Sunday 5 October 2014

Effect of shade materials on microclimate of crossbred calves during summer

Effect of shade materials on microclimate of crossbred calves during summer - Reena Kamal, Triveni Dutt, B. H. M. Patel, Amitava Dey, P. C. Chandran, S. K. Barari, Asit Chakrabarti and Bharat Bhusan
Veterinary World, 7(10): 776-783


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.776-783


Reena Kamal: Livestock Production and Management Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India;
dr.reenakamal@yahoo.com
Triveni Dutt: Livestock Production and Management Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India;
jdeeivri@gmail.com
B. H. M. Patel: Livestock Production and Management Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India; mpatellpm@gmail.com
Amitava Dey: Division of Livestock and Fisheries Management, ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India; amitavdey_icar@yahoo.co.in
P. C. Chandran: Division of Livestock and Fisheries Management, ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India; vetchandran@gmail.com
S. K. Barari: Division of Livestock and Fisheries Management, ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India; skbarari@yahoo.co.in
Asit Chakrabarti: Division of Livestock and Fisheries Management, ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India; asit1963@yahoo.com
Bharat Bhusan: Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India;bhusan.drbharat@gmail.com

Received: 09-07-2014, Revised: 04-08-2014, Accepted: 09-08-2014, Published online: 05-10-2014

Corresponding author: Reena Kamal, e-mail: dr.reenakamal@yahoo.com
Abstract
Aim: The present study was carried out on cattle and buffalo farm of Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar (Uttar Pradesh) to determine the effect of different shade materials on physiological performance in Vrindavani crossbred calves during the summer.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight crossbred calves were divided into four groups viz. Thatch shading roof (T1), agro-net shading roof - 60 % light diffusion (T2), asbestos with canvas shading roof (T3) and well-grown tree (T4). The recording of macro and micro climate as well as the physiological parameters viz. rectal temperature and respiration rate were recorded at 9:00 AM and 2:00 PM for 2 consecutive days at every fortnight interval.
Result: The microclimate viz. maximum and minimum, relative humidity, temperature humidity index and surface temperature of the roof was lower in T2 group in the summer season. The physiological responses viz. rectal temperature and respiration rate was significantly higher in T4.
Conclusion: During the summer season both thatch and agro-net shade material helped in better relieving the summer stress.

Keywords: crossbred calves, microclimate, rectal temperature, respiration rate, shade materials, summer.
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Antitrypanosomal effect of methanolic extract of Zingiber officinale (ginger) on Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected Wistar mice

Antitrypanosomal effect of methanolic extract of Zingiber officinale (ginger) on Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected Wistar mice - P. I. Kobo, P. J. Erin, M. M. Suleiman, H. Aliyu, M. Tauheed, S. Muftau and M. Mamman
Veterinary World, 7(10): 770-775


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.770-775


P. I. Kobo: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria;
patriciakobo@yahoo.com
P. J. Erin: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria;pius4u2c@yahoo.com
M. M. Suleiman: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria;mohsulai@yahoo.com
H. Aliyu: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria;haliyu63@gmail.com
M. Tauheed: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria;mtauheed40@yahoo.com
S. Muftau: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria;shittumuftau@yahoo.com
M. Mamman: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria;mammanm@hotmail.com

Received: 15-05-2014, Revised: 18-08-2014, Accepted: 24-08-2014, Published online: 05-10-2014

Corresponding author: Patricia Ishaku Kobo, e-mail: patriciakobo@yahoo.com
Abstract
Aim: The study was carried out to determine the in vivo antitrypanosomal effect of methanolic extract of Zingiber officinale (ginger) inTrypanosoma brucei brucei-infected mice.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-five mice were randomly allocated into five groups of five animals each. Group I and II were given Tween 80 (1 ml/kg) and diminazene aceturate (3.5 mg/kg) to serve as untreated and treated controls, respectively. Groups III-V received the extract at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight, respectively. All treatments were given for 6 consecutive days and through the oral route. The mean body weight, mean survival period and daily level of parasitaemia were evaluated.
Results: Acute toxicity showed the extract to be relatively safe. There was an insignificant increase in body weight and survival rate of mice treated with the extract. The level of parasitaemia in the extract treated groups was decreased.
Conclusion: This study shows the in vivo potential of methanolic extract of Z. officinale in the treatment of trypanosomiasis.

Keywords: parasitaemia, survival rate, trypanosomiasis, Zingiber officinale.
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Isolation and polymerase chain reaction-based identification of Riemerella anatipestifer from ducks in Kerala, India

Isolation and polymerase chain reaction-based identification of Riemerella anatipestifer from ducks in Kerala, India - Manju Soman, Sreeja R. Nair, M. Mini, Binu K. Mani and Siju Joseph
Veterinary World, 7(10): 765-769


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.765-769


Manju Soman: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India;manjuso1993@gmail.com
Sreeja R. Nair: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India;drsreejarnair@gmail.com
M. Mini: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India; drmmini@yahoo.co.in
Binu K. Mani: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India;binukmani@yahoo.com
Siju Joseph: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India; siju96@gmail.com

Received: 29-06-2014, Revised: 27-08-2014, Accepted: 01-09-2014, Published online: 05-10-2014

Corresponding author: Manju Soman, e-mail: manjuso1993@gmail.com
Abstract
Aim: The aim was to isolate and characterize Riemerella anatipestifer organisms from disease outbreaks in ducks in Kerala.
Materials and Methods: Ducklings, suspected of Riemerella infection, were sacrificed and subjected to post-mortem examination. Heart blood smears and impression smears from liver and spleen were examined for the presence of pathogenic organisms. Heart blood, lung, liver, and spleen collected aseptically from the birds were subjected to isolation trials in brain heart infusion agar and 10% bovine blood agar. The isolates were characterized based on morphology, cultural characteristics and biochemical tests, and their identity were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the PCR amplified DNA was sequenced. The antibiotic sensitivity testing of the isolates were carried out using six antibiotics viz ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, amoxycillin, cotrimoxazole, and gentamicin.
Results: Colonies suggestive of Riemerella organisms could be isolated on blood agar. Biochemical characterization and PCR confirmed the identity of isolates as R. anatipestifer. The nucleotide sequence of the PCR product showed 99% homology to the R. anatipestifer sequences in the NCBI. The antibiogram revealed that the organisms were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and gentamicin.
Conclusion: The present study suggests that the PCR assay can facilitate fast and proper identification of R. anatipestifer infection in ducks. The assay can also differentiate between R. anatipestifer and Pasteurella multocida and can replace the traditional methods of differentiation which are cumbersome and time-consuming.

Keywords: antibiogram, ducks, isolation, polymerase chain reaction, Riemerella anatipestifer.
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Epidemiological study on human and canine leptospirosis in Central and North Kerala

Epidemiological study on human and canine leptospirosis in Central and North Kerala - Manju Soman, V. Jayaprakasan and M. Mini
Veterinary World, 7(10): 759-764


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.759-764


Manju Soman: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India;manjuso1993@gmail.com
V. Jayaprakasan: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India;jayaprakasanv@yahoo.com
M. Mini; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India; drmmini@yahoo.co.in

Received: 23-06-2014, Revised: 29-08-2014, Accepted: 01-09-2014, Published online: 05-10-2014

Corresponding author: Manju Soman, e-mail: manjuso1993@gmail.com
Abstract
Aim: The aim was to study the epidemiology of human and animal leptospirosis in Central and Northern Kerala, by isolation techniques and serology.
Materials and Methods: Kidney tissues from 35 rodents (11 bandicoots and 24 rats), autopsy specimens from two canines, blood from 15 canines and 30 human beings were subjected to isolation trials for Leptospira. Sera from these animals and human beings were screened for leptospiral antibodies by microscopic agglutination test (MAT).
Results: Leptospira could be isolated from human blood as well as from rodent kidney tissues. The MAT could detect the presence of leptospiral antibodies in 54.54% of human sera, 36.36% of dog sera and 21.42% of rodent sera. Pomona and Australis were the most predominant serovars detected in man, dog, and rodents. Tentative serotyping of the isolates by MAT revealed its identity as Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona.
Conclusion: Detection of common serovars of Leptospira in man and animals by serology as well as isolation reiterates the major role played by animals in the epidemiology of human leptospirosis.

Keywords: canine, epidemiology, human, isolation, leptospirosis, microscopic agglutination test, rodent.
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Monday 29 September 2014

Impact of applying hygienic practices at farm on bacteriological quality of raw milk

24. Impact of applying hygienic practices at farm on bacteriological quality of raw milk - N. Pandey, A. Kumari, A. K. Varma, S. Sahu and M. A. Akbar
Veterinary World, 7(9): 754-758


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.754-758


N. Pandey: Department of Livestock Production Management, Buffalo Research Centre, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India; siya97singh@gmail.com
A. Kumari: Department of Livestock Production Management, Buffalo Research Centre, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India; anujsrkumari@gmail.com
A. K. Varma: Department of Livestock Production Management, Buffalo Research Centre, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India; akvarma1954@gmail.com
S. Sahu: Department of Livestock Production Management, Buffalo Research Centre, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India; subhasishsahu72@gmail.com
M. A. Akbar: Department of Livestock Production Management, Buffalo Research Centre, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India; drma.akbar@gmail.com

Received: 11-06-2014, Revised: 13-08-2014, Accepted: 22-08-2014, Published Online: 30-09-2014

Corresponding author: S. Sahu, e-mail: subhasishsahu72@gmail.com
Abstract
Aim: The present study was carried out to explore the potential source of contamination and the efficacy of different washing practices towards quality milk production.
Materials and Methods: Probable sources of contamination viz. stored water, potable water, milker’s hands, milking pail, udder of individual buffalo and milk cans were subjected to different types of bacterial counts before the actual experiment to start. Twenty milch buffaloes thereafter were divided randomly into four treatment groups where washing was performed in each step viz. milker hands, udder of individual buffalo, milking pail and milk cans before milking either with water (T0: stored water, T1: potable water) or sanitizers (T2: 200 ppm chlorine solution, T3: 50 ppm iodophore solution) for 60 days. Bacterial counts again were performed for last 5 alternate days for all the sources involved along with the microbial load of raw milk. Data obtained were subjected to standard statistical analysis.
Results: It was found that for all bacterial count stored water contributed significantly higher as compared to the potable water. Among the other potential sources of contamination (log/6 cm2), standard plate count (SPC) and coliform count were significantly highest for milking pail (6.73±0.02) and udder of milch buffaloes (3.77±0.12), respectively, while for Staphylococci count both milking pail (3.24±0.02) and milking can (3.22±0.04) were contributed maximally (p<0.05) than others. Washing with stored water contributed significantly (p<0.05) more microbial load from all possible sources of contamination and too reflected on milk quality (SPC: 7.87±0.04, coliform: 4.06±0.46 andStaphylococci: 3.41±0.01) than the other washing treatments, which are followed by washing with potable water. Both the sanitizers were significantly better than the washing with the water but remained statistically similar (p>0.05) for most of the parameters, even for the raw milk quality.
Conclusion: Study revealed that milker hands, milking pails, udder of animals, milk cans and stored water used for washing of equipment are the potential source of contamination in raw milk. These were counted as critical point which needs attention for the production of high-quality milk. Potable water was found to be better than stored water. The use of either chlorine 200 ppm and iodophor 50 ppm is highly effective in reducing the bacterial population for quality milk production.

Keywords: milk, sanitizer, source of contamination, washing, water.
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23. Reflection of serum immunoglobulin isotypes in the egg yolk of laying hens immunized with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli -Nagendra Nath Barman, Anjan Jyoti Nath and Niranjan Kalita
Veterinary World, 7(9): 749-753


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.749-753


Nagendra Nath Barman: Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, India; nnbarman@gmail.com
Anjan Jyoti Nath: Pasteur Institute of India, Coonoor, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India; drnath76@gmail.com
Niranjan Kalita: Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, India;niranjankalita@gmail.com

Received: 27-05-2014, Revised: 10-08-2014, Accepted: 19-08-2014, Published online: 30-09-2014

Corresponding author: Nagendra Nath Barman, e-mail: nnbarman@gmail.com
Abstract
Aim: The aim was to study the seroconversion and development of egg yolk immunoglobulins in adult laying White Leghorn hens immunized against an isolate of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) bearing K91 and K88ac antigens, obtained from diarrheic piglet.
Materials and Methods: Adult laying White Leghorn hens were immunized with inactivated enterotoxic E. coli strain isolated originally from a case of piglet diarrhea following recommended schedule. The development of whole antibodies and isotype-specific antibodies in serum and egg yolk were measured using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Piglets suffering from diarrhea with fecal samples positive for ETEC were fed with egg yolk and compared with diarrheic control group.
Results: The serum and egg yolk ELISA antibody titer against E. coli strain used in the present study was as high as 2666.66±307.92 and 933.33±203.67 respectively on 50 day-post-vaccination (DPV). The immunoglobulin Y (IgY) was the predominant isotype in serum and egg yolk, which reached the peak titer of 2200±519.61 in serum on 40 DPV and 800±244.94 in egg yolk on 50 DPV. IgM titer in serum and egg yolk was found to be meager, and no IgA could be detected. Diarrheic piglets fed with the egg yolk suspension from immunized hens showed a promising result in controlling diarrhea.
Conclusion: Egg yolk antibodies are considered a suitable immunotherapeutic alternative to conventional antibiotic therapy. High titer of egg yolk antibodies raised in the immunized hen against an isolate of ETEC holds the potential to be used for passive protection of diarrheic piglets during their most susceptible period of infection.

Keywords: egg yolk antibodies, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, immunization.
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Sensitivity, specificity, predictive value and accuracy of ultrasonography in pregnancy rate prediction in Sahelian goats after progesterone impregnated sponge synchronization

22. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive value and accuracy of ultrasonography in pregnancy rate prediction in Sahelian goats after progesterone impregnated sponge synchronization - Justin Kouamo, Adama Sow, Miguiri Kalandi and Germain Jerome Sawadogo
Veterinary World, 7(9): 744-748


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.744-748


Justin Kouamo: Department of Surgery and Medical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, The University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon; justinkouamo@yahoo.fr
Adama Sow: Laboratory of Endocrinology and Radio-immunology, Service of Biological and Medical Physics and Chemistry, EISMV, Dakar, Senegal;wosamada@yahoo.fr
Miguiri Kalandi: Laboratory of Endocrinology and Radio-immunology, Service of Biological and Medical Physics and Chemistry, EISMV, Dakar, Senegal;migson77@yahoo.fr
Germain Jerome Sawadogo: Laboratory of Endocrinology and Radio-immunology, Service of Biological and Medical Physics and Chemistry, EISMV, Dakar, Senegal; sawadogo@refer.sn

Received: 02-05-2014, Revised: 01-08-2014, Accepted: 12-08-2014, Published online: 30-09-2014

Corresponding author: Justin Kouamo, e-mail: justinkouamo@yahoo.fr
Abstract
Aim: This study was aimed to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, predictive value and accuracy of ultrasonography in pregnancy rate (PR) prediction in Sahelian goats after progesterone impregnated sponge synchronization within the framework of caprine artificial insemination (AI) program in Fatick (Senegal).
Materials and Methods: Of 193 candidate goats in AI program, 167 were selected (day 50) in six villages. Estrus was synchronized by progesterone impregnated sponges installed for 11 days. Two days before the time of sponge removal (day 4), each goat was treated with 500 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin and 50 μg of dcloprostenol. All goats were inseminated (day 0) with alpine goat semen from France at 45±3 h after sponge removal (day 2). Real-time B-mode ultrasonography was performed at day 50, day 13, day 0, day 40 and day 60 post-AI.
Results: Selection rate, estrus response rate, AI rate, PR at days 40 and days 60 were 86.53%; 71.85%; 83.34%; 51% and 68% (p<0.05) respectively. Value of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, accuracy, total conformity, conformity of correct positive, conformity of correct negative and discordance of pregnancy diagnosis by trans-abdominal ultrasonography (TU) were 98.03%; 63.26%; 73.52%; 3.12%; 81%; 81%; 50%; 31% and 19%, respectively.
Conclusion: These results indicate that the TU can be performed in goats under traditional condition and emphasized the importance of re-examination of goats with negative or doubtful TU diagnoses performed at day 40 post-AI.

Keywords: accuracy, artificial insemination, estrus, pregnancy, Sahelian goats, ultrasonography.
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