Prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in companion dogs in animal clinics, Surabaya, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 07-12-2021)

12. Prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in companion dogs in animal clinics, Surabaya, Indonesia

Luviana Kristianingtyas, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Adiana Mutamsari Witaningrum, Dhandy Koesoemo Wardhana and Emmanuel Nnabuike Ugbo

International Journal of One Health, 7(2): 232-236

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The practice of keeping animals as pets is becoming increasingly common. The upsurge of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms of animal origin is a health threat globally. This study aimed to identify the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in companion dogs in animal clinics in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: A total of 85 rectal swab samples were collected from companion dogs at five animal clinics in different regions of Surabaya, Indonesia. The presence of E. coli was identified from the samples using standard methods, followed by antibiotic sensitivity testing. The resistant isolates were examined for the presence of ESBL using the double-disk synergy test method. The phenotypically identified ESBL-producing E. coli was further confirmed with an automated system using Vitek-2.

Results: The rectal swab samples (n=85) tested were 100% positive for E. coli isolates. Eight (9.41%) out of the 85 E. coli obtained from rectal swabs were extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers. All eight ESBL-producing E. coli were identified by automated Vitek-2 confirmatory tests.

Conclusion: This study provides insight into the prevalence of ESBL-producing organisms isolated from companion dogs in Indonesia. This work indicates the need for the general public to be more aware of the role of companion animals in disseminating pathogenic organisms, since they serve as potential reservoirs in the spread of antibiotic resistance affecting human health.

Keywords: animal clinics, companion dogs, extended-spectrum β-lactamase, Escherichia coli, human health.

Bovine zoonoses in Cameroon's West region: Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of herdsmen

Research (Published online: 06-12-2021)

11. Bovine zoonoses in Cameroon's West region: Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of herdsmen

Kouengoua Kouengoua Armelle Prudence, Nankam Chimi Roland, Oyetola Wilfried Délé, Njayou Ngapagna Arouna, Alambedji Rianatou Bada and Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt

International Journal of One Health, 7(2): 227-231

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Shepherds are in constant contact with animals, and they are potential hosts for the transmission of zoonoses. This study aimed to assess the perceptions of shepherds in Cameroon's West region regarding zoonotic diseases.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October 2017, on 218 shepherds. The data were collected using semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. The participants were assessed on their knowledge, attitudes, and practices that might expose them to bovine zoonose transmission, and the data were analyzed with R, version 2.13.0. Descriptive statistics were generated, and the association between socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge was explored using the Chi-square test.

Results: Out of the 218 herdsmen, (205/218) 94% did not have any education, and (195/218) 89.5% did not know the definition of zoonosis. There was a correlation between the level of education and knowledge of the definition of zoonosis: About (162/218) 74.6% cited tuberculosis as a zoonosis, (62/218) 28.4% said the main modes of transmission were by ingestion of contaminated milk, and (66/218) 30.3% by consumption of contaminated meat. Abortions during the third trimester of gestation, combined with the presence of hygroma, were described by (130/218) 59.6% of the participants as brucellosis symptoms. In terms of practices and attitudes, (187/218) 85.8% and (50.14/218) 23.0% of the participants confirmed that they consumed raw milk and raw meat, respectively. Almost all (214/218) 98.1% interviewees stated that blood consumption is forbidden. In case of suspicion of disease, (204/218) 93.6% maintained that they treated sick animals without a veterinary prescription, and (209/218) 95.9% left the carcasses in the wild. After contact with animals, (181/218) 83.3% washed their hands. Finally, (192/218) 88.3% would like to be informed about zoonoses.

Conclusion: The level of knowledge about zoonotic diseases was low; a high percentage of shepherds followed inadequate hygiene practices and expressed concern about zoonoses. As a result, they are at risk of exposure to pathogens. It would be in the interest of public health to develop training programs for shepherds and livestock owners to mitigate zoonotic risks.

Keywords: knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey, shepherds, West region of Cameroon, zoonoses.

Severity assessment of single-dose Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccinated individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Southeast Bangladesh

Research (Published online: 04-12-2021)

10. Severity assessment of single-dose Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccinated individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Southeast Bangladesh

Eaftekhar Ahmed Rana, Pronesh Dutta, Md. Sirazul Islam, Tanvir Ahmad Nizami, Tridip Das, Sharmin Chowdhury and Goutam Buddha Das

International Journal of One Health, 7(2): 220-226

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: A vaccine program for coronavirus illness (coronavirus disease [COVID-19]) is currently underway in numerous regions of the world, including Bangladesh, but no health data on those who have been vaccinated are available at this time. The study aimed to investigate the health condition of people who had received their first dose of the Oxford- AstraZeneca vaccine and were infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Materials and Methods: To detect SARS-CoV-2, a standard virological approach, real-time reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), was used. Several health indicators from vaccinated patients were collected using pre-structured questionnaires during the infection phase.

Results: A total of 6146 suspicious samples were analyzed, and 1752 were found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2, with 200 people receiving the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. One hundred and sixty-five (82.5%) were not hospitalized among the vaccinated people, and 177 (88.5%) did not have any respiratory problems. Only 8% of patients required further oxygen support, and 199 (99.5%) did not require intensive care unit intervention. Overall, oxygen saturation was recorded at around 96.8% and respiratory difficulties did not extend more than 5 days during the infection period. Among the vaccinated COVID-19-positive people, 113 (56.5%) and 111 (55.5%) had typical physiological taste and smell. Surprisingly, 129 (64.5%) people had diverse comorbidities, with high blood pressure (27.9%) and diabetes (32 [24.8%]) being the most common. The major conclusion of the current study was that 199 (99.5%) of vaccinated patients survived in good health and tested negative for RT-qPCR.

Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, administering the first dose of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine considerably reduces health risks during the COVID-19 infection period.

Keywords: assessment, comorbidity, coronavirus disease, health risk, Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine.

In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice

Research (Published online: 30-11-2021)

29. In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice

Rizal Subahar, Lisawati Susanto, Rachmanin Aidilla, Annisa Putri Aulia, Yulhasri Yulhasri, Rawina Winita, Nadar S. Lubis and Ika Puspa Sari

Veterinary World, 14(11): 3065-3075

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Pediculus humanus capitis, the human head louse, remains a global health problem. This study evaluated the resistance of head lice to permethrin and 6-paradol mediated by in vitro detoxification enzyme activity experiments and to describe physical changes in the lice using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Materials and Methods: The adult stages of P. h. capitis were collected from patients exposed to 1% permethrin and three different concentrations of 6-paradol (0.00005%, 0.0001%, and 0.00015%) using a filter paper diffusion bioassay. Healthy P. h. capitis adults served as the control. The in vitro bioassays were conducted after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min of exposure. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and oxidase were analyzed. Physical changes in the lice were analyzed using SEM.

Results: Permethrin and 6-paradol exhibited low toxicity against the lice. At 60 min, 1% permethrin had killed 36.7% of the lice present, while 6-paradol had killed 66.7-86.7%. Permethrin induced significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity; 6-paradol also caused significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. Permethrin did not cause any ultrastructural morphological changes on the lice, while 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice.

Conclusion: This in vitro experimental of P. h. capitis is the first study to report P. h. capitis in East Jakarta shows complete resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol, and to describe the associated increase in AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. It was observed that 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice.

Keywords: 6-paradol, detoxifying enzyme, electron microscopy, Pediculus humanus capitis, permethrin, resistance.

Effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cells cultured under hypoxia to increase the fertility rate in rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Research (Published online: 30-11-2021)

28. Effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cells cultured under hypoxia to increase the fertility rate in rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Erma Safitri and Hery Purnobasuki

Veterinary World, 14(11): 3056-3064

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplanted into the testes of rats with testicular failure can help rescue fertility. However, the low viability of transplanted MSCs limits the success of this treatment. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of MSCs cultured under hypoxia to increase the fertility rate in rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Materials and Methods: Bone marrow-derived MSCs (200 million cells/rat) were transplanted into male rat models with induced infertility (10 rats/treatment group) after 4 days of culture in 21% O2 (normoxia) and 1% O2 (hypoxia). Ten fertile and 10 untreated infertile rats served as controls. In the infertile male rats that had been fasted from food for 5 days, the fasting condition induced malnutrition and then resulted in testicular failure.

Results: The results indicated that the MSCs cultured under hypoxic conditions were more effective than those cultured in normoxic conditions as a treatment for testicular failure in infertile male rats based on the increased number of cells expressing p63 as a quiescent cell marker and ETV5 as a transcription factor expressed in Sertoli and germ cells. Furthermore, the structure of the seminiferous tubules, which contain spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, and spermatid, Sertoli, and Leydig cells, was improved in infertile male rats treated with the MSCs cultured under hypoxic conditions.

Conclusion: The testicular transplantation of MSCs cultured under hypoxic conditions was an effective treatment for testicular failure in rats.

Keywords: fertility, hypoxia culture, malnutrition, stem cell, testicular failure.

Evaluation of the phytochemical content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp, Syzygium aromaticum leaf, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extracts

Research (Published online: 29-11-2021)

27. Evaluation of the phytochemical content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp, Syzygium aromaticum leaf, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extracts

Tiurma Pasaribu, Arnold P. Sinurat, Elizabeth Wina and Triwardhani Cahyaningsih

Veterinary World, 14(11): 3048-3055

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Many plants contain bioactive substances with antibacterial and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Cocos nucifera shell liquid smoke (CSL), clove leaf extract (CLE), and mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) alone and in combination against Escherichia coli and Candida utilis. The antioxidant activity, phenol, saponin, and tannin of CSL, CLE, MPE, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extract were also measured.

Materials and Methods: The agar well-diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of CSL, methanolic MPE, and CLE and their combination CSL+MPE+CLE (COMBI) on bacteria E. coli and fungus (C. utilis). Antioxidant activity was measured by the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl method. Total phenol and total tannin were measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and total saponin was measured by the vanillin-sulphate method.

Results: The results indicated that phenolic and tannin levels were greater in MPE than in CLE, whereas the saponin content was higher in CLE compared with MPE. Undiluted (100%) MPE exhibited lower antibacterial activity (p<0.05) than chloramphenicol against E. coli, however, undiluted CLE and COMBI showed similar activity compared with chloramphenicol against E. coli. COMBI caused significantly (p<0.05) higher inhibition compared with virginiamycin against E. coli. CSL, MPE, and COMBI exhibited significantly lower antifungal activity (p<0.05) than that of ketoconazole against C. utilis. In contrast, CLE showed improved antifungal activity (p<0.05) compared with ketoconazole.

Conclusion: Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract, and Syzygium aromaticum leaf extract, either alone or in combination, have the potential to be used as antibacterial and antifungal agents.

Keywords: antibacterial, antifungal, Cocos nucifera, extract, Garcinia mangostana, Phyllanthus niruri L., Syzygium aromaticum.

Microbiological, sensory, and physicochemical quality of curd cheeses originating from direct sales

Research (Published online: 29-11-2021)

26. Microbiological, sensory, and physicochemical quality of curd cheeses originating from direct sales

Ewa Januś, Piotr Sablik, Małgorzata Jakubowska and Klaudia Wróbel

Veterinary World, 14(11): 3038-3047

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Curd cheeses are characteristic elements of the dairy assortment, mainly in Central and Eastern European countries, and constitute a numerous and diverse group of dairy products. The aim of the study was to assess the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory quality of curd cheeses available in marketplaces in Lublin, where they were purchased through direct sales from producers.

Materials and Methods: The research material was household-produced curd cheese purchased 4 times (at 2-week intervals) from three producers. The physicochemical parameters (i.e., the total protein and fat content, active acidity, and titratable acidity) were determined in the cheeses. Microbiological assays were performed to evaluate the total number of bacteria (on milk agar), the number of yeasts and molds (on Sabouraud medium), and the number of coliform bacteria (on MacConkey medium). A general sensory evaluation was performed by a five-person panel, who assessed the appearance and color, texture, flavor, and aroma of the samples.

Results: The cheeses exhibited significant differences in their protein and fat contents, but these values were within the allowable limits. Most of the evaluated cheeses had normal levels of active and titratable acidity; substantially lower titratable acidity and higher pH values were detected only in the samples from supplier A. The total number of bacteria in the curd cheese samples was high (3.2×108 colony-forming units [cfu]×g-1 cheese) and varied substantially (from 3.6×107 to 8.6×108 cfu×g-1). The growth of Gram-negative bacterial colonies on MacConkey medium was observed in the samples from suppliers B and C (5.5×103 and 1.7×104 cfu×g-1, respectively), which is an undesirable phenomenon. The number of colonies cultured on Sabouraud medium and identified as yeast-like microorganisms ranged from 1.8×104 (product from supplier A) to 4.9×105 cfu×g-1 (cheese from supplier C). The scores in the sensory evaluation of the tested curd cheeses were low. The highest mean scores were achieved for appearance and color (4.25-4.45 points). Conversely, flavor and aroma received the lowest score (3.17 points). The highest scores for both the overall assessment and each parameter separately were awarded to the curd cheese produced by supplier A.

Conclusion: Our results suggest poor hygienic conditions during milk collection and processing, as well as during the distribution of these dairy products. Altogether, the purchase of products from direct sales may be associated with risks related to poor consumer health and food quality.

Keywords: curd cheese, microbiology, physiochemistry, sensory quality.