Megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish: A review

Review (Published online: 30-11-2020)

37. Megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish: A review

Che Azarulzaman Che Johan and Sandra Catherine Zainathan

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2565-2577

ABSTRACT

Iridoviruses, especially megalocytiviruses, are related to severe disease resulting in high economic losses in the aquaculture industry worldwide. The ornamental fish industry has been affected severely due to Megalocytivirus infections. Megalocytivirus is a DNA virus that has three genera; including red sea bream iridovirus, infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus, and turbot reddish body iridovirus. Megalocytivirus causes non-specific clinical signs in ornamental fish. Cell culture, histology, immunofluorescence test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay have been used to diagnose megalocytiviruses. Risk factors such as temperature, transportation (export and import), and life stages of ornamental fish have been reported for the previous cases due to Megalocytivirus infections. In addition, other prevention and control methods also have been practiced in farms to prevent Megalocytivirus outbreaks. This is the first review of megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish since its first detection in 1989. This review discusses the occurrences of Megalocytivirus in ornamental fish, including the history, clinical signs, detection method, risk factors, and prevention measures.

Keywords: clinical signs, detection, Megalocytivirus, ornamental fish, risk factors.

Risk factors and prevalence of work-related injuries and accidents among veterinarians in India

Research (Published online: 30-11-2020)

36. Risk factors and prevalence of work-related injuries and accidents among veterinarians in India

SukhDev Mishra and Rajendra Palkhade

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2555-2564

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Veterinary medicine is a high-risk occupation and imparts a risk of physical injuries due to the unpredictable nature of the animals and workplace conditions. This study aimed to identify the associated risk factors and prevalence of work-related injuries, and automobile accidents among veterinarians in India.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among veterinarians (n=565). The responses were recorded using a self-administered questionnaire on work-related injuries, automobile accidents, and physical hazards.

Results: Work-related injuries due to animals in the past 2 years were reported by more than half of veterinarians (prevalence=54.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI]=50.58-58.79), while two-thirds experienced workplace injuries due to animals during any time of their career. The risk for injury was 1.1 times higher (odds ratio=1.1, 95% CI=0.611, 1.981) for veterinarians with a long job duration (>10 years). Large animal practicing veterinarians faced a higher (2.03 times) risk of injury. Workplace absenteeism due to animal-related injury (up to 15 or more days) was reported by 25.9% (95% CI=22.44-29.68) of respondents, including hospitalizations for 7.8% of veterinarians. More than half of veterinarians suffered from automobile injuries (prevalence=60.9%, 95% CI=6.8-64.8) due to work-related travel in the past 2 years, resulting in workplace absenteeism for 56.2% (95% CI=51.46-60.97) of subjects. The prevalence of needlestick injury among veterinarians was very high and reported as 80.9% (95% CI=77.49-83.99). Recapping of needles significantly increased the risk of needlestick injury by 1.67 times.

Conclusion: Veterinarians are at risk of work-related injuries, including automobile accidents. Kicking by animals and needlestick injuries were the most frequent physical hazards. Recapping of needles and responding to emergency calls at night were significant risk factors for needlestick injury and automobile accidents, respectively.

Keywords: accidents, needlestick, occupational hazards, physical hazards, veterinarians, workplace absenteeism, work-related injuries.

Efficacy of a prepared tissue culture-adapted vaccine against Chlamydia psittaci experimentally in mice

Research (Published online: 28-11-2020)

35. Efficacy of a prepared tissue culture-adapted vaccine against Chlamydia psittaci experimentally in mice

J. El-Jakee, Mahmoud D. El-Hariri, Mona A. El-Shabrawy, Afaf A. Khedr, Riham H. Hedia, Eman A. Khairy, E. S. Gaber and Eman Ragab

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2546-2554

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Chlamydia psittaci is an intracellular pathogen with a broad range of hosts and endemic in nearly all bird species as well as many mammalian species. Outbreaks contribute to economic losses, especially due to infection of pet birds, poultry, and livestock. Worse, the organism has a zoonotic effect, and transmission to humans results in severe illness. Therefore, proper control measures need to be applied. We conducted a trial for the preparation and evaluation of inactivated vaccine against C. psittaci.

Materials and Methods: Three C. psittaci strains (accession nos.: KP942827, KP942828, and KP942829) were grown in embryonated chicken eggs and then propagated for purification in Vero cells. The immunization experiment was experimentally performed in mice, which then were challenged with a virulent C. psittaci strain.

Results: The immunization trial revealed nearly 100% protection after the challenge. The histopathological and immunofluorescence examinations of internal organs revealed that the prepared killed vaccines can effectively reduce chlamydial infection and shedding in animals with the proper level of protection.

Conclusion: Our vaccine can be used to control economic and financial losses resulting from avian chlamydiosis, especially those in poultry industries. The zoonotic transmission risk highlights the need for proper control measures.

Keywords: Chlamydia psittaci, human, immunofluorescence, inactivated vaccine, poultry, Vero cell.

Coagulation testing: Comparison of portable (CoaguChek® XS) and automated coagulation analyzer in healthy cats

Research (Published online: 27-11-2020)

34. Coagulation testing: Comparison of portable (CoaguChek® XS) and automated coagulation analyzer in healthy cats

Sireeporn Tonthong and Jetsada Rungpupradit

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2541-2545

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The CoaguChek® XS (CCX) is a portable coagulation analyzer that is widely used to monitor prothrombin time (PT) in human patients taking oral anticoagulants. It can also be reliably used for screening dogs when PT is in the normal range. Efficacy of the portable CCX coagulation analyzer was evaluated for testing PT in healthy cats and the normal range was established.

Materials and Methods: Blood samples of 82 cats were collected from the jugular vein and PT was measured using both the CCX and an automated coagulation analyzer (ACA). Spearman's correlation was used to measure the strength and direction of association between the two analyzers, while limits of agreement were assessed utilizing Bland-Altman analysis.

Results: Range of PT using the CCX was 10.1-14.1 s. Correlation between the two analyzers was moderate but significant (r=0.3465, p=0.0014). Mean difference between CCX-PT and ACA-PT was 1.624 s and standard deviation was 0.890 with 95.1% of the samples falling within the limits of agreement.

Conclusion: The CCX is a portable, easy to use coagulation analyzer that requires a small volume of blood and gives results within 1 min. Results showed moderate correlation and good agreement with a standard automated laboratory analyzer. The CCX can be used for screening coagulation testing when PT is in the normal range for cats. However, testing accuracy of the CCX in abnormal PT cats should be further investigated before diagnostic coagulopathy applications.

Keywords: cats, CoaguChek® XS, coagulation testing, point-of-care testing, prothrombin time.

Black soybean tempeh and purple sweet potato improve sperm quality in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Research (Published online: 27-11-2020)

33. Black soybean tempeh and purple sweet potato improve sperm quality in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Abdul Gofur, Agung Witjoro, Siti Nur Arifah, Mochammad Fitri Atho'illah, Yuslinda Annisa and Sri Rahayu Lestari

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2534-2540

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Hyperglycemia increases advanced glycation end-product (AGE) production, and the activity of receptor for AGE (RAGE) in testis, which leads to testicular histopathological damage and infertility. This research investigated the effect of black soybean tempeh (BST), purple sweet potato (PSP), and its combination on AGE and RAGE expression and spermatozoa quality in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

Materials and Methods: The rats were given high-fat diets for 5 weeks, then were injected intraperitoneally with multiple low doses of STZ (30 mg/kg body weight). Diabetes mellitus (DM) rats were divided into seven groups: DM, DM+glibenclamide, DM+BST, DM+PSP, and DM+combination of BST and PSP in ratio 1:3, 2:2, and 3:1 as C1, C2, and C3, respectively. The rats were treated for 30 days. Testicular AGE and RAGE expression and spermatozoa quality were measured.

Results: The combination of BST and PSP significantly decreased AGE and RAGE expression in testicular organs and improved spermatozoa quality compared to the normal group.

Conclusion: The combination of BST and PSP can be used as future alternatives to improve spermatozoa quality in DM patients.

Keywords: antioxidant, black soybean tempeh, purple sweet potato, spermatozoa.

Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in raw retail table eggs in Lusaka, Zambia

Research (Published online: 26-11-2020)

32. Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in raw retail table eggs in Lusaka, Zambia

Munsanda Susan Kapena, John Bwalya Muma, Charles Miyanda Mubita and Musso Munyeme

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2528-2533

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has risen as a serious cross-cutting global public health emergency. At the center of this emergency, foods of animal origin have particularly been singled out as possible drivers despite the paucity of information. This study has been formulated to provide answers to the identified critical gaps in the food safety industry and the public health sphere. In particular, this study was undertaken to investigate the AMR of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in raw retail table eggs in Lusaka, Zambia.

Materials and Methods: Accordingly, a cross-sectional study to determine antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli and Salmonella from raw retail table eggs was undertaken. Standard bacteriological methods involving culture and phenotypic characterization were applied. A total of 1080 raw table eggs pooled into composite samples (five eggs per composite sample) translating into 216 distinct and independently identifiable compounded sample units were collected from randomly selected supermarkets and open markets over 4 months (August 2018-November 2018). The eggs were screened for the presence of E. coli and Salmonella within 24 h of sample collection by standard microbiological methods. The Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing using a panel of nine different antibiotics.

Results: A total of 216 pooled egg samples were analyzed at two levels of contamination, (i) eggshell and (ii) egg content. From the eggshell, five compounded samples were positive for Salmonella spp. representing 2.31% (5/216), while 34.26% (74/216) were positive for E. coli. On the other hand, samples from egg contents were negative for Salmonella and E. coli. Eggshells were more likely to be contaminated by E. coli compared to the egg content (χ2=20.95, p<0.0001). Imipenem was 100% effective against E. coli isolates. With Salmonella, high resistance was seen in 80% against tetracycline (TE) and 60% to ampicillin (AMP). E. coli showed 94.6% resistance to colistin sulfate, 83.8% resistance to TE, and 59.5% resistance to AMP.

Conclusion: Overall, this study has been able to demonstrate the presence of E. coli and Salmonella outside and inside table eggs in Zambia. It has also shown the resistance of identified isolates which poses a serious public health concern given the consumption patterns of these table eggs.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, eggs, Escherichia coli, retail markets, Salmonella.

The effect of complete feed to carcass characteristics and meat quality of male Bali cattle fattened in West Timor, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 26-11-2020)

31. The effect of complete feed to carcass characteristics and meat quality of male Bali cattle fattened in West Timor, Indonesia

Paulus Klau Tahuk, Oktovianus R. Nahak and Gerson F. Bira

Veterinary World, 13(11): 2515-2527

ABSTRACT

Aim: This research aimed to know the effect of the use of complete feed on Bali cattle fattening performance seen from the carcass characteristics.

Materials and Methods: The cattle employed in this research were 12 male Bali cattle aged between 2 and 2.5 years old based on the teeth estimation. The average initial body weight of the cattle during the research was 181.50±16.51 kg. The complete feed contained Gliricidia sepium, natural grass, ground corn, bran pollard, and rice bran which have been compiled into three types of ration of T1, T2, and T3. The T1 ration contained standard crude protein (CP) and high energy (11% CP; 72% total digestible nutrient [TDN]), and T2 contained medium protein and high energy (13% CP; 72% TDN), while T3 ration contained high protein and high energy (%15 CP; 72% TDN).

Results: The meat percentage of T2 and T3 was relatively the same, but higher than T1 (p<0.05). The bone percentage and meat: A bone ratio of T2 was higher than T1; in contrast, and T3 was relatively the same with T2 and T1 (p<0.05). The weight of slaughter, carcass percentage, and weight of meat, bone, and fat were relatively the same among the treatments.

Conclusion: The application of complete feed with protein source from G. sepium with CP and TDN of 13 and 72%, respectively, can improve carcass percentage and meat: A bone ratio of male Bali cattle fattening. The treatments have not had a positive effect on slaughter weight (kg), hot and cool carcass weight (kg), meat and fat weight (kg), fat percentage, and non-carcass (kg).

Keywords: Bali cattle fattened, carcass characteristics, complete feed, Gliricidia sepium, meat quality.