Results: Among the samples, an overall prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 31.25% (110/352) (95% confidence interval [CI]=26.44-36.38%). However, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 24.43% (43/176) (95% CI=18.28-31.47) in project intervened farms and 38.07% (67/176) (95% CI=30.87-45.68%) in non-intervened farms. Among the 110 isolates, 31.82% (35/110) were fitted under serogroup B, and the rest of the isolates 75 (68.18%) under serogroup D. Of 110 isolates, 82.72%, 77.27%, 81.82%, and 79.09% were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, norfloxacin, and streptomycin, respectively. In addition, 81.82% and 80% isolates were resistant to erythromycin and tetracycline, respectively. Isolated Salmonella spp. presented moderate resistance to both amoxicillin and azithromycin. Alarmingly, 80.91% (89/110) isolates were shown to be multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp.

Conclusion: The study has presented a significant variation of the prevalence of Salmonella spp. between project intervened and non-project intervened farms, and this indicates project intervened farms are comparatively safer than the non-intervened farms considering public health and food safety grounds. This research outcome also has highlighted a substantial proportion of poultry origin multidrug resistance Salmonella spp. is a potential source of public health hazards. In this regard, proper awareness creation and motivational activities on good agriculture practices in poultry rearing and maintaining good personal hygiene at the farmers' level are warranted through participatory training.

Keywords: good agriculture practices, hygienic practices, multidrug resistance, poultry, Salmonella spp.

Detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes from houseflies

Research (Published online: 12-02-2020)

7. Detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes from houseflies

Sharmin Akter, Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj, Zobayda Farzana Haque, Md. Tanvir Rahman, Md. Abdul Kafi and Sukumar Saha

Veterinary World, 13(2): 266-274

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Houseflies (Musca domestica) are synanthropic insects which serve as biological or mechanical vectors for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria responsible for many infectious diseases. This study aimed to detect antibiotic-resistant bacteria from houseflies, and to examine their resistance genes.

Materials and Methods: A total of 140 houseflies were captured using sterile nylon net from seven places of Mymensingh city, Bangladesh. Immediately after collection, flies were transferred to a sterile zipper bag and brought to microbiology laboratory within 1 h. Three bacterial species were isolated from houseflies, based on cultural and molecular tests. After that, the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against commonly used antibiotics, by the disk diffusion method. Finally, the detection of antibiotic resistance genes tetA, tetB, mcr-3, mecA, and mecC was performed by a polymerase chain reaction.

Results: The most common isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (78.6%), Salmonella spp., (66.4%), and Escherichia coli (51.4%). These species of bacteria were recovered from 78.3% of isolates from the Mymensingh Medical College Hospital areas. Most of the isolates of the three bacterial species were resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline, penicillin and amoxicillin and were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and azithromycin. Five antibiotic resistance genes of three bacteria were detected: tetA, tetB, mcr-3, and mecA were found in 37%, 20%, 20%, and 14% isolates, respectively, and no isolates were positive for mecC gene.

Conclusion: S. aureus, Salmonella spp., and E. coli with genetically-mediated multiple antibiotic resistance are carried in houseflies in the Mymensingh region. Flies may, therefore, represent an important means of transmission of these antibiotic-resistant bacteria, with consequent risks to human and animal health.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance genes, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, houseflies.

Congenital urethral dilatation in cattle calves: Diagnosis and surgical intervention

Research (Published online: 11-02-2020)

6. Congenital urethral dilatation in cattle calves: Diagnosis and surgical intervention

Magda Mahmoud Ali, Kamal Hany Hussein, Ahmed Sadek and Abdelbaset Eweda Abdelbaset

Veterinary World, 13(2): 261-265

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Congenital anomalies of the urinary system are common affections in ruminants. Dilatation of the pelvic urethra is one of these affections in which the pelvic urethra dilated than normal diameter. This study aimed to explain the diagnosis and surgical treatment of urethral dilatation in cattle calves.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-three bull calves (2-7 months old) were presented with a history of stranguria, tenesmus, and straining. Diagnosis of urethral dilatation was relied on the case history and clinical examination and was confirmed using survey and contrast radiography, ultrasonography, and biochemical tests. Treatment was done by urethrostomy under the effect of local infiltration analgesia.

Results: Physical examination revealed the presence of an oval, firm, and painless swelling at the perineal region, starting just below the anus and extended to the base of the scrotum. The owners reported that the initial swelling size and severity of symptoms increased with the progress of animal age. Biochemical findings revealed non-significant changes in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. Radiographic findings showed an oval radiopaque mass. However, a well-demarcated structure with acoustic enhancement was detected on ultrasonographic examination. Urethrostomy resulted in a successful outcome of all cases.

Conclusion: Depending on these findings, ultrasonography is the most reliable diagnostic tool and urethrostomy is the intervention of choice with acceptable results for diagnosis and treatment of urethral dilatation in cattle calves, respectively.

Keywords: congenital anomalies, urethral dilatation, urethrostomy.

Inflammation in the lungs of mice due to methyl methacrylate exposure

Research (Published online: 11-02-2020)

5. Inflammation in the lungs of mice due to methyl methacrylate exposure

Sianiwati Goenharto, I Ketut Sudiana, Sherman Salim, Elly Rusdiana and Sri Wahjuni

Veterinary World, 13(2): 256-260

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to predict the potential inflammation in lungs caused by exposure to methyl methacrylate (MMA; in silico study) and assess inflammation in lungs in response to MMA inhalation in mice (in vivo study).

Materials and Methods: In silico and in vivo studies were performed using 24 mice divided into a control group (0 ppm MMA) and five treatment groups, which were exposed to 150 ppm MMA for 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 min, respectively. Lung tissues were harvested and examined with a light microscope at 400×.

Results: In silico studies confirmed the existence of one activation bond between MMA and the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR- 4), namely, His 228, with a MolDock score of –43.677 kcal/mol. Microscopic examination of lungs confirmed that a greater number of inflammatory cells were found in the treatment group than in the control group and symptoms of inflammation were clearly observable after 120 min of exposure.

Conclusion: Thus, inflammation occurring due to MMA interaction with TLR-4 receptors can be predicted in silico and exposure to 150 ppm MMA for more than 120 min can cause lung inflammation in mice.

Keywords: inflammation, inhalation, in silico, methyl methacrylate.