Clinical and histopathological studies on neurodegeneration and dysautonomia in buffalo calves during foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Egypt

Research (Published online: 23-06-2021)

28. Clinical and histopathological studies on neurodegeneration and dysautonomia in buffalo calves during foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Egypt

Yasmin Bayoumi, Nader Sobhy, Abdelkarem Morsi, Wafaa El-Neshwey, Nora El-Seddawy and Abdelmonem Abdallah

Veterinary World, 14(6): 1622-1630

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Signs of dysautonomia were frequently observed in calves that died during foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) outbreaks in Egypt from 2015 to 2018. This study aimed to describe the clinical and histopathological features of the central nervous system in malignant cases of FMD and excluding possible concurrent bacterial, and bovine herpes virus 4 (BHV4) infections or both.

Materials and Methods: In this study, 335 FMDV-infected buffalo calves aged 1-22 months were clinically examined and followed until recovery or death. Of the 335 calves, 134 died (malignant group) and 201 recovered after exhibiting classic symptoms of FMD (recover group). The calves were subjected to clinical examination. For the malignant group, several laboratory trials were conducted to assess the possible cause/s of dysautonomia-related viral, bacterial, or concurrent infections. Koch's postulates and polymerase chain reaction were employed. Postmortem and histopathological examinations of nervous tissue were performed.

Results: In the malignant group, signs of dysautonomia were observed before death, including partial or complete gut dysfunction, loss of anal sphincter tone, rapid breathing sounds, fluctuating body temperature, and cardiac arrhythmias. In the malignant group, histopathological examination of the spinal cord, pons, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and cerebrum revealed demyelination, neuronal degeneration, and focal areas of malacia and gliosis. The nervous tissue and heart samples from malignant cases were positive for serotype O FMDV.

Conclusion: Findings revealed in this study support the existence of neurodegeneration induced by FMDV infection in buffalo calves.

Keywords: dysautonomia, foot-and-mouth disease virus, heat intolerance, hirsutism, malignant.

Assessment of quality and safety of meats from various animal species in the Shuchinsk-Burabay resort zone, Kazakhstan

Research (Published online: 22-06-2021)

27. Assessment of quality and safety of meats from various animal species in the Shuchinsk-Burabay resort zone, Kazakhstan

B. S. Maikanov, G. T. Ismagulova, L. T. Auteleyeva, Zh. O. Kemeshov and D. K. Zhanabayeva

Veterinary World, 14(6): 1615-1621

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to determine the food safety and protein adequacy of meats from various animals in the Shuchinsk- Burabay resort zone.

Materials and Methods: Samples of meat were collected from markets "Zhomart" and "Kausar." Two hundred and ninety-eight samples of meat were obtained: beef - 166, horse - 42, pork - 67, mutton - 8, and poultry - 15. From each carcass, part of the carcass, point samples were taken to form an average sample and conduct research. Analyses used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography. The determination of amino acid composition was carried out following the chromatographic method for determining the amino acid composition of meat proteins.

Results: The quality of meats from the resort zone was lower than recommended due to the reduced content of essential amino acids, including valine, lysine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine. Concentrations of heavy metals and radionuclides did not exceed maximum permissible limits, and trace concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, and lead were detected in all meat samples, except beef. The latter meat showed increased concentrations of mercury.

Conclusion: In terms of quality indicators, all types of meat met standards; however, pork protein displayed the most favorable amino acid composition, both for content of essential amino acids and the ratio of amounts of essential to non-essential amino acids. For content of heavy metals, poultry and pork meats were safest.

Keywords: amino acid rate, food safety, heavy metal salts, Shuchinsk-Burabay Resort Zone.

Morphological characteristics of Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii, and Candida glabrata biofilms, and response to farnesol

Research (Published online: 22-06-2021)

26. Morphological characteristics of Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii, and Candida glabrata biofilms, and response to farnesol

Nadezhda Sachivkina, Irina Podoprigora and Dmitry Bokov

Veterinary World, 14(6): 1608-1614

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Different Candida species isolated in humans and animals have different types of parasite activity. The most pathogenic species is Candida albicans followed by Candida tropicalis. However, the effects of the morphology of Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii, and Candida glabrata biofilms on the pathogenicity of these species have not been fully characterized. To the best of our knowledge, there is no literature on the effect of farnesol on rare Candida species. This study aimed to check the effect of different farnesol concentrations on the species C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, and C. glabrata compared with the strain C. albicans ATCC 10231, which has been widely studied, and is a strong producer of biofilms.

Materials and Methods: We studied the morphological and densitometric parameters of biofilms produced by Candida species under the influence of the drug farnesol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). We used a heart brain broth with the addition of 2% bovine blood serum in 96-well plates. To each well, we added 100 μL of C. albicans, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, or C. glabrata culture, and 0.2-400 μM farnesol. The microliter plates were cultured with the lid closed at 37°C for 48 h. Then, the liquid was removed, and the wells were washed 3 times with 200 μL phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.3). Biofilm fixation was performed using 150 μL of 96% ethanol for 15 min. Then, the microliter plates were dried for 20 min at 37°C, a 0.5% solution of crystalline violet was added, and the plates were placed in an incubator at 37°C. After 5 min, the contents of the wells were removed, washed 3 times with 200 μL of phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.2), and dried. The dye was extracted by washing with 200 μL of 96% ethanol for 30 min. The results were obtained using a photometric analyzer of enzyme immunoassay reactions at an optical density (OD) wavelength of 450 nm.

Results: All of Candida spp. strains tested were susceptible to farnesol at concentrations ranging from 0.8 to 400 μM for C. albicans, C. krusei, and C. guilliermondii, and 12.5 to 400 μM for C. glabrata.

Conclusion: This study provides new insights into the use of farnesol against biofilms produced by Candida species, but further studies in vivo are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the reduction of OD. To the best of our knowledge, the antimicrobial activity of farnesol against C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, and C. glabrata has not been reported previously, although studies have confirmed the inhibitory effect of farnesol on the growth of different microorganisms.

Keywords: Candida albicans, Candida glabrata biofilms, Candida guilliermondii, Candida krusei, farnesol, optical density, quorum sensing.

Dried bovine placenta improves spermatozoa count in a rat model of male reproductive aging

Research (Published online: 21-06-2021)

25. Dried bovine placenta improves spermatozoa count in a rat model of male reproductive aging

Surya Agus Prihatno, Yosua Kristian Adi, Teguh Budipitojo, Topas Wicaksono Priyo Jr and Yonathan Alvin Maruli Asi Sihotang

Veterinary World, 14(6): 1602-1607

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: In the male reproductive system, the aging process can lead to infertility. Recently, placenta and its derivatives have been researched as regenerative agents. This study aimed to describe the basic components of dried bovine placenta powder and its potential effects as a regenerative agent in a rat model of male reproductive aging with D-galactose induction.

Materials and Methods: We divided 15 male Wistar rats, 2 months of age, into three groups: A, the health control group; B, the D-galactose induction group, and C, the D-galactose induction and 10% dried bovine placenta supplementation group. We measured epididymal sperm concentration and testicular weight and volume and analyzed these using one-way analysis of variance.

Results: Dried bovine placenta was rich in nutrients, with 61.98% protein, 21.25±2.07 carbohydrates, 8.58% water, 4.93% ash, and 3.27% fat. The mean epididymal spermatozoa concentration of the rats in Groups A, B, and C was 3026×106/mL, 1492.8×106/mL, and 2732.5×106/mL, respectively. The average total testicle weights were 2.44 g, 2.72 g, and 2.57 g, respectively. The average total testicle volumes were 2.29 cm3, 2.49 cm3, and 2.33cm3, respectively.

Conclusion: Dried bovine placenta powder is rich in nutrients, especially protein. Supplementation with dried bovine placenta can improve epididymal spermatozoa concentration that is important in fertility.

Keywords: aging, bovine placenta, male reproductive, sperm count, testicular.

Mineral status of soil, sea water, and mangrove (Avicennia marina) forages in several coastal areas of West Sumatra

Research (Published online: 21-06-2021)

24. Mineral status of soil, sea water, and mangrove (Avicennia marina) forages in several coastal areas of West Sumatra

Gusri Yanti, Novirman Jamarun, Suyitman Suyitman, Benni Satria and Rani Winardi Wulan Sari

Veterinary World, 14(6): 1594-1601

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The availability of minerals in the soil affect the mineral content of mangrove leaves. This study aimed to determine the macro- and micromineral contents in the environment and mangrove leaves (Avicennia marina) as animal feed in the coastal areas of West Sumatra, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: In this study, soil, water, and mangrove leaves were extracted from the mangrove plant's environment. The mineral contents were determined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer of Beijing Rayleigh Analytical Instrument Corporation (make and country of origin). The total phenol and tannin contents were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu and hide-powder methods, respectively.

Results: The mineral content of the soil affected the mineral content of the plants. The soil and leaves of A. marina in the Pariaman area were richer in terms of macro- and microminerals. The soil had pH value, organic carbon content, leaf nitrogen content, phosphorus, calcium, and potassium of 5.65, 4.21%, 3.39%, 0.17%, 1.99%, and 0.54%, respectively. A. marina leaves had a total phenol and tannin contents of 24.51 mg GAE/g check the unit and 4.09%, respectively.

Conclusion: This research showed that the mineral content in the soil in several mangrove areas in West Sumatra has a positive correlation with the mineral content in the leaves of A. marina, which have a complete mineral content. Therefore, A. marina leaves could be recommended as a mineral source for ruminants.

Keywords: Avicennia marina, forage, mineral content, soil.

Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus cultures of different biological origin to commercial bacteriophages and phages of Staphylococcus aureus var. bovis

Research (Published online: 19-06-2021)

23. Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus cultures of different biological origin to commercial bacteriophages and phages of Staphylococcus aureus var. bovis

Yulia Horiuk, Mykola Kukhtyn, Serhiy Kernychnyi, Svitlana Laiter-Moskaliuk, Sergiy Prosyanyi and Nataliia Boltyk

Veterinary World, 14(6): 1588-1593

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, is an ongoing problem in dairy herds. In this study, we determined the sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus cultures of different biological origins to commercial bacteriophages and phages of S. aureus var. bovis which were isolated on dairy farms, to create a drug for the treatment of mastitis in cows.

Materials and Methods: We used cultures of S. aureus isolated from different habitats, and other types of staphylococci isolated on dairy farms. As antibacterial agents, the commercially available bacteriophages staphylococcal bacteriophage and Intestifag and field strains of phages Phage SAvB07, Phage SAvB08, Phage SAvB12, and Phage SAvB14 were used. Evaluation of their lytic properties was performed using the drip method.

Results: The drug Intestifag lysed cultures isolated from human habitats and archival strains of S. aureus No.209-P and S. aureus (ATCC 25923) in 91.8%–100% of cases. Staphylococcal bacteriophage killed 3.6 times fewer cultures of S. aureus isolated from humans than Intestifag and did not affect the growth of archival strains. Neither drug lysed cultures isolated from cows or cultures isolated from dairy products sold in agri-food markets. Phage SAvB14 lysed 92.7±8.3% of S. aureus isolated from the mammary glands of cows and 69.2±6.4% of cultures isolated from dairy products sold in agri-food markets. Phage SAvB12, Phage SAvB08, and Phage SAvB07 lysed 1.2-1.7 times fewer cultures isolated from the mammary glands of cows and 6-18 times fewer cultures isolated from dairy products, compared with Phage SAvB14. Phages of S. aureus var. bovis can infect staphylococcal species such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Staphylococcus xylosus. The widest range of hosts was found for Phage SAvB14, which indicates its polyvalence.

Conclusion: The biological origin of staphylococcal strains must be considered when developing effective phage therapy. Phage SAvB14 appears to be a good candidate for the development of a drug for the treatment of mastitis in cows.

Keywords: bacteriophage, drug development, mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus.

Ameliorative effect of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel infusion on the histopathological structures of the liver and kidney of rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) after H2O2 induction

Research (Published online: 18-06-2021)

22. Ameliorative effect of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel infusion on the histopathological structures of the liver and kidney of rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) after H2O2 induction

J. R. A. Rusman, S. A. Sundari, A. Nuriliani and H. T. Saragih

Veterinary World, 14(6): 1579-1587

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a free radical, widely use as a food preservative, may cause adverse effects to the body. Mangosteen contains various antioxidants may scavenge free radical produced by H2O2. This study examined the effects of mangosteen peel infusion on the liver and kidney of rats after H2O2 induction.

Materials and Methods: Thirty-six female Wistar rats were divided into six groups: Negative control, positive control (1% H2O2), as well as mangosteen peel infusion groups at a concentration of 0.25; 0.5; 1, and 2%. H2O2 induction was administered orally every day for 2 months followed by mangosteen peel infusion treatment (1 month) after H2O2 induction for 1 month. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed. The liver and kidney of each rat were collected for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and histopathological examinations. Furthermore, blood was collected for creatinine examination.

Results: H2O2 induction caused the highest ROS level elevation in the positive control group which was treated with H2O2 only. Meanwhile, 2% of mangosteen peel infusion returned the ROS levels to normal. It was also observed that mangosteen peel infusion restored creatinine levels to normal. Furthermore, 2% of mangosteen peel infusion improved the histopathological structure of the liver and kidneys after H2O2 induction.

Conclusion: Mangosteen peel infusion especially at a concentration of 2% has the potential to improve liver and kidney structure and functions after H2O2 induction.

Keywords: antioxidant, female rat, H2O2, histological structure, mangosteen peel infusion.