Neurobiology of anesthetic-surgical stress and induced behavioral changes in dogs and cats: A review

Review (Published online: 11-02-2021)

10. Neurobiology of anesthetic-surgical stress and induced behavioral changes in dogs and cats: A review

I. Hernández-Avalos, E. Flores-Gasca, D. Mota-Rojas, A. Casas-Alvarado, A. E. Miranda-Cortés and A. Domínguez-Oliva

Veterinary World, 14(2): 393-404

ABSTRACT

The anesthetic-surgical stress response consists of metabolic, neuroendocrine, hemodynamic, immunological, and behavioral adaptations through chemical mediators such as the adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone, antidiuretic hormone, cortisol, aldosterone, angiotensin II, thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, catecholamines, insulin, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and prostaglandin E-2. Behavioral changes include adopting the so-called prayer posture, altered facial expressions, hyporexia or anorexia, drowsiness, sleep disorders, restriction of movement, licking or biting the injured area, and vocalizations. Overall, these changes are essential mechanisms to counteract harmful stimuli. However, if uncontrolled surgical stress persists, recovery time may be prolonged, along with increased susceptibility to infections in the post-operative period. This review discusses the neurobiology and most relevant organic responses to pain and anesthetic-surgical stress in dogs and cats. It highlights the role of stress biomarkers and their influence on autonomous and demeanor aspects and emphasizes the importance of understanding and correlating all factors to provide a more accurate assessment of pain and animal welfare in dogs and cats throughout the surgical process.

Keywords: cats, dogs, neurobiology, pain, stress, welfare.

Postpartum perineal muscle sonogram in Madura beef cow

Research (Published online: 10-02-2021)

9. Postpartum perineal muscle sonogram in Madura beef cow

Sari Yanti Hayanti, Amrozi Amrozi, Aryogi Aryogi and Mokhamad Fakhrul Ulum

Veterinary World, 14(2): 380-392

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Ultrasonography (USG) is useful for non-invasively identifying changes that occur in soft tissue architecture. The objective of this research was to demonstrate postpartum (PP) uterine involution through the changes of perineal muscle intensity and thickness in Madura beef cow by ultrasonography.

Materials and Methods: Madura's breed cows used in the research consist of eight non-pregnant (NP) cows and three PP cow. The transrectal and transperineal USG imaging of NP cows was performed on days 1, 33, and 65. USG imaging of PP cows was performed every day starting from day 1 (24 h after parturition) until day 21 PP. Transrectal USG of the reproductive tract was performed for the cervix, corpus uteri, and cornua uteri. USG was performed transcutaneously over the perineal area for coccygeus and levator ani muscles at the longitudinal and transverse angles. Reproductive tract diameter and perineal muscle intensity and thickness were measured with ultrasound imaging.

Results: The analysis of the sonogram of PP cows showed that the diameter of the cervix, corpus uteri, and cornua uteri decreased within 21 days PP. The transverse view of the coccygeus muscle of PP cows showed decreased muscle intensity and thickness. On the other hand, the longitudinal view showed increased coccygeus muscle intensity and thickness. The transverse view of the coccygeus muscle of NP cows showed increased muscle intensity, while muscle thickness was reduced. Sonogram analysis of the levator ani muscle of PP cows showed decreased muscle intensity with increasing muscle thickness. However, imaging of the levator ani muscle of NP cows showed a decrease in both intensity and muscle thickness. There was a significant difference in the mean value intensity of the scanning view analysis results of the levator ani muscle of the PP cow (523.6 AU increased to 672.1 AU) and the NP cow (515.9 AU decreased to 465.4 AU). Furthermore, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean value thickness of both scanning view analyses of the coccygeus and levator ani muscles of PP cows (5.8 mm increased to 6.5 mm and 3.8 mm increased to 4.8 mm, respectively) and NP cows (8.8 mm increased to 9.1 mm and 5.9 mm decreased to 4.9 mm, respectively).

Conclusion: We found that the perineal muscles, namely, the levator ani muscle and coccygeus muscle, change in size, and intensity during uterine involution as demonstrated on Madura beef cow.

Keywords: coccygeus, levator ani, Madura beef cow, postpartum, ultrasonography.

A spotlight on Raoultella ornithinolytica: A newly emerging life-threatening zoonotic pathogen

Review (Published online: 10-02-2021)

1. A spotlight on Raoultella ornithinolytica: A newly emerging life-threatening zoonotic pathogen

Wafaa A. Abd El-Ghany

International Journal of One Health, 7(1): 1-5

ABSTRACT

The genus Raoultella contains Raoultella ornithinolytica (R. ornithinolytica), which was previously named as Klebsiella ornithinolytica. R. ornithinolytica is a Gram-negative bacillus that belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. This pathogen is normally present in aquaculture, and it has been isolated from fish, insects, and wild and domestic birds. Seafood and poultry products are incriminated as sources of R. ornithinolytica infection. Community-acquired human infection with R. ornithinolytica is common. This infection is commonly associated with sepsis, bacteremia, food poisoning, purities, and urinary and respiratory tracts' infections. Rapid acquired resistance of R. ornithinolytica strains is common, and it is related to the development of resistant genes. R. ornithinolytica is considered as a newly emerging life-threatening pathogen world-wide. Hence, it is very important to determine the role of animals and birds in the epidemiological situation of this pathogen as well as the detection of antibiotic resistance genes before treatment.

Keywords: Animals, antibiotic resistance, birds, human, Raoultella, susceptibility.

A survey for potentially zoonotic parasites in backyard pigs in the Bucaramanga metropolitan area, Northeast Colombia

Research (Published online: 09-02-2021)

8. A survey for potentially zoonotic parasites in backyard pigs in the Bucaramanga metropolitan area, Northeast Colombia

Juan Carlos Pinilla, Elsa Morales and Angel Alberto Florez Muñoz

Veterinary World, 14(2): 372-379

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Backyard pigs farming is a rearing system associated with poor hygienic and sanitary conditions of the pig, often causing public health and food safety problems. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of potentially zoonotic parasites in population pig reared under backyard farming in the Bucaramanga metropolitan area, Northeast Colombia.

Materials and Methods: From September to December 2019, a total of 558 fecal samples from 64 backyard pig farms were examined for the presence of enteric protozoan infection. The coprological diagnosis was done by direct examination using Lugol's iodine solution, buffered saline solution, and Kinyoun technique. In addition, blood samples were collected from 200 pigs. Serum was collected and used for the detection of Trichinella spiralis and Taenia solium cysticercosis infections, using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: The overall prevalence of zoonotic protozoa in the Bucaramanga metropolitan area was 65.2%, reporting 52.7% prevalence for Balantidium coli, 33.7% for Entamoeba coli, and 5.7% for Cryptosporidium spp. Regarding the prevalence by municipalities, there was no statistical association (p>0.05), indicating that the prevalence was similar in the region under study. Pigs >7 months of age showed to be a risk factor for B. coli infection, indicating that the prevalence increases with the age, while pigs raised at >1000 masl and access to latrines, increased infection risk for E. coli and Cryptosporidium spp. infections. In the present study, T. spiralis infection was not detected in the analyzed sera, while T. solium cysticercosis infection was found to be 40.5%.

Conclusion: The high prevalence of protozoan infections and porcine cysticercosis reported in this study could be due to poor facilities, and lack of hygiene in the facilities, and suggests the possible transmission of these parasite populations between pigs and humans, thus increasing the transmission of parasites zoonotic potential. Therefore, appropriate sanitary management practices and deworming programs should be adopted to reduce the prevalence of these infectious agents.

Keywords: Colombia, cysticercosis, parasite, pigs, Trichinella, zoonotic.

Cocktail of chelated minerals and phytogenic feed additives in the poultry industry: A review

Review (Published online: 09-02-2021)

7. Cocktail of chelated minerals and phytogenic feed additives in the poultry industry: A review

Vishwanath Gopal Bhagwat, Ellusamy Balamurugan and Paramesh Rangesh

Veterinary World, 14(2): 364-371

ABSTRACT

This review article delineates the role of chelated minerals and phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) cocktail supplementation in improving the overall health status and production performance of poultry birds and its economic effects in the poultry industry. Organically complexed minerals have many advantages over inorganic sources. It has improved absorption and efficacy, which meets the bird's requirements comfortably with a low-dose level. Hence, inorganic forms can be replaced with lower-dose levels of organic minerals without any adverse effects on production performances in broilers and layers. PFAs possess medicinal properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, adaptogenic, and immunomodulatory, therefore, could be recommended as supplements. They are also growth promoters that enhance the overall health status and augment poultry birds' production performance. Furthermore, the tremendous potential of PFAs could be extracted with the recent advances in science and technology. With the advantages of organically complexed minerals and multiple beneficial applications, there is a resurgence to develop PFAs as a cocktail of organic minerals to improve the overall health status of poultry birds and augment their productivity, which, in turn, helps the poultry industry to grow decisively and economically.

Keywords: chelated, cocktail, inorganic, organic, phytogenic feed additives, poultry, production performance, supplement, trace minerals.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell co-adjuvant therapy with albendazole for managing Toxocara vitulorum-rat model

Research (Published online: 08-02-2021)

6. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell co-adjuvant therapy with albendazole for managing Toxocara vitulorum-rat model

Faten A. M. Abo-Aziza, Abdel Kader A. Zaki, Ahmed I. Alajaji and Saleh M. Al barrak

Veterinary World, 14(2): 347-363

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Toxocara vitulorum is a bovine intestinal nematode. Immune pictures following infection are conflicting and stopping anthelmintic albendazole treatment recording reversed liver abnormalities. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) therapy, subsequent to albendazole administration in rats infected with T. vitulorum.

Materials and Methods: The ultrasonographic and histopathological examinations as well as serum liver enzymes activity and the kinetics of recovery were investigated. The correlation of cell-mediated and humoral immune pictures was assessed by assaying immunoglobulins, splenocytes viability, phagocytic index, and Th1/Th2 cytokines.

Results: The cultured BMMSCs counting were 4.21×104 cells/cm2 with 96.03% viability. Flow-cytometric analysis indicated positive CD90 (82%), CD105 (79%) and negative CD34 (0.37%), CD45 (0.42%), attesting to the suitability of the isolated BMMSCs for use in therapy. Transplantation of BMMSCs after albendazole administration significantly reduced the release of liver enzymes (p<0.05) indicating liver cellularity improvement. The ultrasonographic, macroscopic, and histopathological findings confirmed the biochemical results. Significant elevation in the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (INF)-γ with a decline in interleukin (IL)-4 was observed in the untreated model (p<0.05). However, albendazole treatment followed by BMMSCs therapy significantly lowered the release of TNF-α and INF-γ, associated with significant production of IL-4 and IL-10 (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The final results indicated that the liver functions, histopathological findings, and immune parameters were aggravated after experimental T. vitulorum infection. Albendazole treatment followed by BMMSCs therapy was found to assist in regeneration of injured hepatic tissue. Besides, it appeared to modulate host defensive immune responses against T. vitulorum antigens. This work could define more clearly the events that manipulate the host immune, histopathological, and biochemical responses to minimize obstacles in using stem cell therapy in animal toxocariosis.

Keywords: albendazole, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, cell therapy, rat, Toxocara vitulorum.

Prevalence and fecal egg load of gastrointestinal parasites of Angora goats in four agro-ecological zones in Lesotho

Research (Published online: 05-02-2021)

5. Prevalence and fecal egg load of gastrointestinal parasites of Angora goats in four agro-ecological zones in Lesotho

Leballo G. Matsepe, Setsumi Molapo, Moeketsi Phalatsi and Mamajone Phororo

Veterinary World, 14(2): 339-346

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Goats are reared for their meat, mohair and other socio-cultural needs in Lesotho. Helminth infections are some of the major setbacks in the goat production industry due to their negative impact on animals' health, resulting in significant losses on meat and mohair production and death. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, fecal egg infestation, and morphological identification of gastrointestinal parasites in goats.

Materials and Methods: Fecal samples were collected from 765 goats and subjected to McMaster egg counting techniques using the flotation method. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS v.26.0).

Results: The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 94.7%, and the identified gastrointestinal parasites were nematodes (64.7%), coccidia (25.8%), and cestodes (4.2%). Haemonchus contortus was identified as the prevalent gastrointestinal nematode species found in goats. The prevalence and fecal egg count of gastrointestinal parasites were significantly higher (p<0.05) in goats located in the highlands and Senqu River Valley, while goats in the lowlands demonstrated a significantly (p<0.05) higher prevalence of H. contortus. Immature goats and kids were more significantly (p<0.05) prone to gastrointestinal parasites.

Conclusion: The nematodes and coccidia infestations were prevalent in goats located in the highlands and foothills, respectively, whereas nematode and coccidia fecal egg loads were higher in goats located in the foothills and Senqu River Valley, respectively.

Keywords: fecal egg counts, gastrointestinal parasites, goats, Haemonchus contortus, prevalence.