Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides in milk fermented by indigenous lactic acid bacteria

Research (Published online: 21-02-2020)

17. Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides in milk fermented by indigenous lactic acid bacteria

Yuliana Tandi Rubak, Lilis Nuraida, Dyah Iswantini and Endang Prangdimurti

Veterinary World, 13(2): 345-353

Background and Aim: Fermented milk can be used to produce antihypertensive peptides. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with its proteolytic system hydrolyze milk protein during fermentation to produce several peptides, which include antihypertensive bioactive peptides. This study aimed to investigate the ability of indigenous LAB for the production of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) peptides in fermented milk and to characterize the ACEI peptides.

Materials and Methods: Reconstituted milk (11%) inoculated with ten LAB isolates, and then incubated at 37°C until it reaches pH 4.6. The evaluation was carried out for LAB count, lactic acid concentration, peptide content, and ACE-I activity. The low molecular weight (MW) peptides (<3 kDa) were identified using Nano LC Ultimate 3000 series system Tandem Q Exactive Plus Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Results: The result showed that the ten LAB isolates were able to produce ACE-I in fermented milk with the activities in the range of 22.78±2.55-57.36±5.40%. The activity of ACE-I above 50% produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii BD7, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis BD17, and Lactobacillus kefiri YK4 and JK17, with the highest activity of ACE-I produced by L. kefiri YK4 (IC50 0.261 mg/mL) and L. kefiri JK17 (IC50 0.308 mg/mL). Results of peptide identification showed that L. kefiri YK 4 could release as many as 1329, while L. kefiri JK 17 could release 174 peptides. The peptides produced were 95% derived from casein. The other peptides were from α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and serum amyloid A. The peptides produced consisted of 6-19 amino acid residues, with MWs of 634-2079 Dalton and detected at 317-1093 m/z. A total of 30 peptides have been recognized based on literature searches as ACE-I peptides (sequence similarity: 100%).

Conclusion: L. kefiri YK4 and JK17 are the potential to be used as starter cultures to produce the bioactive peptide as ACE-I in fermented milk.

Keywords: angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides, fermented milk, indigenous lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus kefiri.

Helminth infections of great concern among cattle in Nigeria: Insight to its prevalence, species diversity, patterns of infections and risk factors

Research (Published online: 21-02-2020)

16. Helminth infections of great concern among cattle in Nigeria: Insight to its prevalence, species diversity, patterns of infections and risk factors

Shola David Ola-Fadunsin, Isau Aremu Ganiyu, Musa Rabiu, Karimat Hussain, Idiat Modupe Sanda, Alhassan Yunusa Baba, Nathan Ahmadu Furo and Rashidat Bolanle Balogun

Veterinary World, 13(2): 338-344

Background and Aim: Helminth infections are one of the greatest causes of productive and reproductive loss in animals and man, and in some cases, it results in heavy mortalities. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, species diversity, patterns of infections and risk factors associated with helminth infections of cattle in Ilorin, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: A total of 478 fecal samples were collected from abattoirs and cattle farms over a year period (March, 2018-February, 2019). Fecal samples were visually examined then observed using simple flotation and formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation techniques. Eggs and worms were identified according to standard procedures. The packed cell volume was determined using the hematocrit centrifugation technique.

Results: A total of 79.92% of the cattle examined were found positive with one or more helminth species. Eighteen helminth species (cutting across all classes of helminths) were detected, with Haemonchus contortus (60.46%), Trichostrongylus spp. (46.44%), Ostertagia ostertagi (42.05%), Bunostomum phlebotomum (28.87%), Cooperia spp. (24.27%), Oesophagostomum radiatum (21.97%), Strongyloides papillosus (12.13%), and Fasciola gigantica (10.67%) been the most prevalent. Helminth infection was detected all through the year with the least prevalence recorded in February (55.00%). About 61% of the examined cattle harbored double/multiple helminth species. There was a significant difference between breed, sex, physiological status, and season with the prevalence rate of helminth infections (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Our investigation demonstrated high prevalence and wide diversity of helminth species, which suggests that helminth infections are of great concern among cattle in Ilorin and Nigeria in general. There is a need for a radical veterinary intervention to curb the menace so as to have an economically robust cattle industry in Nigeria.

Keywords: cattle, helminths, Nigeria, prevalence, risk factors.

Occurrence of fluke infection in beef cattle around Phayao Lake, Phayao, Thailand

Research (Published online: 20-02-2020)

15. Occurrence of fluke infection in beef cattle around Phayao Lake, Phayao, Thailand

Ornampai Japa, Pannawich Siriwechviriya and Khanuengnij Prakhammin

Veterinary World, 13(2): 334-337

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Ruminant flukes, including Fasciola spp. and Paramphistomum spp., are recognized as the significant parasites in livestock worldwide. Cattle infected by these fluke results in slower growth rate and productivity losses contributing to economic losses. In case of Fasciola spp., the parasite is considered as an important zoonotic parasite. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of fluke invasion in beef cattle around Phayao Lake, Phayao, Thailand, between January 2019 and June 2019.

Materials and Methods: A total of 311 fecal samples from beef cows reared nearby Phayao Lake were examined for the presence of fluke eggs by formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation and subsequently identified by morphology together with methylene blue staining.

Results: The overall prevalence of fluke invasion in beef cattle around Phayao Lake was 33.8% (105/311). The prevalence of rumen fluke and liver fluke was 25.4% (79/311) and 8.4% (26/311), respectively. Mixed infection of both species was found at 1.9% (6/311).

Conclusion: Age of cattle was observed to be associated with invasion rate of all flukes, particularly in the ages over 4 years, which was the highest group of invasion. However, other risk factors, including gender, breed, and location of animals, were not found to be related. This study provides the current status of natural fluke invasion among the beef cattle in Phayao, Thailand, which could be critical for designing the control program of these parasites.

Keywords: beef cattle, digenetic trematodes, Fasciola spp., Paramphistomum spp., Phayao Lake.

Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of canine parvovirus circulating in Egypt

Research (Published online: 19-02-2020)

14. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of canine parvovirus circulating in Egypt

Kawther Sayed Zaher, Wahid Hussein El-Dabae, Mostafa Mohamed El-Sebelgy, Naglaa Ibrahim Aly and Zeinab Taha Salama

Veterinary World, 13(2): 326-333

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to detect and characterize current genotypes of canine parvovirus (CPV) in Egypt during 2018.

Materials and Methods: A total of 50 fecal swabs were collected from clinically infected domestic dogs of 2-5 months of age, suspected to suffer from CPV infection, from Cairo and Giza Governorates. The samples were subjected to qualitative antigen detection using the rapid test, followed by isolation on Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, molecular characterization with partial amplification of VP2 gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.

Results: Out of 50 fecal samples, 20 samples were positive (40%) by Rapid CPV/canine coronavirus Ag Test Kit. These positive samples were cultured successfully on MDCK cells. Nine randomly chosen samples out of 30 apparently negative samples were amplified using PCR with primers Hfor and Hrev to yield a typical 630 bp fragment. Then, six randomly chosen samples out of nine were amplified using PCR with primers Pbs and Pbas to yield a typical 427 bp fragment. Sequencing, BLAST analysis and assembly of the two fragments (630 bp and 427 bp) to produce 912 bp fragments, in the six samples, revealed two serotypes CPV-2b and CPV-2c. The obtained strains were submitted to GenBank and given accession numbers MK642272, MK642273, MK642274, MK642275, MK642276, and MK642277. Phylogenetic analysis of the Egyptian strains serotype 2b illustrated that they were closely related to Thailand strains (accession numbers KP715709, KP715694, KP715701, and KP715700); while Egyptian strains serotype 2c was closely related to Thailand strains (accession numbers MH711894 and MH711902), Taiwanese strain (KU244254), Chinese strain (MF467242), and Vietnamese strain (accession number LC216910).

Conclusion: The current research recommends further epidemiological studies to assess the extent of the occurrence of different serotypes of CPV in Egypt and the efficiency of imported and locally produced vaccines in protection against CPV infection.

Keywords: canine parvovirus, Egypt, genotyping, phylogenetic analysis, serotyping.

Occurrence and antibiogram of Listeria species in raw pork, beef, and chicken meats marketed in Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria

Research (Published online: 18-02-2020)

13. Occurrence and antibiogram of Listeria species in raw pork, beef, and chicken meats marketed in Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria

Onyinye Josephine Okorie-Kanu, Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu, Ekene Vivienne Ezenduka, Anthony Christian Mgbeahuruike, Christian Onwuchokwe Okorie-Kanu, Ejike Ekene Ugwuijem, Martha Nkechinyere Idogwu, Chidiebere Ohazuruike Anyaoha, Onyinye Lynda Majesty-Alukagberie, Roberto O. Vidal and Maricel Vidal

Veterinary World, 13(2): 317-325

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study was undertaken to isolate Listeria (L.) species from raw meats sold in markets in Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria, and to determine the antibacterial resistance profile.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-five grams of beef (n=144), chicken meat (n=144), and pork (n=144) were collected randomly from supermarkets and general markets in Enugu State. Isolation of Listeria was done using half and full Fraser broths, and polymyxin acriflavine lithium chloride ceftazidime aesculin mannitol agar. Identification of isolates was done using an analytical profile index kit specific for Listeria. Confirmation of the genus Listeria was done by a polymerase chain reaction. The resistance of the isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method.

Results: Listeria was isolated from 39/144 (27.1%) chicken meat, 19/144 (13.2%) pork, and 66/144 (45.8%) beef samples cultured. Listeria innocua was the predominant species in chicken meat (52.6%) and beef (81.8%) samples. Listeria grayi, Listeria welshimeri, and Listeria ivanovii were also isolated from the beef and chicken meat samples. More than 65% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin, rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and cephalothin. All the isolates from beef and pork samples and 23 (92%) from chicken meat samples, were resistant to ≥3 classes of antibacterial agents. Mean multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was 0.77 (range=0.42-1.00), 0.58 (range=0.25-0.83), and 0.79 (range=0.58-0.92) for the isolates from beef, chicken meat, and pork samples, respectively. All the isolates had MARI >0.2.

Conclusion: Multidrug-resistant Listeria strains contaminate raw beef, pork, and chicken meats marketed in Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria.

Keywords: antibacterial resistance, beef, chicken meat, Listeria species, pork.

Untargeted metabolite profiling on the water-soluble metabolites of edible bird's nest through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Research (Published online: 17-02-2020)

12. Untargeted metabolite profiling on the water-soluble metabolites of edible bird's nest through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Shi-Ruo Tong, Ting-Hun Lee, Soon-Keng Cheong and Yang-Mooi Lim

Veterinary World, 13(2): 304-316

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Edible bird's nest (EBN) is the nutrient-rich salivary bioproduct produced by swiftlets in Southeast Asia. Currently, researchers are exploring the therapeutic effects of EBN, such as cell growth promotion, antioxidant content, antiviral effects, bone strengthening, eyes care, and neuroprotection bioactivities. The therapeutic effects of EBN have been studied through different extraction methods but the metabolites profile of the EBN in each extract has not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to profile the water-soluble metabolites of EBN prepared in different extraction methods. Subsequently, an extraction method will be selected as an ideal extraction method for untargeted metabolite profiling on the water-soluble metabolites in EBN.

Materials and Methods: In this study, water-soluble metabolites of EBN extracted by the four extraction methods were subjected to metabolite profiling through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The extraction methods were acid extraction(ABN), pancreatic extraction (EzBN), eHMG extraction, and spray drying of HMG extraction (pHMG). The metabolite profiles, such as the number of metabolites and their identities in each extraction method, were evaluated through LC-MS analysis.

Results: The identity of metabolites present in the four extraction methods is inconsistent. Based on LC-MS analysis, only one and six metabolites were extracted differently through EzBN and ABN, respectively, in the first pre-screening. Through the second LC-MS screening on pHMG and eHMG extraction methods, eHMG was selected as an ideal extraction method due to the highest numbers of water-soluble metabolites with an amount of 193 was detected. Besides, eHMG extraction method was able to extract sialic acid and a high percentage of secondary metabolites.

Conclusion: This study suggests that eHMG is the ideal extraction method for extracting higher number of water-soluble metabolites from EBN and could be further developed as an extraction method for industry application. In addition, this study also has identified the types of primary and secondary metabolites present in EBN.

Keywords: edible bird's nest, extraction method, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, untargeted metabolite profiling.

Presence probability of Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 using maximum entropy approach in the western areas of Zagros Mountains, Iran

Research (Published online: 17-02-2020)

11. Presence probability of Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 using maximum entropy approach in the western areas of Zagros Mountains, Iran

Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd, Mona Sharififard, Elham Jahanifard, Shahrokh Navidpour and Babak Vazirianzadeh

Veterinary World, 13(2): 296-303

ABSTRACT

Aim: The purpose of this research was to use environmental variables for predicting the probability of Hemiscorpius lepturus existence in the provinces where situated in the west of the Zagros Mountains.

Materials and Methods: In this study, 64 occurrence records of the H. lepturus were extracted from the published documents available in electronic databases. MaxEnt model was used for predicting the ecological niches of this species. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and 19 climatic variables were used as the environmental variables affecting the distribution of this scorpion. The Jackknife test in the model was used to indicate the importance of variables to predict the probability of the presence of the studied species. The logistic threshold that was evaluated using a logistic regression algorithm showed the converting of the probability model into a binary model. The model was evaluated by area under the curve (AUC). The probability presence map of this scorpion was then prepared in ArcGIS 10.5 Software.

Results: The results of the analysis showed that the most important environmental factor on the distribution of H. lepturus was the maximum temperature of the warmest month (Bio5) with a contribution rate of 43% and permutation importance of 8%. The Jackknife test revealed that NDVI did not gain any value when it used independently in the model. The logistic threshold was reported 0.255 for the maximum test sensitivity plus specificity. The AUC of the model was 0.7698, shows an acceptable value for model validity. Overall the hot spots for this toxic scorpion seem to be in Khuzestan, Lorestan, and Ilam Provinces of the studied area.

Conclusion: Regarding our findings, MaxEnt algorithm, in combination with geographic information system contributed to revealing the effects of environmental variables on the probability of H. lepturus presence in the west of Zagros Mountains. These visualized maps as a warning alarm can be helpful to policymakers for managing, controlling, and monitoring the scorpionism in high-risk areas.

Keywords: ecological niches, Hemiscorpius lepturus, Iran, MaxEnt, Zagros mountains.