Prevalence and molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from chicken in Bangladesh

Research (Published online: 28-06-2019)

28. Prevalence and molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from chicken in Bangladesh

Zafar Ahmed Bhuiyan, Md. Zulfekar Ali, Mohammad Moktader Moula, Md. Giasuddin and Zahed Uddin Mahmood Khan

Veterinary World, 12(6): 909-915

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) as well as virus isolation, identification, and molecular characterization of various strains circulating in Bangladesh.

Materials and Methods: A total of 371 swabs and organ samples were collected from four types of chicken including layer, Sonali (local), broiler, and broiler breeder under eight districts (Rangpur, Bogura, Tangail, Dhaka, Gazipur, Mymensingh, Jamalpur, and Cumilla) during 2014-2016 in Bangladesh.

Results: Out of 371 samples, 65 samples were positive in reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for molecular identification of IBV. The overall prevalence was 17.52% recorded and among the selected types of chicken, the highest prevalence of IBV was found in layer that was 42.22% followed by 17.24% in Sonali, 14.93% in broiler breeder, and lowest prevalence was 11.94% in broiler chicken, respectively. Moreover, the prevalence of IBV was recorded highest in aged chicken at 41-60 weeks, which was 54.55% in layer, 27.27% in Sonali, and, afterward, 14.68% was found in broiler breeder, respectively. Frequency of IBV more frequently in winter (22.67%) followed by rainy (15.87%) and summer season (11.58%). The highest prevalence of IBV was found Tangail district (41.67%) followed by Mymensingh (24.42%), Gazipur (19.32%), Dhaka (15.38%), Jamalpur (16.67%), Bogura (13.68%), Cumilla (5.88%), and Rangpur (9.26%), respectively. Samples that were found high positive in IBV RT-PCR (Ct value below 30) were subjected to inoculation into chicken egg embryo to observe characteristic changes in chicken embryo. Swabs and organ samples were processed and passaged in 9-day-old embryonated chicken eggs through allantoic cavity route. IBV virus suspected samples inoculated into chicken egg embryos after 3-5 passages showed dwarfing and curling of the embryos which are characteristic lesions of IBV. Allantoic fluid was collected from all inoculated eggs and performed partial sequencing of S1 gene for three isolates. After sequencing, the phylogenetic tree was constructed from the nucleotide sequences of IBV isolates. Two of the isolates are 4/91 IBV and another one matched with QX-like IBV.

Conclusion: The results revealed that the three isolates from different places in Bangladesh were identified for the 1st time as which will help for IBV control strategy.

Keywords: chicken, infectious bronchitis virus, isolation, molecular, prevalence.

Comparative study between the excision-ligation and autoligation of vas deferens technique for teaser rams preparation

Research (Published online: 27-06-2019)

27. Comparative study between the excision-ligation and autoligation of vas deferens technique for teaser rams preparation

Dhurgham Hameed Al Haideri, Hussein Kareem Ibraheim and Falah Baiee

Veterinary World, 12(6): 901-908

ABSTRACT

Aim: The present study was designed to demonstrate the autoligation (AL) of vas deferens and the excision-ligation (EL) technique to generate vasectomized rams to reduce the complications, operative time, and price of the vasectomy techniques.

Materials and Methods: A total of 12 healthy and mature Iraqi Awassi rams were used, which divided into two groups, six rams for each one. The former group was performed the EL technique while the latter group, the AL of vas deferens technique was used.

Results: The results of the present study found that both techniques were same with the reproductive efficient examinations that mean the two techniques had same ability to close the male genital passage for teaser rams preparation. However, the methods were different with the histopathological changes, operation time, prices, and complications, which were minor in the AL of vas deferens compared with the EL technique.

Conclusion: The AL technique of vas deferens to prepare teaser animal is recommended over the EL technique due to different aspects such as cost, fewer complications, and active teaser for a long period are the main aspects of AL technique.

Keywords: ram infertility, testes, vas occlusion, vasectomy techniques.

Genetic variation and phylogenetic analysis of Indonesian indigenous catfish based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit III gene

Research (Published online: 27-06-2019)

26. Genetic variation and phylogenetic analysis of Indonesian indigenous catfish based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit III gene

Rini Widayanti, Aris Haryanto, Wayan Tunas Artama and Suhendra Pakpahan

Veterinary World, 12(6): 896-900

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to analyze the genetic variation and phylogenetic reconstruction of Indonesian indigenous catfish using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit III sequences.

Materials and Methods: A total of 19 samples of catfish were collected from seven rivers (Elo [EM], Progo [PM], Kampar [KR], Musi [MP], Mahakam [MS], Kapuas [KS], and Bengawan Solo [BSBJ]) in five different geographical locations in Indonesia. The genome was isolated from the tissue. Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit III was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with CO3F and CO3R primers. The PCR products were sequenced and continued to analyze genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship using MEGA version 7.0 software.

Results: Cytochrome c oxidase (COX)-III gene sequencing obtained 784 nucleotides encoding 261 amino acids. Sequenced COX-III gene fragments were aligned along with other catfish from Genbank using ClustalW program and genetic diversity among species was analyzed using the MEGA Version 7.0 software. Among all samples, there were substitution mutations at 78 nucleotide sites, and there were 14 variations in amino acids. Catfish from PM, KR, MP, and KS had the same amino acids as Hemibagrus nemurus (KJ573466.1), while EM catfish had eight different amino acids and catfish BSBJhad 12 different amino acids.

Conclusion: Indonesian catfish divided into four clades. BBSJ Catfish were grouped with Pangasianodon gigas, EM catfish were grouped with Mystus rhegma, and KS catfish were grouped with Hemibagrus spilopterus, while catfish MS, KR, PM, and MP were grouped with H. nemurus.

Keywords: cytochrome c oxidase-III, Hemibagrus, Indonesian indigenous catfish, mitochondrial DNA, phylogenetic.

Effects of rations containing formaldehyde-protected soybean meal on meat production in Kacang goats

Research (Published online: 25-06-2019)

25. Effects of rations containing formaldehyde-protected soybean meal on meat production in Kacang goats

Retno Adiwinarti, I. Gede Suparta Budisatria, K. Kustantinah, R. Rusman and Edwin Indarto

Veterinary World, 12(6): 890-895

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to investigate effects of rations containing formaldehyde-protected soybean meal on meat production in Kacang goats.

Materials and Methods: Fourteen yearling Kacang bucks, weighing 15.8-19.8 kg, were arranged in a completely randomized design. The treatments included a control (PSBM0): 100% untreated SBM; PSBM50: 50% untreated SBM + 50% formaldehyde-protected SBM; and PSBM100: 100% formaldehyde-protected SBM.

Results: The goats disliked the protected SBM. Therefore, differences in their intakes were reflected in their average daily gain (ADG). The ADG and slaughtered weight of the control group were the highest, while those of the PSBM100 and PSBM50 groups were similar. The carcass weights and meat production of the control group were higher than those of the PSBM50 group, but the retained protein to the meat conversion ratio of the PSBM50 group was lower than that of the control. The carcass percentages were similar between the treatments.

Conclusion: The retained protein to meat conversion ratio of Kacang goats fed with 50% formaldehyde-protected SBM showed the lowest value, indicating that these rations efficiently produced meat in the carcass.

Keywords: carcass, chevon quality, daily gain, Kacang goat, soybean meal.

A sensitive serodiagnostic tool for the detection of active infection of zoonotic visceral and nasopharyngeal linguatulosis

Research (Published online: 24-06-2019)

24. A sensitive serodiagnostic tool for the detection of active infection of zoonotic visceral and nasopharyngeal linguatulosis

Marwa M. Attia, Elshaimaa Ismael and Nagla M. K. Saleh

Veterinary World, 12(6): 883-889

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the different serological techniques for early diagnosis of acute concurrent infections with linguatulosis in the definitive host (dogs) and an intermediate host (goats). This evaluation compared between the gold standard (GS) test (GS; examination of nasal and fecal samples in dogs and examination of lymph nodes in goats), sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (S-ELISA), and indirect ELISA.

Materials and Methods: Fifty goats and fifty dogs were examined for the presence of Linguatula serrata nymphs and adults, respectively, besides the collection of blood samples from the examined animals for serologic testing.

Results: In goats; GS, S-ELISA, and indirect ELISA showed positivity in 32 (64%), 28 (56%), and 39 (78%) samples, respectively. In dogs; GS, S-ELISA, and indirect ELISA showed positivity in 25 (50%), 25 (50%), and 30 (60%) samples, respectively. S-ELISA displayed significant higher agreement with the GS test (≥0.83) than indirect ELISA (≤0.67) in both hosts. Infection with linguatulosis showed significant relation with the age of goats and dogs and the sex of goats (p<0.05).

Conclusion: S-ELISA displayed more sensitivity and specificity for the detection of concurrent infections with linguatulosis in both dogs and goats than indirect ELISA, which could detect the prior infections. Similarly, these assays could be used for diagnosis of concurrent infections with linguatulosis in human, especially the chronic ones.

Keywords: halzoun, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Linguatula serrata, sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, visceral linguatulosis.

In vitro and in vivo Areca catechu crude aqueous extract as an anthelmintic against Ascaridia galli infection in chickens

Research (Published online: 22-06-2019)

23. In vitro and in vivo Areca catechu crude aqueous extract as an anthelmintic against Ascaridia galli
infection in chickens

Wida Wahidah Mubarokah, Wisnu Nurcahyo, Joko Prastowo and Kurniasih Kurniasih

Veterinary World, 12(6): 877-882

ABSTRACT

Aim: Intestinal parasites cause severe diseases at poultry farms, especially in developing countries, including Indonesia. Infections cause significant decreases in productivity at poultry farms. Ascaridia galli is a common nematode found in chickens with a prevalence of up to 92%. This study evaluates the in vitro and in vivo effects of Areca catechu crude aqueous extract (AAE) as an anthelmintic against A. galli.

Materials and Methods: In the in vitro study, already-infected slaughtered chickens were collected from local slaughterhouses in Yogyakarta. The chicken intestines were carefully examined and transported to the Parasitological Laboratory of Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. A. galli was collected from the intestines and put into a Petri dish containing 0.62% saline solution. Sixty A. galli individuals were soaked in different concentrations of the AAE for 3-6 h. The number of deceased A. galli was recorded by ascertaining whether they had ceased movement using a stereo microscope. The morphological characteristics of the parasites were studied. The in vivo study used 40 female chickens that were 1.5 months old and infected with the eggs of A. galli. Approximately 3000 infective eggs were found in each chicken. There were four treatment groups; Group A served as the control and was treated with Aquadestilata, Group B was treated with 26 mg/ml of AAE, Group C was treated with 79 mg/ml of AAE, and Group D was treated with 50 mg/ml of pyrantel pamoate. The AAE was applied using a pipette for 14 days. The observed parameters include the effect of the treatments on hematology, body weight (BW), and the number of A. galli eggs within each gram of fecal matter.

Results: The AAE damaged the morphology, including the anterior end, posterior end, and vulva, of A. galli in vitro. The tegument of the anterior and posterior ends was slightly rougher, wrinkled, and damaged. The vulva and spicule ducts were irregular and indistinct. The average eggs per gram (EPG) in the untreated control increased in vivo from 1450±355.90 to 1975±325.96. The average EPG decreased from 1485±386.62 to 0±0.00 during 14 days of treatment of 79 mg/ml of AAE. The mean BW gain in the treated chickens was significantly (p<0.5) higher than the control. The treatment with 79 mg/ml of AAE increased the total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume values in the chickens.

Conclusion: AAE can cause morphological changes and subsequent death in adult A. galli in vitro and effectively decrease ascariasis severity in chickens, therefore increasing overall BW in vivo.

Keywords: Areca catechu crude aqueous extract, Ascaridia galli, chickens, in vitro, in vivo.

Protective effects of honey by bees (Apis dorsata) on decreased cortical thickness and bone impact strength of ovariohysterectomized rats as models for menopause

Research (Published online: 22-06-2019)

22. Protective effects of honey by bees (Apis dorsata) on decreased cortical thickness and bone impact strength of ovariohysterectomized rats as models for menopause

Ira Sari Yudaniayanti, Hardany Primarizky, Lianny Nangoi and Gandul Atik Yuliani

Veterinary World, 12(6): 868-876

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to determine the potential of honey as anti-osteoporosis by evaluating its effectiveness in increasing bone impact strength and cortical thickness, through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination.

Materials and Methods: Forty-five female rats at 3 months of age, weighing 150-200 g were used in the study. They were placed in individual cages and adapted to food and environment for 10 days. On the 11th day, after the animals were adapted for 10 days, the animals were randomly divided into five treatment groups (n=9): Sham operation group (SH); ovariohysterectomized (OVX) group with no treatment; OVX with treatment Apis dorsata 1 g/kg BW (AD-1); OVX with treatment A. dorsata 2 g/kg BW (AD-2); and OVX with treatment A. dorsata 4 g/kg BW (AD-3). Furthermore, those nine rats in each treatment group were divided into three groups. Three of them were observed at months 1st, 2nd, and 3rd so that in each observation taken three rats in each treatment group. At the end of the study, the rats were euthanized and necropsy for taking their second femoral bone, i.e. dexter region for examining their bone impact strength, while the sinister region was used for measure the cortical thickness of the femoral diaphysis and examining their bone microarchitecture using SEM analysis.

Results: Based on results of the ANOVA test, the cortical thickness measurements of femoral diaphyseal can be seen that from month 1 to month 3 the lowest result was found in the group of rats that were OVX-I. Meanwhile, the highest result was found in the group of rats that were not OVX (SH-III). It was significantly different from the other treatment groups (p<0.05). The groups of rats were OVX with honey supplementation at doses of 2 g/kg BW had shown an increasing pattern in the cortical bone thickness from month 1 to month 3. Even on the observation of the 3rd month, the cortical bone thickness in the AD-2 (AD-2-III) group was not significantly different (p>0.05) from that in the group of rats was not OVX in month 1 (SH-I). The results of the bone impact strength measurement from month 1 to month 3 indicated that the groups of rats were OVX without the administration of honey supplements had the lowest value. The highest bone impact strength was found in the group of rats that was not OVX, but not significantly different (p>0.05) with the groups of rats that were OVX administered honey supplement with a dose of 2 g/kg BW (AD-2) and 4 g/kg BW (AD-3).

Conclusion: The supplement of honey A. dorsata at doses of 2 g/kg BW in the group of rats was that OVX can inhibit the decreasing of the cortical bone thickness and repair damage in microarchitecture to generate bone impact strength. As a result, bones are not easily broken.

Keywords: bone impact strength, cortical thickness, honey Apis dorsata, microarchitecture, ovariohysterectomy.