In vitro evaluation of the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus isolated from native swine manure

Research (Published online: 11-05-2021)

11. In vitro evaluation of the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus isolated from native swine manure

Chiraprapha Tuyarum, Aporn Songsang and Monthon Lertworapreecha

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1133-1142

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Using antimicrobials as a feed additive in swine production is prohibited because it is a major cause of the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus spp. are an attractive alternative to reduce antimicrobial resistance and promote swine growth. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro probiotic properties of Lactobacillus isolated from indigenous swine manure.

Materials and Methods: A total of 30 fecal samples from healthy individual indigenous pigs were collected and isolated on de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar. The preliminary screen identified candidates with antibacterial activity against six pathogens and >50% survival and tolerance to acid (pH 3.0) and 1% bile salt. Isolates that passed the initial screen will be tested for other probiotic properties.

Results: Of the 314 isolates from 30 pig manure samples, 17 isolates satisfied all initial conditions for probiotic properties. Each isolate has unique, distinctive properties. Isolates B4, B5, B8, B17, B87, and B144 formed thick biofilms, whereas isolates B5, B8, and 27 adhered well to the intestinal wall and exhibited strong autoaggregation properties. Isolate B4 aggregated with Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Enteropathogenic E. coli. Tests in pH-adjusted cell-free medium indicated that the antibacterial activity resulted from bacterial acidification rather than bacteriocin formation. Sequence analysis (16S rRNA) revealed 16 of the isolates were Lactobacillus plantarum, and only one isolate was Lactobacillus salivarius.

Conclusion: We isolated 17 Lactobacillus from swine manure and demonstrated that their probiotic properties might be useful as a probiotic cocktail for swine feed.

Keywords: Lactobacillus spp., native swine manure, probiotic properties.

Antibacterial effect of acidic ionized water on horse wounds bacterial isolates

Research (Published online: 10-05-2021)

10. Antibacterial effect of acidic ionized water on horse wounds bacterial isolates

Afiqah Zafirah Abdul Rahman, Noraniza Mohd Adzahan, Zunita Zakaria and Abubakar Musa Mayaki

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1128-1132

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Horse wounds can be easily infected with bacteria depending on the nature of its cause such as laceration, abrasion, or puncture as well as the nature of its environment. Various treatments are available in managing open wounds, including the usage of topical antibiotics and antiseptics. However, antibiotic resistance has been a major concern attributed with chronic wound infection. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of ionized water at different pH against the growth of common bacteria from horse wounds.

Materials and Methods: Ten swab samples from equine infected wounds were collected and bacteria isolation and identification were performed. The antibacterial effect of the ionized water of pH 2.5, 4.5, 7.0, and 11.5 was tested on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus intermedius, Escherichia coli, Pantoea agglomerans, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The time-kill profiles of the ionized waters were determined at time 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h.

Results: Ionized water of pH 2.5 and 4.5 showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius, and S. intermedius with significant (p>0.05) reduction in colony-forming unit/mL within 2-8 h. The degree of bactericidal effect of the acidic ionized water differs between the species with S. intermedius more susceptible. However, there was no antibacterial effect at pH 2.5, 4.5, 7.0, and 11.5 on the Gram-negative bacteria tested.

Conclusion: Ionized water of pH 2.5 and 4.5 is effective in minimizing the growth of Gram-positive bacteria; thus it could be of clinical importance as an antiseptic for surface wound lavage in horses.

Keywords: bacterial growth, ionized water, horse, wounds.

Antimicrobial sensitivity of Avibacterium paragallinarum isolates from layers in the special region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 08-05-2021)

9. Antimicrobial sensitivity of Avibacterium paragallinarum isolates from layers in the special region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Ima Fauziah, Widya Asmara and Agnesia Endang Tri Hastuti Wahyuni

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1124-1127

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Infectious coryza (IC) is an upper respiratory disease of chicken caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum. Its clinical symptoms are swollen face and malodorous sinus exudate. This study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial sensitivity of A. paragallinarum isolates from layers in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: The samples used in this study were 30 layers that showed IC symptoms. The colony and cell morphology were observed with Gram staining; then, biochemical tests (catalase, oxidase, urease, indole, and motility tests, and carbohydrate fermentation tests using lactose, maltose, mannitol, and sorbitol) were performed to the suspected colony to identify A. paragallinarum. An antibiotic sensitivity test was performed using several antibiotic disks against A. paragallinarum isolates that were cultured on Mueller-Hinton Agar.

Results: Out of 30 samples, 24 samples (80%) were found positive for A. paragallinarum. All isolates were sensitive to ampicillin (AMP) and amoxicillin (AML) (100%), and chloramphenicol (C) (91.6%). The antibiotics with intermediate sensitivity were enrofloxacin (79.2%), fosfomycin (75%), and ciprofloxacin (54.2%). The isolates were most resistant to erythromycin (100%), followed by tetracycline (87.5%), streptomycin (83.3%), doxycycline and kanamycin (70.8%), and trimethoprim (62.5%).

Conclusion: Out of the total samples, 24 samples (80%) from layers with IC symptoms were identified biochemically as A. paragallinarum. It was sensitive to AMP, AML, and C.

Keywords: antimicrobial susceptibility test, Avibacterium paragallinarum, infectious coryza.

Potential antimicrobial properties of the Ulva lactuca extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds: A review

Review (Published online: 08-05-2021)

8. Potential antimicrobial properties of the Ulva lactuca extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds: A review

Nadya Fianny Ardita, Lenny Mithasari, Daris Untoro and Siti Isrina Oktavia Salasia

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1116-1123

ABSTRACT

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), currently a major problem in hospitals worldwide, is one of the most common causes of nosocomial disease through surgical wound infection. MRSA-infected wounds have very low recovery rates and have become more problematic as some antibiotics are not effective against MRSA. Several antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents of green algae (Ulva lactuca) in the form of alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins, and flavonoids have the potential to accelerate the wound healing process following MRSA wound infection. Various active compounds contained in the U. lactuca extract are thought to have multiple antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties that can overcome the MRSA antimicrobial resistance and accelerate tissue growth in the wound healing process. This review aims to describe the potential of Ulva lactuca extract against MRSA-infected wound healing.

Keywords: antibacterial, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Ulva lactuca, wound infection.

The effect of different types of in ovo selenium injection on the immunity, villi surface area, and growth performance of local chickens

Research (Published online: 07-05-2021)

7. The effect of different types of in ovo selenium injection on the immunity, villi surface area, and growth performance of local chickens

Rantan Krisnan, Yuli Retnani, Budi Tangendjaja, Rita Mutia, Anuraga Jayanegara and Elizabeth Wina

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1109-1115

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The presence of free radicals may lower chicken's performance. Thus, the antioxidant defense is needed and can be made through a nutritional approach such as selenium supplementation before hatches. This study aimed to investigate the type of selenium that, as an in ovo feeding (IOF) material, can provide the most enhancement of immunity, villi surface area, and early growth performance of local chickens.

Materials and Methods: This study, with a completely randomized design, used 480 fertile Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB, a selected local breed) chicken eggs, with 120 eggs per treatment for four treatments. The four treatments of IOF material included the treatment with organic selenium yeast (SY), organic hydroxy-selenomethionine (HSM), inorganic sodium selenite (SS), and uninjected selenium (control). A solution containing 0.15 ppm of different selenium was injected into the egg amnion after 18 days of incubation. Once hatched, the chicks were placed in three individual cages for each treatment (capacity of eight birds per cage). The parameters observed were the villi surface area, antibody titer, the number of total and differentiated leucocytes, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity levels, and growth and feed efficiency of the early growth performance.

Results: All the in ovo selenium feeding, except SS, significantly affected the villi surface area, antibody titer, and lymphocyte and heterophil percentages; however, the feedings were still not optimal for enhancing antibody titers and total and differentiated leukocytes. All types of selenium were demonstrated to increase the activity of GSH-Px significantly compared to the control treatment (p<0.05). Furthermore, the daily gain and feed conversion ratio of the groups treated with SY and HSM was significantly improved compared to that of the control group.

Conclusion: In ovo SY and HSM improve immunity significantly, villi surface areas and performance. Therefore, both types are the best nutrient ingredients of IOF for building immunity and producing good performance in chickens.

Keywords: immunity, in ovo, local chicken, performance, selenium, villi.

Investigations on the vaginal temperature, cycle stages, and steroid hormone concentrations during the breeding season in camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Research (Published online: 07-05-2021)

6. Investigations on the vaginal temperature, cycle stages, and steroid hormone concentrations during the breeding season in camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Ragab H. Mohamed, Amal M. Abo El-Maaty, Rasha S. Mohamed, Axel Wehrend, Fatma Ali and Hassan A. Hussein

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1102-1108

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Estrus detection plays a crucial role in the success of animal reproduction. It was previously reported that body temperature changes during estrus. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vaginal temperatures (VTs) measured by a data logger, ovarian activity, and hormonal cyclic changes in camels.

Materials and Methods: Six mature, healthy, non-pregnant dromedary, and 10-12-year-old camels were included in the study. The ovarian activity was monitored with ultrasonography, and estrus behavior was evaluated using an active and virile male camel. Animals were inserted with a blank controlled internal drug release device attached with an intravaginal data logger. Every hour, the ambient temperature was recorded by another data logger. Blood samples were collected, and sera were used to measure estradiol and progesterone levels.

Results: The whole follicular cycle lasted 25.41±1.36 days, and the maximum sizes of the dominant follicle in the first and second follicular waves were 1.63±0.27 cm and 1.94±0.42 cm, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the follicular diameter and estradiol-17β level (p<0.01, r=0.397). There was no correlation between the follicular diameter and progesterone level (p>0.05, r=0.038), which remained low during the whole period of the experiment. The mean daily VT was significantly correlated with the diameter of the dominant follicle (1.7-2.2 cm, p<0.01, r=0.52).

Conclusion: Measurement of VT will improve the accuracy of estrus prediction. Further studies are recommended to validate VT in camel reproduction.

Keywords: data logger, dromedary camels, estrus detection, follicular waves, ovarian hormones, vaginal temperature.

Effects of different concentration of organic and inorganic trace minerals (zinc, selenium, and chromium) supplementation on expression of chTLR4 gene and humoral immune response in broilers

Research (Published online: 06-05-2021)

5. Effects of different concentration of organic and inorganic trace minerals (zinc, selenium, and chromium) supplementation on expression of chTLR4 gene and humoral immune response in broilers

Anand Kumar Jain, Aditya Mishra, Ajit Pratap Singh, Pragati Patel, Amir Amin Sheikh, Tilak Ram Chandraker and Rajesh Vandre

Veterinary World, 14(5): 1093-1101

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Poultry production is the fastest-growing livestock sector in developing countries. In the poultry diet, trace minerals (zinc [Zn], selenium [Se], and chromium [Cr]) are normally administered in the inorganic form which has been traditionally considered as the most cost-effective and easily available but organic forms of these trace minerals have a higher bioavailability, lower dietary inclusion and cause less environmental pollution as compared to inorganic form. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of organic and inorganic forms of trace minerals (Zn, Se, and Cr) supplementation (0-35 days) on expression of chTLR4gene and humoral immune response in broilers.

Materials and Methods: A total of 216 broilers were randomly divided into 12 groups and each group divided into three replicates consisting of six broilers each. T1 (R1, R2, and R3) group was kept as control. T2, T3, and T4 (R1, R2, and R3) groups were supplemented with inorganic form of Zn at 40 mg/kg of feed, organic form of Zn at 40 mg/kg of feed, and 50% organic form of Zn at 20 mg/kg of feed, respectively. T5, T6, and T7 (R1, R2, and R3) groups were supplemented with inorganic form of Se at 0.3 mg/kg of feed, organic form of Se at 0.3 mg/kg of feed, and 50% organic form of Se at 0.15 mg/kg of feed, respectively. T8, T9, and T10 (R1, R2, and R3) groups were supplemented with inorganic form of Cr at 2 mg/kg of feed, organic form of Cr at 2 mg/kg of feed, and 50% organic form of Cr at 1 mg/kg of feed, respectively. T11 and T12 (R1, R2, and R3) groups were supplemented with a combination of all three minerals from inorganic and organic forms, respectively.

Results: Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction gene expression analysis revealed that in bursa of Fabricius, maximum upregulation of chTLR4 (3.0214 fold) was observed in T6 group, and in spleen, maximum upregulation of chTLR4 (3.2140 fold) was observed in T3 group as compared to control group. On day 35, the maximum plasma immunoglobulin G concentration was observed in organic trace minerals (OTMs) supplemented, whereas the minimum concentration was recorded in control group. On day 28 and 35, the overall mean heterophil:lymphocyte ratio showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between control and OTM supplemented groups. A significantly higher immune organ weight (spleen and bursa of Fabricius) was recorded in OTM supplemented group as compared to control and other supplemented group.

Conclusion: Supplementation of organic form of Zn, Se, and Cr either alone or in combination increase humoral immune response and upregulation of chTLR4 gene expression in bursa and spleen indicates a beneficial effect of OTM in augmentation of immune system in broilers.

Keywords: Broilers, chTLR4, heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, immunoglobulin G, spleen and bursa of Fabricius and organic trace minerals.