Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum antibody by ELISA and serum plate agglutination test of laying chicken

Research (Published online: 02-01-2015)

2. Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum antibody by ELISA and serum plate agglutination test of laying chicken - Md. Zulfekar Ali, Md. Mostafizer Rahman and Shirin Sultana

Veterinary World, 8(1): 9-14

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.9-14

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Abstract

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Aim: Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is important avian pathogen responsible for chronic respiratory disease of chicken and turkeys, which result in large economic loss for the poultry industry. The objectives of this study were determination of seroprevalence of MG antibody of commercial layer chicken at laying period in selected areas of Bangladesh.

Materials and Methods: A total of 563 blood samples were collected randomly from selected commercial layer chickens at laying period during the period from July to December, 2013. Indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) and serum plate agglutination (SPA) test were performed to detect the presence of antibodies against MG.

Results: Of 563 samples, 64.47% and 56.13% showed an overall prevalence of MG antibodies in iELISA and SPA test respectively. Prevalence of MG was recorded the highest (69.63%) at 50-55 weeks of age compared with lowest (53.26%) at 56-61 weeks of age (p<0.05). Significant (p<0.05) effect of breed were observed in the seroprevalence of MG infection in layer birds in the present study. The overall, 68.77%, 63.74% and 59.37% prevalence were found respectively in sonali, ISA Brown and White leg horn. The prevalence of MG antibodies was the highest (70.13%) in December followed by November (68%), October (65.67%), August (63.46%), September (58.54%) and July (51.78%) month. The seroprevalence of MG antibodies was higher (69.63%) in most of the large flocks and lower (56.82%) in small flocks.

Conclusion: Therefore, might be suggested that the commercial layer farms should be routinely checked to monitor MG infection and the reactor birds should be culled since MG organism has the potential to transmit vertically. The correlation between MG antibody in month and flock size was not significant (p=0.359 and p=0.868, respectively).

Keywords: antibodies, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, layer chickens, seroprevalence.

Prevalence of Campylobacter species in milk and milk products, their virulence gene profile and antibiogram

Research (Published online: 02-01-2015)

1. Prevalence of Campylobacter species in milk and milk products, their virulence gene profile and antibiogram - Shivani Modi, M. N. Brahmbhatt, Y. A. Chatur and J. B. Nayak

Veterinary World, 8(1): 1-8

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1-8

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Abstract

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Aim: During the last decades, number of food poisoning cases due to Campylobacter occurred, immensely. After poultry, raw milk acts as a second main source of Campylobacter. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to detect the prevalence of Campylobacters in milk and milk products and to know the antibiotic sensitivity and virulence gene profile of Campylobacter spp. in Anand city, Gujarat, India.

Materials and Methods: A total of 240 samples (85 buffalo milk, 65 cow milk, 30 cheese, 30 ice-cream and 30 paneer) were collected from the different collection points in Anand city. The samples were processed by microbiological culture method, and presumptive isolates were further confirmed by genus and species-specific polymerase chain reaction using previously reported primer. The isolates were further subjected to antibiotic susceptibility assay and virulence gene detection.

Result: Campylobacter species were detected in 7 (2.91%) raw milk samples whereas none of the milk product was positive. All the isolate identified were Campylobacter jejuni. Most of the isolates showed resistance against nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and tetracyclin. All the isolates have three virulence genes cadF, cdtB and flgR whereas only one isolate was positive for iamA gene and 6 isolates were positive for fla gene.

Conclusion: The presence of Campylobacter in raw milk indicates that raw milk consumption is hazardous for human being and proper pasteurization of milk and adaptation of hygienic condition will be necessary to protect the consumer from this zoonotic pathogen.

Keywords: antibiotic susceptibility, Campylobacter jejuni, polymerase chain reaction, virulence gene

Therapeutic efficacy of different Hemodialysis prescriptions in canine azotemia

Research (Published online: 29-12-2014)

23. Therapeutic efficacy of different Hemodialysis prescriptions in canine azotemia - Ekta Atul Thakkar and Rajiv V. Gaikwad

Veterinary World, 7(12): 1150-1156

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.1150-1156

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Abstract

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Aim: The aim was to determine therapeutic efficacy of different Hemodialysis prescriptions in canine azotemia.

Materials and Methods: Patients (n=9) with acute onset of renal dysfunction or chronic patients with superimposed acute factor (component) or patients with known chronic nature of the disease were dialyzed with Fresenius 4008S hemodialysis machine after jugular catheterization. Patients were randomly divided into two groups, one group (n=3) was dialyzed every day and second (n=4) was dialyzed on alternate days. The patients were evaluated for following parameters to compare the efficacy of the dialysis prescription: Urea reduction ratio (URR), creatinine reduction ratio (CRR), Kt/V, time averaged concentration of urea (TAC urea).

Result and Discussion: Increasing both dialysis frequency and duration is the superior dialysis schedule. Patient dialyzed every day with total processed blood volume 1.79 L/Kg for 4 h 26 min/session had the lowest TAC of 36.82 mg/dl, thereby was considered it as a better prescription.

Keywords: creatinine reduction ratio, hemodialysis, Kt/V, time averaged concentration of urea, urea reduction ratio.

Selenium status in cattle herds in Wallonia (Belgium): overview and health management

Research (Published online: 29-12-2014)

22. Selenium status in cattle herds in Wallonia (Belgium): overview and health management - Youcef Mehdi, Jean-François Cabaraux, Jean-Luc Hornick, Louis Istasse and Isabelle Dufrasne

Veterinary World, 7(12): 1144-1149

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.1144-1149

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Abstract

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Aim: Monitoring was performed in order to determine the Selenium (Se) status of cattle herds in different agricultural areas in Wallonia (Belgium).

Materials and Methods: The study included 114 heifers and 184 cows (82 dairy and 102 beef cows) from 66 cattle farms situated in Wallonia. The Se status was assessed by measuring the glutathion peroxydase in red cells and converting it to the equivalent Se blood content.

Results: The average blood concentrations of Se were very low. The Ardennes region was an area where the lowest Se status was recorded. The highest levels of Se in dairy cows and beef cows were recorded respectively in the limoneuse region and Famenne areas. The Se content in beef herds was lower compared with that of dairy herds (35 vs. 56 μg/L, p<0.01).

Conclusion: On average over all the regions, 87% of animals were classified as deficient and only 13% of the animals were classified as adequate. The heifers from both dairy and beef herds in Wallonia exhibited a deficiency in Se classified as moderate to severe. The beef herds showed larger deficiencies compared with the dairy herds. Selenium deficiency can be prevented by ensuring adequate supplementation of deficient animals in Se deficient regions. An increased consumption of vitamin-mineral supplements, the use of Se-enriched fertilizers and ingredients containing high levels of Se can help to reduce or correct deficiencies recorded in cattle herds in Wallonia.

Keywords: cows, glutathione peroxidase, heifers, selenium deficiency.

Mineral deficiency predisposes occurrence of retention of placenta in crossbred

Research (Published online: 29-12-2014)

21. Mineral deficiency predisposes occurrence of retention of placenta in crossbred - S. K. Sheetal, S. K. Choudhary and D. Sengupta

Veterinary World, 7(12): 1140-1143

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.1140-1143

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Abstract

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Aim: The present study was carried out to investigate the relationship between blood serum concentrations of macro and micro minerals and development of retention of placenta (ROP) in crossbred cattle.

Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out at Instructional Livestock Farm, Bihar Veterinary College and local Khatals in and around Patna. A total of 20 crossbred cattle (n=10 with normal expulsion of the placenta as control and n=10 with ROP) were selected in the present study. Blood samples were collected from these animals and serum was separated and stored in the deep freezer at −20°C till further analysis. The estimation of serum macro-minerals (Ca, P, Ca/P ratio) was done by Span diagnostic Kits (Surat, India) and trace minerals or micro-minerals (Zn, Cu, and Fe) were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer AAS 220). Mean values were compared between both the groups at 0 h (at parturition) and 12 h after parturition.

Results: The mean values of serum calcium and zinc were found significantly lower in cattle having ROP than control at both 0 h and 12 h after parturition. The mean values of serum Ca and P ratio obtained at 0 hour were significantly lower in ROP groups as compared to control groups and non-significant at 12 h. The mean values of serum inorganic phosphorus, copper and iron was found non-significantly lower in ROP cases as compared to control.

Conclusions: Macro and micro mineral deficiency such as calcium, iron, zinc and copper in blood serum may be predisposing factor for the occurrence of retention of placenta in crossbred cattle.

Keywords: cattle, macro and micro-mineral profiles, parturition, retention of placenta.

Prevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis infestation in pigs of Meghalaya and its treatment

Research (Published online: 29-12-2014)

20. Prevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis infestation in pigs of Meghalaya and its treatment - R. Laha, M. Das, P. K. Bharti, Suresh Kumar, A. Sen and A. Goswami

Veterinary World, 7(12): 1137-1139

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.1137-1139

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Abstract

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Aim: The aim was to study the prevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis infestation in pigs of Meghalaya and to treat the infested pigs with the chemotherapeutic agent.

Materials and Methods: A total of 196 numbers of pigs were suspected for Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis infestation maintained in both organized and unorganized pig farms as well as pigs brought for slaughter to pig slaughterhouses of Meghalaya. Deep skin scrapings were collected from all these 196 numbers of pigs. The collected scrapings were digested in 10% potassium hydroxide separately and centrifuged. The sediment portions were examined under both low and high power of the microscope to find any mite. Except the infested pigs that were brought for slaughter, all other infested pigs were treated with ivermectin @ 300 μg/kg body weight (b.wt) subcutaneously.

Results: Of 196 numbers of suspected pigs, 21 (10.71%) numbers of pigs were found infested with Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis after microscopical examination of skin scrapings. Except the infested pigs that were brought for slaughter, all other infested pigs were treated successfully with ivermectin @ 300 μg/kg b.wt subcutaneously.

Conclusion: It can be concluded from the present study that sarcoptic mange caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis is very much prevalent in pigs whether maintained in organized farms, as well as pigs maintained in unorganized way in village conditions. Pig owners should not neglect this infestation as it has economic significance. Ivermectin @ 300 μg/kg b.wt subcutaneously has been found to be effective to treat this infestation.

Keywords: Meghalaya, Pig, Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis.

Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens toxin genotypes in enterotoxemia suspected sheep flocks of Andhra Pradesh

Research (Published online: 26-12-2014)

19. Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens toxin genotypes in enterotoxemia suspected sheep flocks of Andhra Pradesh - N. Vinod Kumar, D. Sreenivasulu and Y. N. Reddy

Veterinary World, 7(12): 1132-1136

   doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.1132-1136

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Abstract

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Aim: To identify the Clostridium perfringens toxin genotypes prevailing in enterotoxemia suspected sheep flocks in Andhra Pradesh by using multiplex PCR.

Materials and Methods: Intestinal scrapings were collected from lambs below three months of age from flocks with similar management from different Districts of Andhra Pradesh, in India. A total of 208 samples were collected with 140 from enterotoxemia suspected flocks and 68 from healthy flocks. Following processing and culture of the samples, colonies were identified by morphological and biochemical tests. All the clostridial isolates were analyzed by multiplex PCR.

Results: C. pefringens were isolated from 97 out of 140 enterotoxemia suspected flocks (69.29%) and 27 out of 68 healthy flocks (39.71 %). Genotyping of the 97 iolates by multiplex PCR from enterotoxemia suspected flocks indicated C. perfringens type A, C and D 67.01% (65 out of 97); 11.34% (11 out of 97) and 21.65% (21 out of 97) respectively. Isolates from healthy flocks indicated the presence of type A and D 92.59% (25 out of 27) and 7.40% (2 out of 27) respectively. Number of isolates from enterotoxaemia suspected flocks were significantly high (P<0.001) than healthy flocks. Type A is found to be predominant in both enterotoxemia suspected and healthy flocks (67.01% and 92.59%).

Conclusions: Prevalence of C. perfringens type C was reported for the first time in India. Clostridium perfringens type D and type C were found to be the major causative types for enterotoxemia.

Keywords: Clostridium perfringes, enterotoxaemia, lamb mortality, multiplex PCR, Toxin typing.