Sunday 7 September 2014

Efficacy of fowl pox vaccines against Egyptian isolated strain during 2012

5. Efficacy of fowl pox vaccines against Egyptian isolated strain during 2012 - Susan S El-Mahdy and Christine Mikheal
Veterinary World, 7(9): 656-660


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.656-660


Susan S El-Mahdy: Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, El-Seka El-Beida St. Abbasia 131, Cairo, Egypt;prof.s.elemahdy@gmail.com
Christine Mikheal: Department of Pox Vaccines Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, El Seka El-Beida St. Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt;chochichach@yahoo.com

Received: 01-05-2014, Revised: 16-07-2014, Accepted: 21-07-2014, Published online: 06-09-2014

Corresponding author: Susan S. El-mahdy, email: prof.s.elemahdy@gmail.com
Abstract
Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the protection induced by different commercial fowl pox (FP) vaccines against local FP virus isolated from Giza governorate in Egypt during 2012.
Materials and Methods: Efficacy of FP vaccines against local field isolates was determined in seven groups of (20 birds/group) 6 weeks old specific-pathogen free chicks. Each group was vaccinated via wing web with one of different FP living vaccines and (20) chicks in group (8) did not receive any FP vaccine and served as controls. At the 3rd, 5th, 7th and 10th-da post-vaccination (DPV), all birds were examined for the presence of takes at the site of vaccination. Three weeks post vaccination, serum samples were collected, and the levels of induced antibodies were detected by passive hemagglutination (PH) test. All birds in Groups (1-8A) were challenged individually via the wing web with EID50 103.0 of the Egyptian isolated strain during 2012.
Results: Takes detected at the site of vaccination at the 3rd day were ranging from 45 to 70%. This percent increased to 80-95% at the 5thDPV with a maximum elevation of takes at the 7th DPV (90-100%). Geometric mean titer of PH assay antibody titer, 3 weeks post vaccination, was ranging between 5.60 and 9.60 according to the type of vaccine used and with protection 90-100%.
Conclusion: Efficacy of some commercial FP vaccines used in the poultry field against the Egyptian isolated strain during 2012 ranged between 90% and 100% according to the type of used vaccine.

Keywords: chickens, fowl pox vaccines, local Egyptian isolated strain.
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Detection of natural prevalence and infection of ixodid ticks with Theileria equi in hilly equines of Palam valley (India)

4. Detection of natural prevalence and infection of ixodid ticks with Theileria equi in hilly equines of Palam valley (India) - Prateek Kashyap, Aman D. Moudgil and Pallavi
Veterinary World, 7(9): 652-655


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.652-655


Prateek Kashyap: ERA and Brooke India, Equine Welfare Unit, Palampur, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India; prateekpandit0871@gmail.com
Aman D. Moudgil: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; moudgil.aman@gmail.com
Pallavi: Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India;upadhyayapallavi.31@gmail.com
Received: 01-06-2014, Revised: 22-07-2014, Accepted: 31-07-2014. Published Online: 06-09-2014
Corresponding author: Prateek Kashyap, email: prateekpandit0871@gmail.com
Abstract
Aim: The aim was to study the prevalence of tick infestation in equines of Palam valley and specific detection of Theileria equi infection in tick samples with nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assay.
Materials and Methods: In order to study the prevalence of ixodid tick population in hilly equines and their potential role in the transmission of T. equi, a total of 74 ticks were collected from apparently healthy equines, which were then processed and identified by classical parasitological technique. The molecular techniques (nested PCR) were applied for identification of infection of T. equi.
Results: The ticks (n=74) collected from apparently healthy equines belonged mainly to three different species, of which 42 (56.75%) wereRhipicephalus microplus, whereas 16 (21.62%) were of Hyalomma species and 16 (21.62%) were of Hemaphysalis species. A total of 21 (30%) ticks were recovered from male and 53 (75.7%) from female equines. Adult equines harbored 94.6% (n=70) when compared to 5.4% (n=4) harbored by young ones. On nested PCR amplification an amplicon of 665 bp size specific for T. equi was detected in 6.75% (5/74) ticks (in 7.5% ticks recovered from a female and 4.7% from male equines).
Conclusion: Nested PCR assay resulted in significantly higher efficacy of detection of the parasite in ticks. These results clearly demonstrate the presence of equine theileriosis in hilly northern state of the country and potential roles of ticks (R. microplus, Haemaphysalis andHyalomma species) in its transmission.

Keywords: equines, Himachal Pradesh, nested polymerase chain reaction, Theileria equi
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Relationships among frozen-thawed semen fertility, physical parameters, certain routine sperm characteristics and testosterone in breeding Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bulls

3. Relationships among frozen-thawed semen fertility, physical parameters, certain routine sperm characteristics and testosterone in breeding Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bulls - A. K. Singh, P. S. Brar and R. S. Cheema
Veterinary World, 7(9): 644-651


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.644-651


A. K. Singh: Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India; assengar2001@yahoo.co.in
P. S. Brar: Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India; PSB: parkashbrar@gmail.com
R. S. Cheema; Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India; ranjna.cheema@gmail.com

Received: 23-04-2014, Revised: 07-07-2014, Accepted: 12-07-2014, Published online: 06-09-2014

Corresponding author: A. K. Singh, e-mail: assengar2001@yahoo.co.in
Abstract
Aim: The present study was carried out to examine the relationships among frozen-thawed semen fertility, physical parameters, seminal quality, and testosterone concentration in Murrah buffalo bulls.
Materials and Methods: A total of 30 breeding Murrah buffalo bulls (either progeny tested or under progeny testing program) were randomly selected from two government bull farms in Punjab. None of the bulls selected for this study had any preceding physical abnormality. A field fertility trial was conducted to determine the first service conception rate (FSCR). The number of females inseminated per bull semen was 10. All the bulls were inspected for structural soundness, measurement of scrotal circumference, testicular biometry, and internal pelvic area (IPA). Frozen-thawed semen was evaluated for total motility, progressive motility, viability, concentration, abnormality, and hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST). Testosterone was estimated in blood plasma, seminal plasma as well as frozen-thawed semen extracts for establishing relationship.
Results: The FSCR was 48% in the bulls having a scrotal circumference of ≥44 cm, although, there was no significant correlation between FSCR and scrotal circumference. Similarly, no consistent relationship existed between sperm concentration and scrotal circumference. A positive correlation was observed between IPA and FSCR (r=0.294). Of the six post-thaw seminal components (total motility, progressive motility, viability, HOST (%), total abnormality and concentration) only total motility had a high significant (p<0.01) correlation with FSCR (r=0.694). Varied correlations existed between other seminal parameters and fertility. Using a simple regression analysis, the post-thaw motility, IPA, prepuce length and testosterone (independent variables) combined to explain approximately 62% of the variation in the FSCR (dependent variable).
Conclusion: The present study indicated that despite low to high correlations between seminal characteristics, physical parameters, fertility, and testosterone; the observations support the importance of these components and their function in maintaining semen quality and subsequent fertility.

Keywords: buffalo spermatozoa, fertility, pelvic area, scrotal circumference, testosterone.
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Tuesday 2 September 2014

Effect of dietary supplement of sugar beet, neem leaf, linseed and coriander on growth performance and carcass trait of Vanaraja chicken

2. Effect of dietary supplement of sugar beet, neem leaf, linseed and coriander on growth performance and carcass trait of Vanaraja chicken- Punita Kumari, Chandramoni, Kaushalendra Kumar and Sanjay Kumar
Veterinary World, 7(9): 639-643


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.639-643


Punita Kumari: Department of Animal Nutrition, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna - 800 014, Bihar, India; puneeta.kri@gmail.com
Chandramoni: Department of Animal Nutrition, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna - 800 014, Bihar, India; chandramoni108@rediffmail.com
Kaushalendra Kumar: Department of Animal Nutrition, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna - 800 014, Bihar, India; drkaushalbvc@gmail.com
Sanjay Kumar: Department of Animal Nutrition, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna - 800 014, Bihar, India; sanjayvet29@rediffmail.com

Received: 11-03-2014, Revised: 04-07-2014, Accepted: 10-07-2014, Published online: 02-09-2014

Corresponding author: Punita Kumari, email: puneeta.kri@gmail.com
Abstract

Aim: This study was planned to investigate the effect of sugar beet, neem leaf, linseed and coriander on growth parameters such as feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), performance index (PI), and carcass characteristics in  broiler birds.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted for a period of 42 days on Vanaraja strain of broiler birds. Different dietary supplement such as sugar beet meal, neem leaf meal, linseed meal and coriander seed meal were used in the basal diet. All day-old 150 male chicks were individually weighed and distributed into five groups having 30 birds in each. Each group was further sub-divided into triplicates having 10 birds in each. Group T1served as control and rest groups T2, T3, T4 and T5 as treatment groups. Birds in T1 group were fed basal ration only, however, T2 , T3, T4 and T5 groups were fed basal  ration mixed with 2.5% sugar beet meal, neem leaf meal, linseed meal, and coriander seed meal individually, respectively.
Results: Broilers supplemented with herbs/spices showed improvement in growth attributes and carcass characteristics. Broilers fed with herbs at the rate of 2.5% had higher feed intake except sugar beet and coriander seed meal fed group. The body weight and weight gain was also significantly (p<0.05) higher than control. Both FCR and PI were improved in supplemented groups in comparison to control. Dressing percentage was not significantly (p>0.05) affected. Average giblet percentage of all supplemented groups were significantly (p<0.05) higher than control and was found to be highest in neem leaf meal fed group. Average by-product percentage was found to be highest in linseed fed group.
Conclusion: Various herbs such as sugar beet, neem leaf, linseed and coriander seed meals affected the growth performance, and carcass trait showed positive inclination toward supplemented groups in broilers. The exact mode of action of these herbs/spices is still not clear, however, one or more numbers of active compounds present in these supplements may be responsible.
Keywords: body weight gain, broiler, feed conversion ratio, feed intake, performance index
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Detection of tetracycline resistance determinant tetA gene and antimicrobial resistance pattern in Escherichia coli isolates recovered from healthy layer chickens

1. Detection of tetracycline resistance determinant tetA gene and antimicrobial resistance pattern in Escherichia coli isolates recovered from healthy layer chickens - A. Balasubramaniam, M. Arthanari Eswaran, P. Suresh and K. Sukumar
Veterinary World, 7(9): 635-638


   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.635-638


A. Balasubramaniam: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India;
balasubramaniam72@gmail.com
M. Arthanari Eswaran: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India;
drarthu@gmail.com
P. Suresh: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India;vet_suresh@yahoo.com
K. Sukumar: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India; drksugu@gmail.com

Received: 06-05-2014, Revised: 02-07-2014, Accepted: 12-07-2014, Published online: 02-09-2014

Corresponding author: A. Balasubramaniam, email: balasubramaniam72@gmail.com
Abstract
Aim: The aim was to study the occurrence of tetracycline resistance determinant tetA gene, and antibacterial resistance pattern in commensal Escherichia coli recovered from healthy non-clinical layer chickens.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-four cloacal swabs were obtained from 15 flocks in five different layer farms located at around Namakkal, which is a place of high-intensity layer chicken rearing in south India. Identification of E. coli was carried out by performing cultural and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial resistance test was carried out using disc diffusion method. The polymerase chain reaction employingtetAC forward and tetAC reverse primers were carried out to detect tetA gene conferring resistance to tetracycline.
Result: All the collected cloacal swabs yielded E. coli. Twenty-one isolates (88%) were resistant to tetracycline antibiotic in disc diffusion method. All the isolates showed resistance to more than six antibiotics, which implied existence of multidrug resistant microbiota in intestine of poultry. Only seven (29%) isolates showed the presence of tetA gene indicating the involvement of either other one or more efflux gene(s), namely tetB, tetC and tetD or ribosomal protection encoded by tetM, tetO, tetQ and tetS genes than tetA gene.
Conclusion: Based on the presence of tetA gene among tetracycline-resistant bacteria in healthy non-clinical food-producing animals such as layer chickens, it can be significant in human medicine as tetA gene could easily be spread to other bacteria. This kind of phenomenon can be extrapolated in transfer of resistance for other antibacterial essential for treating bacterial infections in human. We conclude that preventing the spread of antimicrobial resistance through direct or indirect contact, consumed food/feed and through the environment is empirical in reduction of failures while treating bacterial infections.

Keywords: antibacterial resistance, Escherichia coli, tetA gene, tetracycline.
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Sunday 31 August 2014

Pandemic influenza preparedness and response - WHO guidance document

Pandemic influenza preparedness and response

WHO guidance document

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Authors:
World Health Organization

Publication details

Number of pages: 64
Publication date: 2009
Languages: English, Chinese, French
ISBN: 9789241547680

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Overview


WHO previously published pandemic preparedness guidance in 1999 and a revision of that guidance in 2005. Since 2005, there have been advances in many areas of preparedness and response planning. For example, stockpiles of antiviral drugs are now a reality and a WHO guideline has been developed to attempt to stop or delay pandemic influenza at its initial emergence. There is increased understanding of past pandemics, strengthened outbreak communications, greater insight on disease spread and approaches to control, and increasingly sophisticated statistical modeling of various aspects of influenza.
Extensive practical experience has been gained from responding to outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in poultry and humans, and from conducting pandemic preparedness and response exercises in many countries. There is greater understanding that pandemic preparedness requires the involvement of not only the health sector, but the whole of society. In 2007, the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR, 2005) entered into force providing the international community with a framework to address international public health concerns.
In light of these developments, WHO decided in 2007 to update its guidance to enable countries to be better prepared for the next pandemic. Therefore this document published in April 2009 replaces the WHO Global Influenza Preparedness Plan (WHO/CDS/CSR/GIP/2005.5). This document should be used in conjunction with the WHO checklist for influenza preparedness planning published by the World Health Organization in 2005.
This guidance has been superseded by the Pandemic Influenza Risk Management Guidance:
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Evaluating the relationship between human and animal influenza viruses

Evaluating the relationship between human and animal influenza viruses

Assessing the relationship among multiple variants of influenza viruses circulating in animals and people and understanding their relative evolution in these hosts over time is key to improving vaccines for people and animals and for understanding the potential risk of future interspecies transmission events.



StripeyAnne on flickR, original name : The Pig Piper of Ham-lyn©
The latest OFFLU Swine Influenza Virus (SIV) Group meeting took place in Minneapolis, USA, 19-20 March 2013. The meeting had two major outcomes.
Characterization of the relationship between human and swine influenza viruses
Data on influenza viruses circulating in pig populations worldwide has been shared, but more effort is required for its compilation and analysis. According to the OFFLU SIV group, there is increasing scientific evidence from surveillance and genetic analyses that human seasonal influenza viruses and their variants have historically been introduced to pig populations by humans and are still circulating in different swine populations worldwide. The analyses of the HA protein of influenza viruses in pigs, a protein which plays a key role in virus-host interactions and in vaccine strain selection for human and animals, showed significant diversity among strains circulating within and between geographic areas. The maintenance of such diverse viruses within pigs for long periods of time has important implications for swine influenza vaccine strain selection and assurances of efficacy, which will have to be mainly tailored to the needs of the region. These viruses also pose a risk of re-introduction into the human population.
This global initiative requires further investment for compilation, analysis, and overall evaluating of the potential for human viruses to spread into swine and conversely for swine to be a reservoir for viruses that have human pandemic potential, and should be used in risk assessment for pandemic preparedness.
Proposed new HA gene cluster naming system for designating influenza viruses in pigs
The objective of this new nomenclature system developed and proposed by the OFFLU SIV group is to create a common language to be used by human and animal health sectors to designate swine influenza viruses on a global scale. This system will allow for viruses around the world to be evaluated by a unified set of criteria and their genetic relationships understood in a common context. Such a system is also important for targeting groups of viruses to study for antigenic properties and developing effective human and animal vaccines.
The proposed system is a phylogenetic classification system, distinguishing clusters of viruses that share common genetic characteristics. Therefore, it defines the relationship between the different influenza strains, which are continually evolving. This system enables the assessment of the genetic relationships between influenza viruses circulating in swine among different geographic regions as well as between human and swine seasonal influenza viruses.
The group will continue to work with the Influenza Research Database (fludb.org) to provide the HA gene cluster names based on the new system for future web-based cluster determination tools for swine HA sequences with free public access.
The OFFLU Network
OFFLU is a global open network of expertise on animal influenza established jointly in 2005 by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to support and coordinate global efforts to prevent, detect and control important influenzas in animals. OIE/FAO reference laboratories and world leading experts from a range of disciplines in animal and human health take part in the discussions. OFFLU collaborates with the World Health Organization (WHO) on issues relating to the animal-human interface, including pandemic preparedness for early preparation of human vaccine. 
The OFFLU Swine Influenza group started in 2010 and meets on an annual basis.
Source: 
http://www.oie.int/for-the-media/press-releases/detail/article/evaluating-the-relationship-between-human-and-animal-influenza-viruses/

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