Serological evaluation for the current epidemic situation of foot and mouth disease among cattle and buffaloes in Egypt

Research (Published online: 03-01-2020)

1. Serological evaluation for the current epidemic situation of foot and mouth disease among cattle and buffaloes in Egypt

Mariam M. Abd El-Rhman, Diea G. Abo El-Hassan, Walid S. Awad and Sayed A. H. Salem

Veterinary World, 13(1): 1-9

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was aimed to investigate the epidemic situation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Egypt from 2016 to 2018 based on the detection of FMD virus (FMDV) in carrier or previously infected animals, by determination of antibodies against non-structural protein (NSP), implementation a pilot study on circulating FMDV serotypes and assure the efficacy of locally produced inactivated trivalent vaccine.

Materials and Methods: A total of 1500 sera were collected from apparent healthy vaccinated cattle and buffaloes from three Egyptian geographical sectors, representing ten governorates. Determination of FMD antibodies against NSP was carried out using 3ABC enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Serotyping of the circulating FMDV and assure the vaccine efficacy was performed using solid-phase competitive ELISA.

Results: The 3ABC ELISA test revealed 26.4% and 23.7% positive for FMDV-NSP antibodies in cattle and buffalo sera, respectively. The highest positivity was in Delta Sector among both cattle 42.3% and buffaloes 28.8%. Serotyping of FMDV-positive NSP sera in El-Qalyubia Governorate for the circulating FMDV serotypes O, A, and Southern African Territories (SAT) 2 was 52.2%, 17.4%, and 30.4% in cattle and 31.8%, 27.3%, and 40.9% in buffaloes, respectively. The overall protection level due to the vaccination program was 62.1 and 60.9% in cattle and buffaloes, respectively, while the protective level of the FMDV serotypes O, A, and SAT2 included in the inactivated trivalent vaccine was 73.9, 84.6, and 63.8% in cattle and 72.3, 82.3, and 63.5% in buffaloes, respectively.

Conclusion: The present study recommended full determination for the immunogenic relationship between the vaccine strains and the field strains to attain maximum protection against the circulating viruses.

Keywords: 3ABC enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test, Egypt, foot-and-mouth disease virus, non-structural protein, solid-phase competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Toxicity of imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos against German cockroaches Blattella germanica

Research (Published online: 30-12-2019)

16. Toxicity of imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos against German cockroaches Blattella germanica

Mozhgan Baniardalani, Asma Arfa Rahimian, Abedin Saghafipour, Hamid Reza Basseri, Majid Kababian and Jalil Nejati

International Journal of One Health, 5: 107-112

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: As a mechanical vector of some communicable diseases and a self-adaptive species to human environments, the German cockroach can transmit pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, to human beings. This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos against German cockroaches. .

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the last instar German cockroach nymphs were used to test their sensitivity to imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos insecticides by the contact and bait methods. In bioassay (jar test), the nymphs were isolated from the main colony and were exposed to the insecticides for 30 min. The mortality rate was recorded 24 h after the recovery time. In bioassay (bait), 24-96 h after exposure to the poisonous bait, the mortality rate was recorded and regression analysis was run to analyze the data in the SPSS software (IBM, Chicago, USA). .

Results: The lethal doses (LD) of imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos were 9.5 mg/m2 and 39.78 mg/m2, respectively. The LD50 for imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos were 2.66 and 9.92 mg/m2, respectively. Results revealed that the highest concentration of imidacloprid (45%) could cause the highest mortality rate (95%) 24 h after exposure. There is a significant difference in the mortality of the samples during the follow-up period. Moreover, the chlorpyrifos smeared bait, with a concentration of 16% after 24 h, had the highest mortality rate (95%)..

Conclusion: The highest mortality rate occurred in the ingestion of imidacloprid smeared bait within the first 48 h after being exposed to the insecticide. Therefore, the results show that imidacloprid can prove significantly effective in controlling cockroaches. .

Keywords: Blattella germanica, chlorpyrifos, German cockroach, imidacloprid.

Antimicrobial resistance patterns of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from feces of non-diarrheic dogs in Grenada, West Indies

Research (Published online: 27-12-2019)

25. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from feces of non-diarrheic dogs in Grenada, West Indies

Victor A. Amadi, Harry Hariharan, Ozioma A. Amadi, Vanessa Matthew-Belmar, Roxanne Nicholas-Thomas, Marta Lanza Perea, Kenrith Carter, Eugene Rennie, Keith Kalasi, Andy Alhassan, Richard M. Kabuusu, Grant Ugochukwu Alozie, Paul J. Fields, Rhonda Pinckney and Ravindra Sharma

Veterinary World, 12(12): 2070-2075

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: There is currently no published information on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of commensal Escherichia coli in dogs of Grenada origin. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance helps in the empirical selection of antibiotics. This study determined the occurrence of E. coli including the O157:H7 serotype in feces of non-diarrheic dogs of Grenada origin and the antibiotic resistance pattern of the E. coli isolates.

Materials and Methods: Fecal samples from 142 of the 144 (98.6%) dogs were culture positive for E. coli. Selection of up to three colonies from each of the 142 E. coli-positive samples yielded a total of 402 E. coli isolates, which were analyzed for the presence of non-sorbitol fermenting colonies, and O157-agglutination.

Results: Of the 402 E. coli isolates, 30 (7.5%) were non-sorbitol fermenters. However, none of the 402 isolates gave a positive reaction (O157:H7) to the E. coli O157:H7 latex kit. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests against 12 antibiotics revealed low resistance rates to all the tested antibiotics except for tetracycline (Te) (23.4%), cephalothin (CF) (13.2%), and ampicillin (AM) (7.7%). Thirty-nine out of the 402 (9.7%), E. coli isolates were resistant to two or more antibiotics of different classes.

Conclusion: This is the first report of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibilities of commensal E. coli from non-diarrheic dogs in Grenada. Some of the isolates (39/402 isolates, 9.7%) were resistant to multiple antibiotics. This study showed that presently, dogs in Grenada should not be considered a reservoir for the E. coli O157:H7 serotype and for multiple antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains. Among the 402 E. coli isolates, the resistance rate to drugs other than Te, CF, and AM was very low.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, commensal Escherichia coli, dogs, Grenada.

Pasteurellaceae members with similar morphological patterns associated with respiratory manifestations in ducks

Research (Published online: 26-12-2019)

24. Pasteurellaceae members with similar morphological patterns associated with respiratory manifestations in ducks

Samah Eid, Sherif Marouf, Hefny Y. Hefny and Nayera M. Al-Atfeehy

Veterinary World, 12(12): 2061-2069

ABSTRACT

Aim: A total of 112 freshly dead ducks aged from 2 to 20 weeks old with a history of respiratory manifestations were investigated for the implication of Pasteurellaceae family members..

Materials and Methods: Isolation and identification to the family level were conducted by conventional bacteriological methods, including microscopic examination and biochemical characterization. Identification to the species level was conducted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and analytical profile index (API) 20E kits.

Results: Conventional bacteriological isolation and biochemical characterization revealed the infection of 16/112 examined birds with a prevalence rate of 14.3%. PCR confirmed the detection of Pasteurellaceae family conserved genes RpoB and Bootz in 16/16 (100%) isolates. PCR was also used for genus and species identification of the isolated Pasteurellaceae members; the results revealed that 5/16 (31.3%) of isolates were Gallibacterium anatis and 2/16 of isolates (12.5%) were Pasteurella multocida. Riemerella anatipestifer, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Avibacterium paragallinarum were not detected by PCR. Biotyping by API 20E successfully identified 5/16 (31.3%) isolates that could not be typed by PCR and confirmed their belonging to Pasteurella pneumotropica. Neither the available PCR primer sets nor API 20E succeeded for species identification of 4/16 (25%) isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility profiling of isolates revealed that 16/16 (100%) of isolates demonstrated multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes. Moreover, 16/16 (100%) of isolates demonstrated a phenotypic resistance pattern to neomycin.

Conclusion: Combined genotypic, phenotypic, biotyping, and virulence characterizations are required for laboratory identification of pathogenic Pasteurellaceae. Moreover, P. multocida was not the prevailed member implicated in respiratory problems in ducks as P. pneumotropica, G. anatis, and unidentified strains were involved with higher prevalence. Chloramphenicol and ampicillin demonstrated the highest in vivo effects on the studied Pasteurellaceae. Furthermore, the prevalence of multidrug-resistant isolates signified the demand to implement targeted surveillance in the ducks' production sector, and MDR survey in poultry sectors in Egypt to apply effective control measures.

Keywords: ducks, Gallibacterium anatis, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Riemerella anatipestifer.

Combined virgin coconut oil and tocotrienol-rich fraction protects against bone loss in osteoporotic rat model

Research (Published online: 25-12-2019)

23. Combined virgin coconut oil and tocotrienol-rich fraction protects against bone loss in osteoporotic rat model

Mohd Maaruf Abdul Malik, Faizah Othman, Farida Hussan, Ahmad Nazrun Shuid and Qodriyah Mohd Saad

Veterinary World, 12(12): 2052-2060

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Both virgin coconut oil (VCO) and tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) are rich in antioxidants and may protect the bone against bone loss induced by ovariectomy and high-fat diet. The study aimed to determine the protective effects of combined therapy of VCO and TRF on osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) rat fed with high-fat diet.

Materials and Methods: Thirty-six female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: Sham-operated (SHAM), OVX control, OVX and given Premarin at 64.5 μg/kg (OVX+E2), OVX and given VCO at 4.29 ml/kg (OVX+V), OVX and given TRF at 30 mg/kg (OVX+T), and OVX and given a combination of VCO at 4.29 ml/kg and TRF at 30 mg/kg (OVX+VT). Following 24 weeks of treatments, blood and femora samples were taken for analyses.

Results: There were no significant differences in serum osteocalcin levels between the groups (p>0.05), while serum C-terminal telopeptide of Type I collagen levels of the OVX+VT group were significantly lower than the other groups (p<0.05). The dynamic bone histomorphometry analysis of the femur showed that the double-labeled surface/bone surface (dLS/BS), mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate/BS of the OVX+E2, OVX+T, and OVX+VT groups were significantly higher than the rest of the groups (p<0.05).

Conclusion: A combination of VCO and TRF has the potential as a therapeutic agent to restore bone loss induced by ovariectomy and high-fat diet.

Keywords: bone loss, osteoporosis, ovariectomized rat, ovariectomy, tocotrienol-rich fraction, virgin coconut oil.

Prebiotic activity of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on Lactobacillus acidophilus

Research (Published online: 24-12-2019)

22. Prebiotic activity of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on Lactobacillus acidophilus

Prayogi Sunu, Dwi Sunarti, Luthfi Djauhari Mahfudz and Vitus Dwi Yunianto

Veterinary World, 12(12): 2046-2051

ABSTRACT

Aim: The study aimed to examine the ability of prebiotic concentrations to increase the growth of probiotic bacteria in vitro.

Materials and Methods: The probiotics used were Lactobacillus acidophilus and garlic (Allium sativum) extract.

Results: The results showed that garlic can increase the growth of L. acidophilus bacteria with the lowest concentration of 4% being the most effective (p<0.05). Increased fructooligosaccharide (FOS) content in garlic can increase the significant growth of L. acidophilus as a probiotic bacterium.

Conclusion: The results showed that garlic can increase the growth of L. acidophilus bacteria by a minimum of 4% (p<0.05). Adding FOS to garlic can increase the significant growth of L. acidophilus as a probiotic bacterium.

Keywords: Allium sativum, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics.

Comparative modeling and mutual docking of structurally uncharacterized heat shock protein 70 and heat shock factor-1 proteins in water buffalo

Research (Published online: 23-12-2019)

21. Comparative modeling and mutual docking of structurally uncharacterized heat shock protein 70 and heat shock factor-1 proteins in water buffalo

Ravinder Singh, Ankita Gurao, C. Rajesh, S. K. Mishra, Saroj Rani, Ankita Behl, Vikash Kumar and R. S. Kataria

Veterinary World, 12(12): 20236-2045

ABSTRACT

Aim: In this study, a wide range of in silico investigation of Bubalus bubalis (BB) heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and heat shock factor-1 (HSF1) has been performed, ranging from sequence evaluation among species to homology modeling along with their docking studies to decipher the interacting residues of both molecules.

Materials and Methods: Protein sequences of BB HSP70 and HSF1 were retrieved from NCBI database in FASTA format. Primary and secondary structure prediction were computed using Expasy ProtParam server and Phyre2 server, respectively. TMHMM server was used to identify the transmembrane regions in HSP70. Multiple sequence alignment and comparative analysis of the protein was carried out using MAFFT and visualization was created using ESPript 3.0. Phylogenetic analysis was accomplished by COBALT. Interactions of HSP70 with other proteins were studied using STRING database. Modeller 9.18, RaptorX, Swiss-Modeller, Phyre2, and I-TASSER were utilized to design the three-dimensional structure of these proteins followed by refinement; energy minimization was accomplished using ModRefiner and SPDBV program. Stereochemical quality along with the accuracy of the predicted models and their visualization was observed by PROCHECK program of PDBsum and UCSF Chimera, respectively. ClusPro 2.0 server was accessed for the docking of the receptor protein with the ligand.

Results: The lower value of Grand Average of Hydropathy indicates the more hydrophilic nature of HSP70 protein. Value of the instability index (II) classified the protein as stable. No transmembrane region was reported for HSP70 by TMHMM server. Phylogenetic analysis based on multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) by COBALT indicated more evolutionarily closeness of Bos indicus (BI) with Bos taurus as compared to BI and BB. STRING database clearly indicates the HSF1 as one of the interacting molecules among 10 interacting partners with HSP 70. The best hit of 3D model of HSP70 protein and HSF1 was retrieved from I-TASSER and Phyre2, respectively. Interacting residues and type of bonding between both the molecules which were docked by ClusPro 2.0 were decoded by PIC server. Hydrophobic interactions, protein-protein main-chain-side-chain hydrogen bonds, and protein-protein side-chain-side-chain hydrogen bonds were delineated in this study.

Conclusion: This is the first-ever study on in silico interaction of HSP70 and HSF1 proteins in BB. Several bioinformatics web tools were utilized to study secondary structure along with comparative modeling, physicochemical properties, and protein-protein interaction. The various interacting amino acid residues of both proteins have been indicated in this study.

Keywords: Bubalus bubalis, docking, heat shock proteins, heat shock factor-1, heat shock protein 70, homology modeling.

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