Immunohistochemical, histopathological study and chemoprotective effect of Solanum nigrum in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Wistar rats

Research (Published online: 04-04-2018)

1. Immunohistochemical, histopathological study and chemoprotective effect of Solanum nigrum in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Wistar rats

G. M. Akshatha, S. K. Raval, G. M. Arpitha, S. H. Raval and D. J. Ghodasara

Veterinary World, 11(4): 402-409

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Cancer is a devastating disease with a severe impact on the physical and psychological well-being of patients. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been reported in various species of animals including dogs, cats, sheep, and pigs. The present study aimed to study the immunohistochemical and histopathological changes and chemoprotective effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Solanum nigrum on N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced HCC rat model.

Materials and Methods: Eighty-two male Wistar rats of 15 weeks of age weighing 200-250 g were selected for the experiment. They were randomly divided into ten groups. Group I served as normal control consisted of healthy rats. HCC was induced in Group II, IV, V, VI, VII, and X rats using NDEA as inducing agent followed by phenobarbitone as a promoter for 16 weeks. Group II rats were kept untreated as HCC control. Group III rats were kept as vehicle control (0.05% Sodium bicarbonate). Group IV and V rats were treated with aqueous extract of S. nigrum at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively, and Group VI and VII rats were treated with an alcoholic extract of S. nigrum at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively, daily orally for 28 days. Group X rats were treated with sorafenib as reference drug at a dose of 11.4 mg/kg daily orally for 28 days. Group VIII and IX rats were kept as aqueous and alcoholic extract control for studying the effect of the same on normal rats. Liver samples were collected to study the gross and histopathological lesions and the activity of cleaved caspase-3 and chemopreventive effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of S. nigrum on HCC.

Results: The liver sections of rats from HCC control (Group II) showed loss of lobular architecture, necrosis, fatty change, enlarged and darkened nuclei with variable size, dilatation of hepatic sinusoids with Kupffer cell hyperplasia, dilatation and proliferation of bile duct, and intranuclear vacuoles and also showed the presence of more than one nucleolus. Administration of alcoholic extract of S. nigrum and sorafenib to NDEA/phenobarbital-treated rats reduced the severity of lesions in the liver. Immunohistochemical analysis of liver sections for caspase-3-positive cells of hepatic cancer-induced group showed immunoreactivity to rarely few. The immunoreactivity of the hepatocytes treated with a higher dose of alcoholic extract of S. nigrum was limited and was comparable to a standard drug, sorafenib.

Conclusion: Oral administration of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of S. nigrum for 28 days showed significant rejuvenation in the structure of the liver in the histopathological section in a dose-dependent manner in rats.

Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, Solanum nigrum.

Immunologic determination of chloramphenicol residue in commercial birds at Nsukka, Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria

Research (Published online: 03-04-2018)

4. Immunologic determination of chloramphenicol residue in commercial birds at Nsukka, Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria

Ekene Vivienne Ezenduka, Benedict Chinonoso Okonkwo, Chidiebere Ohazuruike Anyaoha, John Anaelom Nwanta and Aruh Anaga

International Journal of One Health, 4: 22-27

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to determine the presence and prevalence of chloramphenicol (CAP, a drug which was banned for use in food-producing animals due to many side effects) residue in commercial birds slaughtered at Ikpa abattoir and its awareness and usage in farms at Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was done with the use of a questionnaire on usage and awareness of CAP and screening for its presence in commercial poultry in the study area. The questionnaire was supplied to 35 commercial farms, and liver samples from 300 commercial broilers were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique; the prevalence was then determined.

Results: Of the 35 farms evaluated, 33 (94%) responded. In the management practice, 57.6% of the farms use intensive deep litter, 18.2% intensive battery cage, and 24.2% extensive farming system. 19 (69.7%) farms rear only broilers, 12.1% layers, and 15.1% both. The feeding management showed that 21.1% of farmers produce their own feed with inclusion of antibiotics while 78.8% use commercial feed, of which 11.5% incorporate antibiotics. The findings also showed that 54.4% of the respondents use CAP and only 30.3% are aware of the consequences of antimicrobial residue in food and have knowledge of the legislation on the prudent use of antimicrobials in food animals. Of the 300 samples screened for CAP residue, 18.7% were positive with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 6.2 parts per billion.

Conclusion: CAP is still very much in use in the study area, despite the ban, and it is present in the tissues of commercial birds meant for human consumption.

Keywords: chloramphenicol, drug residue, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, liver, poultry.

ISMap02 element targeted nested polymerase chain in the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in fecal samples of cattle and buffaloes

Research (Published online: 31-03-2018)

22. ISMap02 element targeted nested polymerase chain in the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in fecal samples of cattle and buffaloes

Mamta Rani, Deepti Narang, Dinesh Kumar, Mudit Chandra, Sikh Tejinder Singh and G. Filia

Veterinary World, 11(3): 397-401

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Johne's disease is chronic granulomatous enteritis which affects ruminants. There are many diagnostic approaches for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) of which molecular detection methods using various elements are less time consuming and more accurate. The present study was conducted using ISMap02 element for nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) based detection of MAP in fecal samples. The aim was to test the sensitivity and specificity of the ISMap02 element and also to use this element for the detection of MAP in fecal samples of cattle and buffaloes.

Materials and Methods: A total of 211 fecal samples of cattle and buffaloes from different herds around Ludhiana aged between 2 and 13 years were collected, and DNA extraction was done from these samples. The nPCR was carried out for the detection of MAP in fecal samples.

Results: The ISMap02 element was specific for the detection of MAP only and showed a sensitivity of detection of 7.6 fg/μL of the standard genomic DNA. Among the 211 fecal samples of cattle and buffaloes tested for the ISMap02 element, 18 samples (8.5%) were positive for MAP.

Conclusion: The ISMap02 element is specific and sensitive for the detection of MAP in various samples, and when used in nPCR format, it can increase the sensitivity of detection.

Keywords: ISMap02, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, nested polymerase chain reaction, paratuberculosis.

Inventory of lice of mammals and farmyard chicken in North-eastern Algeria

Research (Published online: 30-03-2018)

21. Inventory of lice of mammals and farmyard chicken in North-eastern Algeria

Mohamed Nadir Meguini, Souad Righi, Faycal Zeroual, Khelaf Saidani and Ahmed Benakhla

Veterinary World, 11(3): 386-396

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Lice are permanent ectoparasites, extremely specific to their hosts. Their great importance in veterinary medicine remain significant, they can cause their direct pathogenic actions like irritability, dermatitis, anemia, decreased weight gain, and milk production. The purpose of this work was to made the first time an inventory of mammalian lice in North-eastern Algeria.

Materials and Methods: Our survey of lice infestation was conducted on several animal species from five provinces of North-eastern Algeria. A total of 57 cattle, 83 sheep, 77 goats, 111 wild boars, and 63 farmyard chickens were examined. The collection of lice was carried out much more in mammals and chickens during the winter period. Lice were collected either manually or using brushing and kept in flasks containing 70% ethanol. The identification of lice was achieved in the laboratory using a binocular loupe.

Results: Concerning cattle, 63% and 27% of those examined subjects from Souk-Ahras and Guelma study areas, respectively, were carriers of lice. Damalinia bovis was the louse most frequently found on cattle in these two regions. Three other species were identified in Souk-Ahras: Haematopinus eurysternus (25%), Linognathus vituli (10%), and Solenopotes capillatus (5%). Regarding sheep, 39% and 24% of examined animals in Souk-Ahras and Guelma, were carrying lice. Damalinia ovis was the most frequently encountered lice on sheep in both regions. Linognathus ovillus also was identified in Souk-Ahras, representing 0.3% of the collected lice. Concerning goats, 53% and 30% of examined animals in Souk-Ahras and Guelma, were parasitized of lice. Two species of lice were found: Damalinia caprae and Linognathus africanus. For farmyard chickens, 69% and 100% of the farmyard chicken in Souk-Ahras and Mila were parasitized by lice, respectively. Menopon gallinae was the most frequently encountered louse in farmyard chicken in both regions. Eight other species were identified in Mila and four other species only in Souk-Ahras. Finally, 25% and 28% of the wild boars in Annaba and El Tarf were parasitized by lice, respectively. Haematopinus suis was the only species found on wild boars in both regions.

Conclusion: These results are to be taken into account for lice control schemes and louse-borne diseases.

Keywords: boars, farmyard chickens, lice, North-eastern Algeria, ruminants.

Isolation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli harboring variant Shiga toxin genes from seafood

Research (Published online: 28-03-2018)

20. Isolation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli harboring variant Shiga toxin genes from seafood

Sreepriya Prakasan, Parmanand Prabhakar, Manjusha Lekshmi, Binaya Bhusan Nayak and Sanath Kumar

Veterinary World, 11(3): 379-385

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are important pathogens of global significance. STEC are responsible for numerous food-borne outbreaks worldwide and their presence in food is a potential health hazard. The objective of the present study was to determine the incidence of STEC in fresh seafood in Mumbai, India, and to characterize STEC with respect to their virulence determinants.

Materials and Methods: A total of 368 E. coli were isolated from 39 fresh seafood samples (18 finfish and 21 shellfish) using culture-based methods. The isolates were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the genes commonly associated with STEC. The variant Shiga toxin genes were confirmed by Southern blotting and hybridization followed by DNA sequencing.

Results: One or more Shiga toxins genes were detected in 61 isolates. Of 39 samples analyzed, 10 (25.64%) samples harbored STEC. Other virulence genes, namely, eaeA (coding for an intimin) and hlyA (hemolysin A) were detected in 43 and 15 seafood isolates, respectively. The variant stx1 genes from 6 isolates were sequenced, five of which were found to be stx1d variants, while one sequence varied considerably from known stx1sequences. Southern hybridization and DNA sequence analysis suggested putative Shiga toxin variant genes (stx2) in at least 3 other isolates.

Conclusion: The results of this study showed the occurrence of STEC in seafood harboring one or more Shiga toxin genes. The detection of STEC by PCR may be hampered due to the presence of variant genes such as the stx1d in STEC. This is the first report of stx1d gene in STEC isolated from Indian seafood.

Keywords: Escherichia coli, pathogen, seafood, Shiga toxin, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, virulence gene.

Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Juniperus thurifera L. leaf extracts growing in East of Algeria

Research (Published online: 27-03-2018)

19. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Juniperus thurifera L. leaf extracts growing in East of Algeria

Merradi Manel, Heleili Nouzha, Mekari Rim, Mekkaoui Imane, Aouachria Sana, Oucheriah Yasmine and Ayachi Ammar

Veterinary World, 11(3): 373-378

ABSTRACT

Aim: This work aimed to evaluate the biological activity of the leaf extracts of Juniperus thurifera L., which is an Algerian endemic tree that belongs to the family of Cupressaceae.

Materials and Methods: The plant leaves were extracted in solvents of increasing polarity to obtain different extracts such as methanol, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts (MeE, PEE, ChlE, EtAE, and AqE). The antioxidant activity of four extracts (MeE, ChlE, EtAE, and AqE) was assessed by trapping test of 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The evaluation of antibacterial activity of MeE, ChlE, EtAE, and PEE was done using the disk diffusion method on solid agar.

Results: The three extracts of EtAE, AqE, and MeE showed high antiradical activity toward the DPPH radical (IC50=29.348 μg/mL, 37.538 μg/mL, and 52.573 μg/mL, respectively), while the lowest radical scavenging activity was expressed by the ChlE (IC50=70.096 μg/mL). These extracts were active only toward the Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC and methicillin-resistant S. aureus) at different concentrations, and the highest activity was obtained with the ChlE with an inhibition diameter of 14 mm at the concentration of 1 g/mL. No inhibition was detected for all of these extracts against the Gram-negative tested strains (Escherichia coli ATCC, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC, and Enterobacter cloacae (extended spectrum β-lactamase).

Conclusion: From this study, on the one hand, it was concluded that J. thurifera L. leaves extracts exhibited a very intense antioxidant potential toward the DPPH radical, and on the other hand, the antibacterial activity showed an action spectrum exclusively toward the Gram-positive bacteria.

Keywords: antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, extraction, Juniperus thurifera L., trapping test of 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl radical.

Evaluation of antimycobacterial activity of Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in vitro

Research (Published online: 27-03-2018)

18. Evaluation of antimycobacterial activity of Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in vitro

Ngadino, Setiawan, Koerniasari, Ernawati and S. A. Sudjarwo

Veterinary World, 11(3): 368-372

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimycobacterial activity of the Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract in vitro.

Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extract of C. xanthorrhiza was set by maceration method. The broth microdilution and disc diffusion method were used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), respectively, of C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract on strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv.

Results: C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract was found to have the antimycobacterial effects with a MIC value of 1600 μg/ml while MBC value of 3200 μg/ml for M. tuberculosis H37Rv.

Conclusion: From these findings , it can be concluded that C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract have an antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in vitro and its potency elevated by increasing the C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract concentration.

Keywords: antimycobacterial, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, minimal bactericidal concentration, minimal inhibitory concentration.