Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in deer and nearby water sources at Safari parks in Bangladesh

Research (Published online: 19-10-2019)

10. Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in deer and nearby water sources at Safari parks in Bangladesh

Md Samun Sarker, Abdul Ahad, Saurav Kumar Ghosh, Md Shahriar Mannan, Arup Sen, Sirazul Islam, Md Bayzid and Zamila Bueaza Bupasha

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1578-1583

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: The emergence and rapid dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in different ecosystems is a growing concern to human health, animal health, and the environment in recent years. The study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from deer and nearby water sources at two different Safari parks in Bangladesh.

Materials and Methods: A number of 55 fresh fecal samples of deer and six water samples from nearby lakes were collected from two Safari parks. Samples were processed, cultured, and carried out biochemical tests for E. coli. The antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion method. To identify the resistance genes, polymerase chain reaction was performed.

Results: A total of 32 E. coli isolates from 55 fecal samples and 6 of 6 E. coli isolates from lake water were isolated. From fecal E. coli isolates, ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole were 90.63% (n=29/32) resistant and 87.5% (n=28/32) were resistant to tetracycline and nalidixic acid. High resistance was also observed to other antibiotics. On the contrary, all E. coli isolates from water sources were 100% (n=6/6) resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and nalidixic acid. MDR was revealed in all water samples, whereas 96.88% (n=31/32) was found in fecal isolates. A number of blaTEM, tetA, and Sul2 genes were detected from both isolates.

Conclusion: This study for the 1st time highlights, a significant proportion of E. coli isolates in wildlife deer and nearby water sources were MDR in Bangladesh.

Keywords: antibiotic-resistant, deer, Escherichia coli, lake, multidrug-resistant.

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of multidrug-resistant protein-encoding genes in Trypanosoma evansi isolated from buffaloes in Ngawi district, Indonesia

Research (Published online: 17-10-2019)

9. Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of multidrug-resistant protein-encoding genes in Trypanosoma evansi isolated from buffaloes in Ngawi district, Indonesia

Mohammad Mirza Nuryady, Rini Widayanti, Raden Wisnu Nurcahyo, Brilyantika Fadjrinatha and Ahmad Fahrurrozi Z. S.

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1573-1577

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Excessive use of trypanocidal drugs can lead to cases of drug resistance. Multiple cases of resistance have been widely reported for drugs such as isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate. These cases deserve serious attention, especially in Indonesia, where the first case was recorded and where the molecular basis of trypanocidal drug resistance has never been evaluated. This study aimed to analyze the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) gene in Trypanosoma evansi isolates, sampled from Indonesia, by focusing on the phylogenetic relationship between these isolates and other Trypanosoma spp.

Materials and Methods: A total of 88 blood samples were drawn from buffaloes in the Ngawi district, Indonesia. Animals infected with T. evansi were detected through the microhematocrit technique and Giemsa blood smear methods. Positive blood samples were used to inoculate in male mice (Mus musculus BALB-C strain) as an animal model for culturing the T. evansi. The genomic DNA of the blood taken from the T. evansi-infected mice was used for polymerase chain reaction amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis.

Results: Two genes were analyzed; the first gene detected for T. evansi corresponded to Trypanosoma brucei with a homology of 99% and the second gene to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, with a homology of 100%. These two genes of the MRP from T. evansi showed clear similarity to the MRPE and MRPA genes of the T. brucei ssp.

Conclusion: The MRP gene is conserved on the subspecies level of T. brucei. Only few point mutations were found between various sequences, which mean that the proteins have the same structure. This is important to treat the parasite with the appropriate drugs in the future.

Keywords: multidrug-resistant protein gene, phylogenetic analysis, surra, Trypanosoma evansi.

Prevalence of mastitis in dairy goat farms in Eastern Algeria

Research (Published online: 15-10-2019)

8. Prevalence of mastitis in dairy goat farms in Eastern Algeria

Zahra Gabli, Zouhir Djerrou, Abd Elhafid Gabli and Mounira Bensalem

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1563-1572

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aimed to investigate mastitis in dairy goat farms through the California mastitis test (CMT) and bacteriological examinations.

Materials and Methods: A total of 845 goats belonging to 18 farms from four regions (Tébessa, Guelma, Souk Ahras, and Skikda) were examined.

Results: Clinical examination of the mammary glands showed that 30/845 (3.55%) goats had clinical mastitis and 32 goats had half-teat inflammation. CMT subclinical mastitis (SCM) was detected in 815 goats that were presumed to be healthy. CMT showed 46 (5.64%) CMT-positive goats as well as 47 (2.88%) positive half-udders with a score of ≥2. A total of 79 bacteria were isolated and identified from the 79 bacterial positive samples. Bacteriological analyses showed that Gram-positive staphylococci were largely responsible for clinical and SCM. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, with an isolation frequency of 56.96%, were the most prevalent bacteria from all isolated organisms. The second most prevalent organism was Staphylococcus aureus at 40.50% and streptococci (2.53%) had the smallest percentage of isolation.

Conclusion: It is suggested that due to the prevalence of mastitis in this species, farmers should be aware of the problem to plan preventive and control measures to reduce dairy goat losses due to this disease.

Keywords: Algeria, bacteriological analysis, California mastitis test, dairy goats, mastitis.

Recombinant adenoviral vaccine encoding the spike 1 subunit of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice

Research (Published online: 11-10-2019)

7. Recombinant adenoviral vaccine encoding the spike 1 subunit of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice

Mustafa Ababneh, Mu'men Alrwashdeh and Mohammad Khalifeh

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1554-1562

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has rapidly spread throughout the Middle East since its discovery in 2012. The virus poses a significant global public health threat with potentially devastating effects. In this study, a recombinant adenoviral-based vaccine encoding the spike 1 (S1) subunit of the MERS-CoV genome was constructed, and its humoral, and cellular immune responses were evaluated in mice.

Materials and Methods: Mice were immunized initially by intramuscular injection and boosted 3 weeks later by intranasal application. Expression of the S1 protein in the lungs and kidneys was detected using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) targeting specific regions within the S1 subunit at weeks 3, 4, 5, and 6 after the first vaccination. Antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated in serum and in cell culture following in vitro stimulation with a specific 9-mer epitope within the S1 protein (CYSSLILDY).

Results: S1 protein expression was only detected by IHC in the kidneys of the Ad-MERS-S1 group at week 6 from first immunization, and in both lungs and kidneys of Ad-MERS-S1 group by conventional PCR at weeks 3 and 5 post-prime. The vaccine elicited a specific S1-immunoglobulin G antibody response, which was detected in the sera of the vaccinated mice at weeks 4 and 6 from the onset of the first immunization. There was a significant increase in the amount of Th1-related cytokines (interferon-γ and interleukin [IL] 12), and a significant decrease in the Th2-related cytokine IL-4 in splenocyte cell culture of the vaccinated group compared with the control groups.

Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that this recombinant adenovirus vaccine encoding the S1 subunit of MERS-CoV elicits potentially protective antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. This study demonstrates a promising vaccine for the control and/or prevention of MERS-CoV infection in humans.

Keywords: coronavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome, recombinant vaccine, spike protein.

Identification of uncultured bacteria from abscesses of exotic pet animals using broad-range nested 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing

Research (Published online: 09-10-2019)

6. Identification of uncultured bacteria from abscesses of exotic pet animals using broad-range nested 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing

T. Duangurai, J. Siengsanan-Lamont, C. Bumrungpun, G. Kaewmongkol, L. Areevijittrakul, T. Sirinarumitr, S. G. Fenwick and S. Kaewmongkol

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1546-1553

ABSTRACT

Background: The Sanger sequencing technique has been questioned and challenged by advanced high-throughput sequencing approaches. Sanger sequencing seems to be an obsolete technology. However, there are still research problems that could be answered using the Sanger sequencing technology. Fastidious obligate anaerobic bacteria are mostly associated with abscesses in animals. These bacteria are difficult to isolate from abscesses and are frequently excluded due to the bias of conventional bacterial culturing.

Aim: This study demonstrated the usefulness of a broad-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Sanger sequencing to identify the majority population of bacteria in abscesses from exotic pet animals.

Materials and Methods: This study performed a pilot investigation of abscesses from 20 clinical cases (17 rabbits, 2 hedgehogs, and 1 sugar glider) using standard culture methods for both aerobes and anaerobes and broad-range nested PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene followed by the Sanger sequencing technique.

Results: The standard culture and PCR techniques detected bacteria in 9 and 17 of 20 samples, respectively. From the 17 sequencings of the 16S rRNA, 10 PCR products were found to be closely related with obligate anaerobes including Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium spp., Prevotella spp. Phylogenetic analysis using the rpoB gene revealed that the species for the Bacteroides was thetaiotaomicron and for the Fusobacterium was varium and nucleatum. However, the amplification of the rpoB gene for the Prevotella spp. was unsuccessful. Correlations between the standard culture and PCR techniques were found in 9 (6 positive and 3 negative samples) of 20 samples. Eleven samples were discordant between the standard culture and PCR techniques which were composed of eight samples negative by culture but positive by PCR and three samples had different bacteria by the culture and PCR techniques.

Conclusion: According to this study, broad-range PCR combined with Sanger sequencing might be useful for the detection of dominant anaerobic bacteria in abscesses that were overlooked based on conventional bacterial culture.

Keywords: anaerobic bacteria, abscesses, exotic pet animals, Sanger sequencing.

Potential of medicinal plants to treat dengue

Review (Published online: 08-10-2019)

13. Potential of medicinal plants to treat dengue

Dulanjalee Neelawala, Sanjaya Rajapakse and Wikum Widuranga Kumbukgolla

International Journal of One Health, 5: 86-91

ABSTRACT

Dengue is a major public health challenge worldwide, particularly in tropical areas. Nearly 390 million infections and 22,000 deaths occur every year. At present, there are no specific therapeutics available to treat dengue; however, possible treatment procedures are explained in the traditional medical systems (TMSs), such as Sri Lankan TMS, Indian Ayurvedic, Unani, and Siddha TMS. In these TMSs, medicinal plants have been used in several ways against dengue, such as virocides, larvicides, and mosquito repellents. Therefore, medicinal plants inherit biologically active compounds/lead compounds that are yet to be identified chemically and physiologically. Herein, we discuss the possible applications of crude plant extracts and isolated phytochemicals from medicinal plants such as quercetin, sulfated galactomannans, flavonoids, and glabranine in controlling dengue. Moreover, medicinal plant-based therapeutics can be safer, cost-effective, and non-toxic. Therefore, this paper reviews the medicinal plants that are used in TMSs to manage dengue, the phytochemicals they contain, and mode of action of these phytochemicals such as virocides, larvicides, and mosquito repellents.

Keywords: dengue, in silico, larvicides, phytochemicals, virocides.

Identification of Staphylococcus species isolated from preputium of Aceh cattle based on 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis

Research (Published online: 08-10-2019)

5. Identification of Staphylococcus species isolated from preputium of Aceh cattle based on 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis

Muhammad Hambal, Masda Admi, Safika Safika, Wahyu Eka Sari, Teuku Reza Ferasyi, Dasrul Dasrul, Ummu Balqis and Darmawi Darmawi

Veterinary World, 12(10): 1540-1545

ABSTRACT

Aim: This research aimed to identify Staphylococcus species isolated from preputial swabs of healthy Aceh cattle, based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene analysis.

Materials and Methods: The bacterium was isolated from preputial swabs of healthy Aceh cattle. The total DNA from the isolated bacteria was extracted using the Genomic DNA Mini Kit followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. The product of PCR amplification was then sequenced and aligned to the known sequences in the GenBank database by multiple alignments and was also analyzed by bioinformatics software to construct a phylogenetic tree.

Results: The results revealed that the bacterial isolate 3A had genetically closed relation to Staphylococcus pasteuri with <97% maximum identity. Data derived from the phylogenetic tree revealed that the bacterial isolate 3A was also related to Staphylococcus warneri, yet, it shows a different evolutionary distance with the ancestors (S. pasteuri).

Conclusion: The results of this research suggested that the bacterium 3A, isolated from preputial swabs of healthy Aceh cattle, is a Staphylococcus species.

Keywords: 16S rRNA gene, Aceh cattle, phylogenetic tree, polymerase chain reaction, Staphylococcus pasteuri.